July 27th, 2016
Hadoop Security and Compliance
Derek Sun
Big Data Architect
StampedeCon 2016

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• Securing the infrastructure
• Authentication
• Authorization
• Data Security
• Auditing
• Governance & Metadata
management
• Masking & Redaction
• Compliant procedures
Today’s Discussion
Hadoop Security Governance & Compliance

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Hadoop Security – Securing the infrastructure
• On-premise deployment & network segmentation
• Firewalls, e.g., corporate & host firewalls
• Intrusion detection & prevention, such as Open Network Insights (ONI)
• Up-to-date OS security patches, e.g., twice a year
• Hadoop services separation
1. Cores on master nodes, e.g., Yarn, ZK, NameNode …
2. Worker services on data nodes, e.g., NodeManager, DataNode, Hbase RegionServer …
3. Edge Nodes for authorized regular users, e.g., SSH, NFS gateway, Sqoop, HUE,
Oozie, Thrift/REST servers, users apps …

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Hadoop Security – Authentication
• KERBEROS
1. What is Kerberos?
2. User & service principals
• Every user and service that participates in the Kerberos authentication protocol requires a principal to uniquely identify itself
3. Realm, across Realm trust, e.g., one-way trust from MIT realm to Windows AD domain
• A Kerberos realm is an authentication administrative domain. All principals are assigned to a specific Kerberos realm
4. MIT KDC vs AD KDC
I. Locally vs centrally managed principals
II. Flat vs more structural, e.g., use sub OU for each cluster
III. Maintained by Hadoop admin vs Corporate IT
IV. Potential single point of failure vs a set of AD domain controllers

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Hadoop Security – Authorization
• File systems based - Local & HDFS, e.g., putting administrators in
dfs.permissions.superusergroup in Hadoop-policy.xml or UIs – CM/Ambari
• Service based
1. Set up ACLs in hadoop-policy.xml for HDFS, MR1, Yarn, ZK, Oozie …
2. Setup permissions at different levels for HBase, e.g., table, column or cell level …
• Role based, Apache Sentry, Apache Ranger, Apache KNOX
 Make sure to bypass some services accounts, such as in Hive, you should bypass
Hive, Impala, HDFS, and HUE users

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Hadoop Security – Data Security
• Encryption At-Rest
• Native HDFS encryption, Encryption Zone, EZK, DEK & EDEK, Key Management Server (KMS)
& Key Storage Server

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Hadoop Security – Data Security
• Encryption At-Rest Continue
• MapReduce intermediate data
• Services, e.g., Hive(user/hive), SOLR(/user/solr), HUE(user/hue), Yarn History(user/history),
Spark/Impala shuffle & disk spill data, Kafka log/data folders & etc.
• File system & full disk, e.g., audit log folders
• Use a Hardware Security Module (HSM) as a more secured key storage

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Hadoop Security – Data Security
• Encryption Over-The-Wire (In-Motion)
1. Use TLS/SSL encrypt the communication channel for different protocols, e.g., TCP/IP, RPC, Http
2. TLS/SSL certificate can be used for a specify identity, e.g., per host, service, port & etc.
3. Keep scalability and maintenance effort in mind when apply certificate strategy,
e.g., based on type of applications - JKS for Java apps, and PEM for others
4. Use automatic deployment tools to deploy SSL certificates, e.g., Chef, StackIQ & etc.
5. Set up company own Certificate Authority (CA)
6. Use CA signed certificates for all non-dev environments, self-signed certificates
can be used in the dev environment
7. Disable clear text services once TLS/SSL is enabled, e.g., disable HTTP service on 11000
once Oozie HTTPS is enabled on port 11443

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Hadoop Security – Auditing
• Passive auditing, doesn’t generate alerts, main purpose is to audit certain events to meet
business requirements, e.g., setOwner, setPermission on HDFS folders
• Active auditing, more aggressive, normally generates alerts, e.g., automatically generates email
alerts to InfoSec upon access denial events and configuration changes
• Enable and configure auditing logs for each service in log4j.properties, e.g., HDFS, YARN, HIVE,
Impala & etc.
• Use vendor supported products, such as Cloudera Navigator, to centrally configure, collect,
monitor audit policies/events and aggregate logs
• Segregation of duties set up ACLs properly, enable AES256 strong encryption on
the audit logs, and only auditors and their log collecting process such, as Splunk,
can access the audit log folders

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Governance & Compliance – Governance & Metadata
Management
• Metadata extraction and management, e.g., HDFS folders, files & permissions, Yarn job
metadata, Oozie workflows, Hive queries & etc.
• Searchable with Lineage information attached
• Data Classification based on business perspectives
• Centralized Auditing
• Use tools to satisfy majority of the requirements, e.g., Cloudera Navigator & Apache Atlas

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Governance & Compliance – Masking & Redaction
• HDFS log and query redaction, e.g.,
Hostname: b(([A-Za-z]|[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9-]*[A-Za-z0-9]).)+([A-Za-z0-9]|[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-
z0-9-]*[A-Za-z0-9])b
Replace: HOSTNAME.REDACTED
• Audit Server Log masking & redaction for all supported Hadoop services, e.g.,
(4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?)|(5[1-5][0-9]{14})|(3[47][0-9]{13})|(3(?:0[0-5]|[68][0-9])[0-
9]{11})|(6(?:011|5[0-9]{2})[0-9]{12})|((?:2131|1800|35d{3})d{11})

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Governance & Compliance – Compliant Procedures
• Penetration test & application scan
 All medium & high security vulnerability findings have to be remediated before the
certification deadline
• User roles and groups validation, e.g., audit policies on data access based on groups & roles
• Application log, audit log & change reports, e.g., provide role-based authorization audit
logs once a week to an internal auditor
• Patch management
• Data retention, encryption and key rotation policies
• Other business requirements

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Takeaways
• Securing your Hadoop environments can be lengthy and evolving
• Homegrown processes are needed to satisfy business requirements
• Security is applied end to end in the process
• Big Data is still maturing
• Don’t confuse compliance with security

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Contact Us
14
Craig Hibbeler
+1 (636) 439 8186
Craig.Hibbeler@mastercard.com
Derek Sun
+1 (636) 722 5512
Derek.Sun@mastercard.com