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In light of Articles 25-28 concerning Freedom of
Religion in India, discuss the idea of Secularism and
Sarva dharma Sam bhava.
“India has a great heritage and it is a model for religious harmony where people of different
religions live peacefully and in harmony.”
Religion is a matter of belief or faith. The constitution of India recognizes the fact,
how important religion is in the life of people of India and hence, provides for the
right to freedom of religion under Articles 25 to Article 28. The Constitution of India
envisages a secular model and provides that every person has the right and freedom
to choose and practice his or her religion. In a number of cases, the Apex Court has
held that secularism is the basic structure of the Constitution, the most important
being the Kesavananda Bharati case. People in India mainly practice Islam,
Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism and, Christianity. In India, there are
religion-specific laws and Goa is the only state to have a Uniform Civil Code known
as the Goa Civil Code. The Constitution supports religious harmony which means the
people of India show love and affection to different religions of the country.
Constitutional Provisions relating to Right of Religion
 Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of
religion.
 Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs.
 Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
 Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in
certain educational institutions.
Freedom of Religion in India (Art. 25)
Article 25 of the Constitution guarantees freedom of religion to all persons in India. It provides
that all persons in India, subject to public order, morality, health, and other provisions:
 Are equally entitled to freedom of conscience, and
 Have the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.

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It further provides that this article shall not affect any existing law and shall not prevent the state
from making any law relating to:
 Regulation or restriction of any economic, financial, political, or any secular activity
associated with religious practice.
 Providing social welfare and reform.
 Opening of Hindu religious institutions of public character for all the classes and sections
of the Hindus.
Freedom to manage religious affairs (Art. 26)
Article 26 (subject to public order, morality, and health) confers a right on every religious
denomination or any section of such religious denomination of:
 Establishing and maintaining institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
 Managing its affair with regard to religion;
 Owing and acquiring property (movable and immovable);
 Administering the property in accordance with the law.
Freedom from taxes for promotion of any particular
religion (Art. 27)
Article 27 of the Constitution prevents a person from being compelled to pay any taxes which are
meant for the payment of the costs incurred for the promotion or maintenance of any religion or
religious denomination.
Prohibition of religious instruction in the State-aided
Institutions (Art. 28)
Article 28 prohibits:
 Providing religious instructions in any educational institutions that are maintained wholly
out of the state funds.
 The above shall not apply to those educational institutions administered by the states but
established under endowment or trust requiring religious instruction to be imparted in
such institution.
 Any person attending state recognized or state-funded educational institution is not
required to take part in religious instruction or attend any workshop conducted in such
an institution or premises of such educational institution.
What is Secularism?
Secularism means developing, understanding and respect for different religions. It is believed that
the word ‘Secularism’ has its origin in late medieval Europe. In 1948, during the constituent
assembly debate, a demand was made by the KT Shah to include the word ‘Secular’ in the
Preamble to the Constitution. The members of the assembly though agreed to the secular nature
of the constitution but it was not incorporated in the Preamble. Later, in 1976 the Indira Gandhi

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government enacted the 42nd Amendment Act and the word ‘Secular’ was added to the Preamble.
The 42nd Amendment Act also known as the ‘Mini Constitution’, is the most comprehensive
amendment to the Constitution.
In the much-disputed Ayodhya case, it was held by the apex court that the constitution postulates
equality of all faiths. Through Tolerance and mutual co-existence, the secular commitment of our
country and its people can be nourished.
Sarva Dharma Samabhava
Indian secularism is often associated with Sarva Dharma Sambhava. It is essentially a Hindu
concept. It believes that religions might have different paths but they have to reach an equal
destination. Well known social reformers and political thinkers followed and embraced this
concept. People like Ramakrishna, Vivekananda and Gandhi embraced it. It is believed that
Indian secularism draws from this traditional concept and therefore does not follows complete
separation of state and religion, rather respects all religions.