1.
Why Study Solid State Physics?

2.
Ideal Crystal
• An ideal crystal is a periodic array of structural
units, such as atoms or molecules.
• It can be constructed by the infinite repetition of
these identical structural units in space.
• Structure can be described in terms of a lattice,
with a group of atoms attached to each lattice
point. The group of atoms is the basis.

3.
Bravais Lattice
• An infinite array of discrete points with an
arrangement and orientation that appears
exactly the same, from any of the points
the array is viewed from.
• A three dimensional Bravais lattice
consists of all points with position vectors
R that can be written as a linear
combination of primitive vectors. The
expansion coefficients must be integers.

4.
Crystal lattice: Proteins

5.
Crystal Structure

6.
Honeycomb: NOT Bravais

7.
Honeycomb net: Bravais lattice
with two point basis

8.
Crystal structure: basis

9.
Translation Vector T

10.
Translation(a1,a2), Nontranslation
Vectors(a1’’’,a2’’’)

11.
Primitive Unit Cell
• A primitive cell or primitive unit cell is a
volume of space that when translated
through all the vectors in a Bravais lattice
just fills all of space without either
overlapping itself or leaving voids.
• A primitive cell must contain precisely one
lattice point.

12.
Fundamental Types of Lattices
• Crystal lattices can be mapped into
themselves by the lattice translations T
and by various other symmetry operations.
• A typical symmetry operation is that of
rotation about an axis that passes through
a lattice point. Allowed rotations of : 2 π,
2π/2, 2π/3,2π/4, 2π/6
• (Note: lattices do not have rotation axes
for 1/5, 1/7 …) times 2π

13.
Five fold axis of symmetry cannot
exist

14.
Two Dimensional Lattices
• There is an unlimited number of possible
lattices, since there is no restriction on the
lengths of the lattice translation vectors or
on the angle between them. An oblique
lattice has arbitrary a1 and a2 and is
invariant only under rotation of π and 2 π
about any lattice point.

15.
Oblique lattice: invariant only under
rotation of pi and 2 pi

16.
Two Dimensional Lattices

17.
Three Dimensional Lattice Types

18.
Wigner-Seitz Primitive Cell: Full
symmetry of Bravais Lattice

19.
Conventional Cells

20.
Cubic space lattices

21.
Cubic lattices

22.
BCC Structure

23.
BCC Crystal

24.
BCC Lattice

25.
Primitive vectors BCC

26.
Elements with BCC Structure

27.
Summary: Bravais Lattices (Nets)
in Two Dimensions

28.
Escher loved two dimensional
structures too

29.
Summary: Fourteen Bravais
Lattices in Three Dimensions

30.
Fourteen Bravais Lattices …

31.
FCC Structure

32.
FCC lattice

33.
Primitive Cell: FCC Lattice

34.
FCC: Conventional Cell With Basis
• We can also view the FCC lattice in terms
of a conventional unit cell with a four point
basis.
• Similarly, we can view the BCC lattice in
terms of a conventional unit cell with a two
point basis.

35.
Elements That Have FCC Structure

36.
Simple Hexagonal Bravais Lattice

37.
Primitive Cell: Hexagonal System

38.
HCP Crystal

39.
Hexagonal Close Packing

40.
HexagonalClosePacked
HCP lattice is not a Bravais lattice, because orientation of the environment
Of a point varies from layer to layer along the c-axis.

41.
HCP: Simple Hexagonal Bravais
With Basis of Two Atoms Per Point

42.
Miller indices of lattice plane
• The indices of a crystal plane (h,k,l) are
defined to be a set of integers with no
common factors, inversely proportional to
the intercepts of the crystal plane along
the crystal axes:

43.
Indices of Crystal Plane

44.
Indices of Planes: Cubic Crystal

45.
001 Plane

46.
110 Planes

47.
111 Planes

48.
Simple Crystal Structures
• There are several crystal structures of
common interest: sodium chloride, cesium
chloride, hexagonal close-packed,
diamond and cubic zinc sulfide.
• Each of these structures have many
different realizations.

49.
NaCl Structure

50.
NaCl Basis

51.
NaCl Type Elements

52.
CsCl Structure

53.
CsCl Basis

54.
CsCl Basis

55.
CeCl Crystals

56.
Diamond Crystal Structure

57.
ZincBlende structure

58.
Symmetry planes

59.
The End: Chapter 1

60.
Bravais Lattice: Two Definitions
The expansion coefficients n1, n2, n3 must be integers. The vectors
a1,a2,a3 are primitive vectors and span the lattice.

61.
HCP Close Packing

62.
HCP Close Packing

63.
Close Packing 2

64.
Close Packing 3

65.
Close Packing 4

66.
Close Packing 5

67.
NaCl Basis

68.
Close Packing of Spheres