by: sorath peetamber

1. INTERNET:
 The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system
of computer networks.
 Internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information
and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks
using standardized communication protocols.
 No one owns the Internet, although several organizations of the world
collaborate in its functioning and development.
 The high-speed, fiber-optic cables (called backbones) through which the
bulk of the Internet data travels are owned by telephone companies in
their respective countries.
History:
 The Internet grew out of the Advanced Research Projects Agency's
Network (ARPANET) established by the US Department Of Defense in
1960s for collaboration in military research among business and
government laboratories. Later universities and other US institutions
connected to it.
 The development of hypertext based technology (called World Wide web
, WWW, or just the Web) provided means of displaying text, graphics,
and animations, and easy search and navigation tools that triggered
Internet's explosive worldwide growth.

2. World Wide Web:
 The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as
the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet.
 With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text,
images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via
hyperlinks.
 In 1989, English engineer and computer scientist
Sir Tim Berners-Lee, proposed the way to link and access the
various kinds of information with the help of web nodes (web pages).
Internet vs. WWW (W3):
 The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in every-day
speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World
Wide Web are not one and the same.
 The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks.
In contrast, the Web is one of the services that runs on the Internet.
 The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other
resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.

3. INTERANET:
 An intranet is a private network that is contained within an
enterprise.
 An intranet is a local or restricted communications network,
especially a private network created using World Wide Web
software/technology.
 The main purpose of an intranet is to share company
information and computing resources among employees. An
intranet can also be used to facilitate working in groups and for
teleconferences.
 An intranet may consist of many interlinked local area
networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network.
 An intranet uses TCP/IP, HTTP, and other Internet protocols
and in general looks like a private version of the Internet.

4. EXTRANET:
 An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology
and the public telecommunication system to securely share
part of a business's information or operations with authorized
outside users (e.g. suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or
other businesses).
 An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet
that is extended to users outside the company.
 An extranet can also been described as a "state of mind" in
which the Internet is perceived as a way to do business with
other companies as well as to sell products to customers.

5.  PAGE: A document created in computer.
 WEB PAGE: A hypertext document connected to the World Wide Web.
 HYPERTEXT DOCUMENT: The hypertext document contains hypertext.
Hypertext is a word or words that contain a link to other hypertext
document.
 WEB BROWSER: Browser is special software designed to read web
pages. It is often referred to as a Web Browser. Popular browsers include
Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla's Firefox, Netscape's Navigator,
Google Chrome and Opera. Most browsers are offered for free of cost.
 HTML: Hyper Text Mark-Up Language is a standard Mark-Up coding
language for creating web pages. It is the source code that the computer
reads to create the page.
 DHTML: Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language is the unofficial name
given to web pages that combine HTML, JavaScript, and CSS
technologies.
 Open Source S/W: Open source software is software whose source code
is available for modification or enhancement by anyone.
 "Source code" is the part of software that most computer users don't ever
see; it's the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a
piece of software—a "program" or "application"—works. Programmers who
have access to a computer program's source code can improve that
program by adding features to it or fixing parts that don't always work
correctly.
Some Important Definitions:

6.  WEBSITE:
 A website is a collection of web pages, images, videos or
other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web
server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a
LAN.
 The definition of web page is a document, typically written in
HTML, which is almost always accessible via HTTP, (a protocol
that transfers information from the Web server to display in
the user's Web browser).
Types of web page:
 i). Static Web Page: A web page (HTML page) that contains
the same information for all users. Although it may be
periodically updated from time to time, it does not change with
each user’s retrieval, contrast with dynamic Web page.
 ii). Dynamic web pages: Web pages that are generated in
real-time. These pages include Web scripting code, such as
PHP or ASP. When a dynamic page is accessed, the code within
the page is parsed on the Web server and the resulting HTML is
sent to the client's Web browser.

7. Web-based Applications:
 A Web-based application refers to any program that is
accessed over a computer network connection using HTTP,
rather than existing within a device’s memory.
 Web-based applications often run inside a Web browser.
However, Web-based applications also may be client-based,
where a small part of the program is downloaded to a user’s
desktop, but processing is done over the Internet on an
external server.
 A more specific definition of web applications, focusing on
data and database, is “Web applications are ... computer
programs allowing website visitors to submit and retrieve
data to/from a database over the Internet using their
preferred web browser”.
 Web applications also provides functionality to the user
without having to download and install software on local PC.
 Some popular types of web-based applications that are
currently in use are:

8.  social networking websites (Facebook, MySpace, hi5.com,
Xanga, Classmates.com)
 image websites (Snapfish, Flickr, Photobucket, Shutterfly)
 online calendars (Google Calendar, O2 Calendar, Yahoo!
Calendar)
 chat sites (chat-avenue, omgpop, czateria, Meebo)
 online shopping websites (just about ANY store -- the
grandfather of online shopping is Amazon)
 online telephone directories (Yellow.com, White Pages,
AnyWho)
 online news publishers (Press Smart, The Drudge Report, Open
Publish)
 online dictionaries (ExamplesThe American Heritage Dictionary,
Dictionary.com)
 webmail servicies (Gmail, Yahoo Mail, HotMail)
 map servers (Google Maps, MapQuest)
 internet search engines (Google, Bing, Yahoo)

9. Basic web development languages
 HTML
 HTML is the standardized markup language that structures and
formats content on the web.
 Page elements like the titles, headings, text and links are
included in the HTML document.
 It is one of the core technologies used on the Internet and
serves as the backbone of all webpages.
 CSS
 CSS(Cascading Style Sheets) is a style-sheet language that
basically allows web developers to “set it and forget it.”
 Paired with HTML, CSS allows a programmer to define the look
and format of multiple webpages at once; elements like color,
layout and fonts are specified in one file that’s kept separate
from the core code of the webpage.

10.  JavaScript
 JavaScript is the programming language that brings
animation, games, apps, interactivity and other
dynamic effects to life. After HTML and CSS, it’s the
most popular client-side scripts.
 ActionScript
 ActionScript is the language used for Adobe Flash,
which is especially well suited for rich Internet
applications that use Flash animation and streaming
audio and video.
 Whether you use ActionScript or JavaScript is a
matter of personal preference, but if you want to
use the popular Adobe Flash Player software to
share multimedia applications, ActionScript is a
must.

11.  PHP
 PHP is a server-side scripting language. The chief
advantages of PHP are that it is open source, with a huge
online community to support it, and that it’s compatible
across multiple platforms.
 PHP is most often used by websites with lower traffic
demands.

12.  Java
 Java is the server-side language of choice for large-scale websites with
a high volume of traffic. Sam’s Club, Amazon and Apple App Store use
Java-based web frameworks.
 One potential reason for its popularity among high traffic websites is
that Java framework is faster server-based web applications for large
scale websites.
 Java Servlets, JSP and WebObjects are examples of server-side
solutions that use Java.
 Python
 Python is a general purpose, high-level programming language that
puts an emphasis on code readability; for web developers, this means
they can do more with fewer lines of code than other popular
languages.
 Python does this through the use of a large standard library, which
keeps the actual code short and simple.
 This library is a file that contains pre-coded functions, provided by the
community, which you can download to your server and use in your
own code whenever a specific task appears.
 Like Java, Python was designed for web servers that deal with a large
amount of traffic. Shopzilla, Yahoo Maps, and the National Weather
Service are examples of sites that use Python.

13. Top 20 Most Important Web Technologies: