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History-2.pptx
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Saúde e medicina
Biotechnology history and introduction for bigenners
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History-2.pptx
- History of Biotechnology
- Stages of Biotech Ancient Classical Modern
- Ancient Biotech Begins with early civilization Developments in ag and food production Few records exist
- Ancient Biotech Archeologists research Ancient carvings and sketches sources of information
- Classical Biotech Follows ancient Makes wide spread use of methods from ancient, especially fermentation Methods adapted to industrial production
- Classical Biotech Produce large quantities of food products and other materials in short amount of time Meet demands of increasing population
- Classical Biotech Many methods developed through classical biotech are widely used today.
- Modern Biotech Manipulation of genetic material within organisms Based on genetics and the use of microscopy, biochemical methods, related sciences and technologies
- Modern Biotech Often known as genetic engineering Roots involved the investigation of genes
- Ancient Biotech Not known when biotech began exactly Focused on having food and other human needs
- Ancient Biotech Useful plants brought from the wild, planted near caves where people lived As food wasavailable, ability to store and preserve emerged
- Ancient Food preservation most likely came from unplanned events such as a fire or freeze
- Domestication 15,000 years ago, large animals were hard to capture People only had meat when they found a dead animal Came up with ways of capturing fish and small animals
- Domestication Food supplies often seasonal Winter food supplies may get quite low Domestication is seen by scientists as the beginning of biotech
- Domestication Adaptation of organisms so they can be cultured Most likely began 11,000 – 12,000 years ago in the middle east
- Domestication Involved the collecting of seed from useful plants and growing crude crops from that seed Involved the knowledge that the seed had to properly mature
- Domestication Proper planting Need for water, light and other conditions for plant growth Earliest plants likely grains and other seeds used for food
- Domestication Raising animals in captivity began about the same time in history Easier to have an animal close by that to hunt and capture a wild one
- Domestication Learned that animals need food and water Learned about simple breeding How to raise young
- Domestication Cattle, goats and sheep were the first domesticated food animals
- Domestication About 10,000 years ago, people had learned enough about plants and animals to grow their own food The beginning of farming.
- Food Domestication resulted in food supplies being greater in certain times of the year Products were gathered and stored
- Food Some foods rotted Others changed form and continued to be good to eat Foods stored in a cool cave did not spoil as quickly
- Food Foods heated by fire also did not spoil as quickly Immersing in sour liquids prevented food decay
- Food preservation Using processes that prevent or slow spoilage Heating, cooling, keeps microorganisms (mo’s) from growing
- Food preservation Stored in bags of leather or jars of clay Fermentation occurs if certain mo’s are present Creates an acid condition that slows or prevents spoilage
- Cheese One of the first food products made through biotechnology Began some 4,000 years ago Nomadic tribes in Asia
- Cheese Strains of bacteria were added to milk Caused acid to form Resulting in sour milk
- Cheese Enzyme called “rennet” was added Rennet comes from the lining of the stomachs of calves
- Cheese Rennet is genetically engineered today Not all cheese is made from produced rennet
- Yeast Long used in food preparation and preservation Bread baking Yeast produces a gas in the dough causing the dough to rise
- Yeast Fermented products Vinegar Require the use of yeast in at least one stage of production
- Yeast Species of fungi Some are useful Some may cause diseases
- Vinegar Ancient product used to preserve food Juices and extracts from fruits and grains can be fermented
- Fermentation Process in which yeast enzymes chemically change compounds into alcohol In making vinegar the first product of fermentation is alcohol
- Fermentation Alcohol is converted to acetic acid by additional microbe activity Acid gives vinegar a sour taste Vinegar prevents growth of some bacteria
- Vinegar Keeps foods from spoiling Used in pickling Biblical references to wine indicate the use of fermentation some 3,000 years ago
- Fermentation control In ancient times, likely happened by accident Advancements occurred in the 1800’s and early 1900’s
- Fermenters Used to advance fermentation process Specially designed chamber that promotes fermentation
- Fermenters Allowed better control, especially with vinegar New products such as glycerol, acetone, and citric acid resulted
- Development Of yeasts that were predictable and readily available led to modern baking industry
- Antibiotics Use of fermentation hastened the development of antibiotics A drug used to combat bacterial infections
- Antibiotics Penicillin Developed in the late1920’s Introduced in the 1940’s First drug produced by microbes
- Antibiotics Many kinds available today Limitations in their use keep disease producing organisms from developing immunity to antibiotics
- Antibiotics Use antibiotics only when needed. Overuse may make the antibiotic ineffective when really needed later
- Antibiotics Some disease organisms are now resistant to certain antibiotics Used in both human and vet medicine
- Modern Biotech Deals with manipulating genetic info Microscopy and advanced computer technology are used In-depth knowledge of science
- Modern Biotech Based on genetics research from the mid 1800’s
- Genetics Study of heredity Most work has focused on animal and plant genetics Genes – determiners of heredity
- Genes Carry the genetic code Understanding genetic structure essential for genetic engineering
- Heredity How traits are passed from parents to offspring Members of the same species pass the characteristics of that species
- Heredity Differences exist within each species. Differences are known as variability
- Heredity &variability Are used in modern biotechnology
- Modern Biotech Use of biotech to produce new life forms Emerged in mid 1900’s Made possible by rDNA technology
- rDNA Recombinant DNA Process Genetic material is moved from one organism to another Materials involved are quite small
- rDNA Challenging and often controversial Many have opposing or negative views of biotechnolgy
- People in Biotech Zacharias Janssen Discovered the principle of the compound microscope in 1590 Dutch eye glass maker
- Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Developed single lens microscope in 1670’s First to observe tiny organisms and document observations
- Anton V.L. Work led to modern microscopes Electron microscope developed in 1931 by group of German scientists
- Gregor Mendel Formulated basic laws of heredity during mid 1800’s Austrian Botanist and monk Experimented with peas
- Mendel Studied inheritance of seven pairs of traits Bred and crossbred thousands of plants Determined that some traits were dominant and other recessive
- Mendel Findings were published in 1866 Largely ignored for 34 years
- Johan Friedrich Miescher Swiss Biologist Isolated nuclei of white blood cells in 1869 Led to identification of nucleic acid by Walter Flemming
- Walter Sutton Determined in 1903 that chromosomes carried units of heredity identified by Mendel Named “genes” in 1909 by Wilhelm Johannsen, Danish Botanist
- Thomas Hunt Morgan Studied genetics of fruit flies Early 1900’s Experimented with eye color His work contributed to the knowledge of X and Y chromosomes
- Thomas Hunt Morgan Nobel Peace Prize in 1933 for research in gene theory
- Ernst Ruska Build the first electron microscope in 1932 German electrical engineer Microscope offered 400X magnification
- Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin in 1928 First antibiotic drug used in treating human disease Observed growth of molds (Penicillium genus) in a dish that also contracted bacteria
- Alexander Fleming Bacteria close to the molds were dead Extracting and purifying the molds took a decade of research Penicillin first used in 1941
- Alexander Fleming Penicillin credited with saving many lives during WWII when wounded soldiers developed infections.
- Rosalind Elsie Franklin Research in France and England in mid 1900’s Led to discovery of structure of DNA Her early research was used to produce an atomic bomb
- Rosalind Franklin Set up X ray diffraction lab Photographs of DNA showed that it could have a double helix structure
- Rosalind Franklin Some questions surround the theft of her work in 1952 Including x ray photographs
- Watson and Crick James Watson Francis Crick Collaborated to produce the first model of DNA structure in 1953
- Watson and Crick Described DNA dimensions and spacing of base pairs Had major impact on genetic engineering carried out today
- Watson Born in the US Crick – born in England Collaborative research at Cambridge University in England
- Norman E. Borlaug Developed wheat varieties producing high yields Research in Mexico Semi dwarf varieties Developed wheat variety that would grow in climates where other varieties would not
- Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 Credited with helping relieve widespread hunger in some nations
- Mary Clare King Research into nature of DNA during late 1900’s Determined that 99% of human DNA is identical to chimpanzee
- Mary Clare King 1975 found similar gene pools between humans and chimpanzee made it possible to research hereditary causes of breast cancer
- Ian Wilmut Cloning of a sheep named Dolly in 1997 Produced from tissue of an adult sheep Previous cloning efforts had been from early embryos
- Research Use of systematic methods to answer questions. Problems may be basic or applied
- Basic Require generating new info to gain understanding Applied – involve use of knowledge already acquired.
- Research Supplies facts that can be used to improve a process or product Settings range from elaborate labs to field plots
- Field Plot Small area of land that is used to test questions or hypothesis Belief is that same result would be obtained if carried out on larger scale
- Field Plots Often tested several times Known as replication
- Research Done by agencies, universities, private companies, individuals Biotech research in ag is carried out by ag experiment stations and large corporations
- Development Creation of new products or methods based on findings of research Carefully studied before being put into full scale use
- Development New products tested before approval Government agencies such as the FDA are involved Prototype is developed – research model that is carefully tested
- Prototype Becomes a pattern for the production of similar products After being fully tested, full scale production begins.
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