4. How speech develops?
There are two stages for development of speech
• First stage
First stage in the development of speech is the association of certain word with
visual,tactile,auditory and other sensations, aroused by objects in the external world.
Associationofwordswithothersensationis storedas memory.
• Second stage
New neuronal circuits are established during the development of speech. When a definite
meaning has been attached to certain words, a pathway between the auditory area (Heschl area;
area 41) and motor area for the muscles of articulation, which helps in speech (Broca area 44) is
established. Thechild attempts toformulateandpronounce thelearntwords.
5. Role Of Cortical Areas in the Development Of
Speech
Development of speech involves integration of three
important areas of cerebal cortex:
1. Wernicke area – Speech understanding
2. Broca are – Speech synthesis
3.Motor area – Activation of peripheral speech
apparatus.
8. Some Disorder Of Speech
Speech disorder is a communication disorder characterized by
disrupted speech.
It is of 4 types :
1. APHASIA – It usually occurs due to damage of one or more speech
centers. It is categorise as :
a) BROCA’S APHASIA
b) WERNICKE’S APHASIA
c) GLOBAL APHASIA
d) NOMINAL APHASIA
e) MOTOR APHASIA
f) SENSORY APHASIA
g) AGRAPHIA
9. Cont….
2. ANARTHRIA OR DISARTHRIA – It occurs in conditions like
stroke, brain injury ,degenerative diseases like Parkinson disease and
Huntington disease.
3.DYSPHONIA- It is a voice disorder cause due to trauma of vocal
cord,paralyis of vocal cord, infalamation of larynx, hypothyroidism ans
stress( physiological dysphonia)
4. STAMMERING – Stammering or shuttering is a speech disorder
charecterised by hesitations and involuntary repetations of certain
syllables or words. Exact cause of stammering is not known. It is thought
that stammerimg maybe due to genetic factors , brain
damage,neurological disorder or anxiety.
10. THERAPIES TO CORRECT SPEECH
DISORDERS
Therapy for Late Talkers
The therapist will likely try different things to your child to talk, including
playing with him. Sometimes, withholding a favorite toy until a child asks
for it motivates small children to talk, but this depends on the
circumstance. For some children, other types of communication, such as
sign language or picture cards, might be introduced. Speech therapists
may also refer your child for further evaluation, such as hearing test if
necessary.
Speech Therapy for Kids With Apraxia
Speech therapists are qualified to evaluate children for apraxia by using
several tests, including:
oral-motor assessment .
melody of speech assessment .
speech sound assessment.
If your child is diagnosed with apraxia, they will probably need speech
therapy on a one-on-one basis several times per week.
11. Cont…
If your child is diagnosed with apraxia, they will probably need speech therapy on a
one-on-one basis several times per week.
This therapy will likely consist of intensive practicing their speech. The therapist will
try to help your child understand auditory feedback as well as visual or touch cues.
One way a therapist might do this is to have your child look at themselves in a mirror
while speaking, or record them speaking and then playing it back. Many children
enjoy this. Since successful treatment for apraxia involves a lot of time and
commitment, your therapist may give you "assignments" to practice with your child
at home.
12. .
Speech Therapy for Stuttering
Stuttering is a problem that usually develops during childhood
but can develop during adulthood as well. Stuttering is usually
considered a type of behavioral problem. Speech therapists will
try to teach your child who stutters behavioral modification
techniques, that in turn may help control their stuttering. A
common method that may be used on your child is to teach
them to control the rate of speech, since speaking too quickly
can make stuttering worse for some people. Practicing speech in
a slower, more fluent manner can be helpful. It can also be
helpful to monitor breathing. Even after treatment, people who
stutter may require follow-up sessions with their speech
therapist to keep the problem from recurring.
13. Speech Therapy for Aphasia
There are many different things a speech therapist might do to help a person with aphasia,
including:
drills to improve specific language skills
group therapy to improve conversational skills
gestures and writing to augmenting their communication skill
Speech Therapy for Swallowing Difficulty
Your child may experience difficulty swallowing for a variety of reasons. A speech therapist may
help your child with swallowing difficulty by assisting them with exercises to make her mouth
strong, increase tongue movement, and improve chewing. A speech therapist may also make
recommendations about the consistency of food. For infants, a speech therapist may assist in
coordinating her suck-swallow-breath pattern.
As previously mentioned these are only some of the things that a speech therapist might do.
There are many other conditions and methods used to evaluate those in need.
14. CONCLUSION
Speech is a powerful weapon.The world has seen many powerful
speeches,it either made them a hero or villain.
So choose your word wisely always in a right sense.