1. VARIOUS INNOVATIONS BEING
USED TO DESIGN EQUITY & DEBT
INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA
Securities Analysis & Valuation
Group 2
Parth Kushwaha
Shivam Gupta
Shubham Randhar
Aditya Kondawar
NVR Sandeep
NVR Pradeep

2. Introduction
Debt instruments are typically agreements where a financial institution agrees to loan a
borrower money in exchange for set payments of principal and interest over a set period of time.
Debt instruments typically involve loans, mortgages, leases, notes and bonds. Basically, anything
that obliges a borrower to make payments based on a contractual arrangement is a debt instrument.
Debt instruments can be secured or unsecured. Secured debt involves placing an underlying asset
(like property) as security for the loan where, through legal process, the lender can take possession
of the underlying asset if the borrower stops making payments. Unsecured debt is based only on
the borrower's promise to pay. If a business files for bankruptcy, creditors take priority over
investors. Within the creditors, secured creditors take priority over unsecured creditors.
Equity instruments are papers that demonstrate an ownership interest in a business. Unlike
debt instruments, equity instruments cede ownership, and some control, of a business to investors
who provide private capital to a business. Stocks are equity instruments. Two main types of stocks
exist. The first type is preferred stock. The second type is common stock. Businesses issue stock
in shares and, typically, the greater the amount of shares a single investor possesses, the greater
the ownership interest in the company. Equity holders incur greater risk than debt holders because
equity holders do not enjoy priority in a bankruptcy proceeding. However, equity holders earn
greater returns if the business succeeds. Where credit instruments provide set payments over a set
time period, equity instruments typically provide a variable return based on the business' success.
Innovations in equity instruments
 Arbitrage Fund
Arbitrage Funds are equity and derivative funds providing an ideal way of realizing reasonable
returns from equities with risk hedged by derivatives. The Arbitrage Fund capitalize on the stock
price differences between the spot market (cash segment) and the derivative market (F & O
segment). The fund generates returns by availing the arbitrage opportunities that arise in case there
are mispricing between the spot and derivative market. The returns can be generated irrespective
of the overall market movement. Empirically they have shown better results then debt or income
funds. They provide good returns during volatile periods.

3.  Equity With Differential Voting Rights
Issued by Tata Motors, in which the shares were classified as “Ordinary Shares” and “A Ordinary
Shares”. The ordinary shares were issued at Rs. 340 per share, had a voting right of one vote per
share. On the other hand, the A ordinary shares were issued at Rs. 305 per share but the voting
rights were limited to one vote for every 10 shares. In addition, they were paid extra dividend of
five percentage points.
 Indian Depository Receipts (IDR)
After the success of American Depository Receipts and Global Depository Receipts the Indian
regulatory body, SEBI also allowed foreign companies to raise capital in India through INDIAN
DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS (IDRs). IDRs can be understood as a mirror image of well-known
ADRs/GDRs. In an IDR, foreign companies issue the shares to an Indian Depository, which would,
issue Depository Receipts to investors in India. The Depository Receipts would be listed in Indian
stock exchanges and would be freely transferable. The actual shares of the IDRs would be held by
an Overseas Custodian, who shall authorize the Indian Depository to issue the IDRs. The Overseas
Custodian must be a foreign bank having business in India and needs approval from the Finance
Ministry for acting as a custodian while the Indian Depository needs to be registered with the
SEBI.
 Debt For Equity And Equity For Debt Swaps
A debt for equity swap is not an instrument but a situation where a company offers its shareholders
and creditors debt in exchange for equity or stock. The value of the stock is determined on current
market rates. The company may, however, offer a higher value to attract more shareholders and
debt holders to participate in the swap. Equity for debt swap is the opposite of the above process.
In this swap, the creditors to the company agree to exchange the debt for equity in the business.
Innovations in Debt Instruments
 Zero Coupon Curve For Pricing
To bring further improvements in the pricing mechanism in debt market, a need was felt to promote
a zero coupon yield curve (ZCYC). As indicated earlier, STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered

4. Interest and Principal of Securities) can facilitate a ZCYC. This curve is being used for pricing
NSE's interest rate futures transactions. FIMMDA/PDAI, publishes a monthly ZCYC for the
market participants to value their government securities portfolios. However, the ZCYC based
pricing has not been popular with the Indian market participants
 Inflation Linked Bonds
The recent Monetary Policy released by RBI laid its thrust on controlling the spiraling inflation,
especially the food price inflation. One of the reasons behind the CRR hike was to "curtail the
rising inflationary expectations (higher expected price trends)" In the past RBI has been concerned
about the fact that a common man does not have any protection against rising prices, Vis No
Inflation Hedge. The common man has to rely on traditional but inefficient methods to hedge the
real inflation risks, such as Gold and real assets such as commodities or real estate or even
excessive stocking of goods. In developed markets like US, the government has issues "Treasury
Inflation Protected Securities" known as TIPS. Globally more than USD 1 trillion worth inflation
linked bonds must be outstanding.
 Triple Option Convertible Debentures (TOCD)
First Issued by Reliance Power Limited with an issue size of Rs. 2,172 Cr. There was no outflow
of interest for first five years. Equity increase was in phases. No put option to investors and no
takeover threat. Reduced dependence on the financial institutions. The expenses for floating the
issue was just 2.62% of the issue size which was very less when compared to the 10-12% for a
general public issue. Had reliance power limited gone for general public issue it would have
incurred a cost on capital by Rs. 239 crores approx. whereas by issuing TOCD the company saved
Rs.182 crores and incurred a cost of only Rs.57 crores.
 Equity With Differential Voting Rights
Issued by Tata Motors, in which the shares were classified as “Ordinary Shares" and "A Ordinary
Shares". The ordinary shares were issued at Rs. 340 per share, had a voting right of one vote per
share. On the other hand, the A ordinary shares were issued at Rs. 305 per share but the voting
rights were limited to one vote for every 10 shares. In addition, they were paid extra dividend of
five percentage points.

5.  Deep Discount Bonds
A bond that sells at a significant discount from par value. A bond that is selling at a discount from
par value and has a coupon rate significantly less than the prevailing rates of fixed-income
securities with a similar risk profile. Typically, a deep-discount bond will have a market price of
20% or more below its face value. These bonds are perceived to be riskier than similar bonds and
are thus priced accordingly. These low-coupon bonds are typically long term and issued with call
provisions. Investors are attracted to these discounted bonds because of their high return or
minimal chance of being called before maturity.
The investor got a tax advantage and could eliminate the re-investment risk.
From the issuer's point of view also, the issue cost was saved as it involved no immediate service
cost and lower effective cost. The refinancing risk was also eliminated.
Conclusion
The pace of capital and credit reforms is rapid and is transforming the scenario. The existence of
a variety of financial innovations with different terms and conditions, now provide a wide choice
of instruments to suit the investment portfolio needs. They have led the growth of capital market
and would continue to play their part, yet like other emerging market, Indian market is also
evolving and maturing. It is in a favorable situation with regard to lesser complexity of
instruments, adequate governance and risk management systems. Indian capital market
innovations have the feature of investor protection, transparency, enhanced liquidity, reduced cost
and mitigation of risk. However, when compared with other developed economies, Indian markets
lack depth. Initiation of further reforms is necessary to develop innovative capital market
instruments to match those of its peers in Asia and other developed nations. There are significant
opportunities for productive and prudent financial innovation, especially for senior citizens, poor
people, women and rural people as well as a large middle class. There remains scope for
development of insurance exchanges, credit reinsurance market, carbon market, property future,
weather derivatives, freight derivatives, inflation derivatives