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Proton beam therapy
- 2. AIM To study about Proton Beam Therapy in treating tumours
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Proton beam therapy, also called proton therapy, is an external beam radiotherapy that uses a beam of proton to irradiate diseased tissue • During treatment, a particle accelerator targets the tumour with a beam of protons which damage the DNA of these cells and thereby causing their death • When passing through tissue, a proton deposits increasing dose slowly until reaching a sharp increase(Bragg peak) at its maximum depth of penetration, eliminating exit dose • Proton therapy is non-invasive and is carried out on a outpatient basis • Useful in the treatment of cancers surrounded by critical structures like spinal cord, base of skull, optic nerve, etc
- 6. METHOD • Currently 2 proton beam delivery methods are available : 1. Passive spreading 2. Active spreading • In passive spreading technique, the proton beam is spread by placing scattering material in its path • In scanning beam technique, magnets deflect and steer the proton beam
- 8. PROCEDURE • All tissues are made up of atoms, having a central nucleus and negatively charged electrons orbiting around the nucleus • When protons pass near electrons, it pulls them out of their orbits. This is called ionisation
- 9. • This changes the characteristics of the atom and also character of the molecule within which the atom resides • Radiation damages DNA within the cells and hinders with its ability to divide or proliferate • Enzymes attempt to rebuild the injured areas of the DNA • Both normal and cancerous cells go through this repairing process • Cancer cells ability to repair molecular injury is inferior so sustains more permanent damage and finally cell death • This permits selective destruction of bad cells growing among good cells
- 10. GRAPH
- 11. COMPARISON
- 12. ADVANTAGES • Fewer short and long term side effects • Precise targeting of tumours and cancer cells • Reduced likelihood of secondary tumours caused by treatment • Can treat recurrent tumours • Proven to be effective in adults and children • Improved quality of life during and after treatment
- 13. DISADVANTAGES • Limited availability • Large investment cost • High treatment cost
- 14. APPLICATION Proton therapy is used to treat the following cancers : • CNS cancers (chordoma, chondrosarcoma, malignant meningioma) • Eye cancer (uveal melanoma, choroidal melanoma) • Head and neck cancers (paranasal sinus, nasal, nasopharyngeal) • Lung cancer • Liver cancer • Sarcomas of skull base and spine • Benign tumours of brain • Paediatric malignancies
- 15. CONCLUSION • Proton therapy has been applied safely with encouraging results for toxicity and survival • More research is needed to understand the limitations and potentials of protons
- 16. REFERENCE [1] S. Frisch and B. Timmermann, “The Evolving Role of Proton Beam Therapy for Sarcomas”, Clinical Oncology, vol 29, pp. 500-506, 2017. [2] V. Gondi, T. I. Yock and M. P. Mehta, “Proton Therapy for Paediatric CNS Tumours”, Nature Reviews, 2016. [3] W. P. Levin, H. Kooy, J. S. Loeffler and T. F. DeLaney, “Proton Beam Therapy”, British Journal of Cancer, vol 93, pp. 849-854, 2005. [4] S. A. Holgate, “Cancer’s Newest Nemesis Hits the UK”, Engineering & Technology, 2016.