Nutrition in animals

Nutrition in Animals
Nutrition – A basic need

Contents
1 Different types of Animals – A brief Introduction
• 1.1 Flowchart
• 1.2 Food Intake

2 The food chain

3 Dietary categories
• 3.1 Dietary categories

4 Why do animals require nutrition?
• 4.1 Balanced diet
• 4.1.1 Obesity
• 4.1.2 Malnourishment
• 4.2 Essential Nutrition

5 The digestive system
• 5.1 Digestion
• 5.2 Continuation
Nutrition in Animals - A.Ranga Rajan and Reitwiec Shandilya

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6 Modes of Digestion
• 6.1 Intracellular Digestion
• 6.2 Extracellular Digestion
• 6.3 Digestive Systems in Different Animals
• 6.3.1 AVES
• 6.3.2 REPTILIA
• 6.3.3 MOLLUSCA

7 Nutrition
• 7.1 Nutrition and digestion chart

8 Modes of Nutrition
• 8.1 Autotrophic mode of nutrition
• 8.2 Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
• 8.3 Examples
• 8.4 Composition

9 Conclusion
Thank you


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1 Different types of Animals – A brief Introduction
1.1 Flowchart

Animalia

Porifera

Amphibia
Arthropoda

Mollusca

Mammalia

Nematoda

Pisces
Reptilia

Aves

Fig 1.1

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1.2 Food Intake

Porifera
Arthropoda

• Bacteria
• Plankton
• Insects
• Other insects

Mammalia

• Meat
• Vegetables

Reptilia

• Chicken
• Waxworms


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Nematode
Mollusca
Pisces
Aves
Amphibia

• Bug larvae
• Bacteria
• Small Animals
• Algae
• Other Fish
• Plankton
• Worms
• Small Animals
• Worms
• Flies


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2 The food chain


Fig 2.1

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3 Dietary categories
• Animals eat whenever they get the opportunity.
• The categories of their diets are :

Diet

Omnivores

Herbivores

Ex : Humans


Ex : Cows

Carnivores
Ex : Bengal tiger

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3.1 Dietary categories
Omnivores

Ex : Humans, Bears, Raccoons

• Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and animals or even algal matter

Herbivores

Ex : Cows, Hares, Gorillas

• They are animals that mainly eat autotrophs, i.e. Plants

Carnivores

Ex : Sharks, Snakes, Lions, Tigers

• They are animals that eat other animals and meat


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4 Why do animals require nutrition?
• Animals are heterotrophs that require food for various
reasons. Three of them are :
Fuel

Chemical Energy

• The cells in the body require energy to work. Nutrition provides the energy required for
cellular action to take place.

Bone Growth

Biosynthesis

• Bone cells grow rapidly during the growth of an animal. Nutrition provides energy for
Biosynthesis in which the carbon cells make new cells.

Nutrients

Ready-made form

• Animals cannot make all the nutrients required all by itself using raw materials. These
nutrients are fed to the animal in a readymade form.


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4.1 Balanced diet
• It is important to consume the right amount of nutrition or
calories.
• Consuming too much can lead to Obesity.
• Consuming calories less than the required amount can lead
to Malnourishment.


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4.1.1 Obesity
• Obesity is the result of
excessive consumption of
Nutrients or calories,
especially fats and
cholesterol.
• Obesity is a growing problem
in Humans. It is important to
control it for a healthy living.
• Instead of using the excessive
fat cells, the body stores it.


Fig 4.1
Obese lab rats
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4.1.2 Malnourishment
• Malnourishment is the result of deficiency of calories
• It is important to consume enough nutrition for the body to
function properly.


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4.2 Essential Nutrition


Fig 4.1

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5 The digestive system
5.1 Digestion
• Digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed
with the teeth. The process stimulates exocrine
glands in the mouth to release digestive enzymes
such as salivary amylase, which aid in the breakdown
of food, particularly carbohydrates. Chewing also
causes the release of saliva, which helps condense
food into a bolus that can be easily passed through
the oesophagus.


Fig 5.1

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5.2 Continuation
• The food enters the stomach upon passage through
the cardiac sphincter. In the stomach, food is churned
and thoroughly mixed with a digestive fluid,
composed chiefly of hydrochloric acid, and other
digestive enzymes to further decompose it chemically
for a few hours. As the acidic level changes in the
stomach and later parts of the digestive tract, more
enzymes are activated or deactivated to extract and
process various nutrients.

Fig 5.2

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6 Modes of Digestion
6.1 Intracellular Digestion
Intracellular Digestion takes place in
the cytoplasm of an organism. This
type of nutrition is observed in
Amoeba and Paramecium

Fig 6.1

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6.2 Extracellular Digestion
• In this type of digestion,
digestion takes place
outside the cell.
• It takes place either in the
lumen of the digestive
system or the gastric cavity
or other digestive organs, or
even outside the body
• It is found in annelids,
arthropods and vertebrates

Fig 6.2
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6.3 Digestive Systems in Different Animals
• 6.3.1 AVES
•

Birds have no teeth so digestion does not begin in the mouth, all of the food breakdown

must occur within the digestive system. Food enters through the mouth where it passes
down the oesophagus into the crop. This organ is where the food is stored and begins to
soften. From here it moves into the stomach, which
•

The food moves into the intestine, first into the small intestine and then onto the large

intestine. At the point where the small and large intestine meet are two pouches or caeca,
which absorb the water from the food. In herbivores this is the site of cellulose

Fig 6.3

deposition. The food becomes harder and enters into a chamber called the cloaca. It then
passes out of the body through a lining called proventriculus.


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6.3.2 REPTILIA
• Snakes eat all parts of their pray and need a
specialised digestive system to gain the most
nutrients from their food. Their teeth are very thin
and usually curve backwards. Their function is not to
grind down food as it is in most animals, rather it is
to capture prey. The food is swallowed whole, thus

the teeth perform a specialised function. They have
powerful digestive enzymes to break down the hair,

Fig 6.4


feathers, bones, organs and other parts of their food.

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6.3.3 MOLLUSCA
•

The mollusc digestive system has millions of microscopic hair like
fibres along the main digestive tract and has several divisions for

the different organs. The first section contains the mouth and
oesophagus and is the site of the initial breakdown of food. There
is a specialised file like radula found in the mouth, which acts like
teeth or a tongue in the food breakdown. In many molluscs the
stomach has a flexible rod, which is made up of mucus and
proteins in a crystalline structure. This secretes the digestive
juices and enzymes and acts as a kind of stirring stick, mixing up
the stomach contents to aid digestion. The final section of the
digestive tract contains the intestine and anus, from which the

Fig 6.5

waste is removed.


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7 Nutrition
• There are six major classes of nutrients
carbohydrates,

fats,

minerals,

protein,

vitamins, and water.
• Nutrition is the process of breaking down food
and substances taken in by the mouth to use
for energy in the body.
• All these components are essential for living
animals for their everyday work


Fig 7.1
Nutrition sources
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7.1 Nutrition and digestion chart


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8 Modes of Nutrition
• Modes of nutrition mean methods of procuring food or obtaining food by an
organism.

• All the organisms do not obtain their food in the same way.
• Different organisms have different methods of procuring food or obtaining food. In
other words, organisms differ in their modes of nutrition

Autotrophic
Mode of
nutrition
Heterotrophic

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8.1 Autotrophic mode of nutrition
•

In autotrophic nutrition, the organism synthesizes its own food from the inorganic raw
materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings by using the sunlight
energy.

• Organic material (food) is made from inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water by
utilizing the sunlight energy. The green plants have an autotrophic mode of nutrition. The

autotrophic bacteria also obtain their food by the autotrophic mode of nutrition (though
most bacteria are not autotrophic). The organisms having autotrophic mode of nutrition are
called autotrophic organisms or just autotrophs.
• Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water are called
autotrophs.

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8.2 Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
•

In heterotrophic nutrition, the organism cannot make its own food from the inorganic raw materials like
carbon dioxide and water, and uses the food made by autotrophic organisms directly or indirectly.
Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food from
simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms for its food.

•

A heterotrophic organism is a consumer which derives its nutrition from other organisms. That is, a

heterotrophic organism has to eat other organisms for its nutrition. All the animals have a heterotrophic
mode of nutrition. Most bacteria and fungi also have heterotrophic mode of nutrition. The organisms
having heterotrophic mode of nutrition are called heterotrophic organisms or just heterotrophs.
•

Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and

water, and depend on other organisms for their food are called heterotrophs.


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8.3 Examples

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs
Fig 8.3

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8.4 Composition
Nutrition composition in a regular diet
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fats

Protein


Carbohydrate

Other

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9 Conclusion
• There is a diversity in animals and each type of animal
intakes different type of food to satisfy their nutrition
requirements.
• Not all animals gain nutrition from the same source.
• Different animals require nutrition in Various amounts.
• Therefore, Animal Nutrition is a basic need.


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A.Ranga Rajan: rajanranga541@gmail.com
Reitwiec Shandilya: rizoo1999@gmail.com


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