M.Sc Forestry Credit Seminar by Ummar Atta. ummarshah@yahoo.com

1. Sher-e-Kashmir
University Of Agricultural Sciences & Technology Of
Kashmir Shalimar, Campus Srinagar-190025
FACULTY OF FORESTRY BENHAMA, GANDERBAL
CREDIT SEMINAR

2. Topic of the Seminar
Contribution Of Non Timber Forest Products
(NTFPs) In Rural Food Security
Name of the student Ummar Atta
Registration no 2015-FOR-55-M
Seminar Incharge Dr. P.A. Sofi
Assistant Professor-cum-Jr. Scientist
FOF, Benhama SKUAST-K

3. Content
 What are NTFPs
 NTFP Classification
 Overview
 Food Security
 NTFP & Rural Livelihood
 Nutritional Value Of Wild Edible NTFPs
 National Forest Policy & NTFPs
 NTFP Trade
 Wild Edible NTFPs Of J&K
 Documentary
 Case Studies
 Conclusion
 Recommendation

4. What are NTFPs?
 The term non timber forest products has been coined by De beer and
McDermott in 1989
 NTFPs are defined as “all products obtained from plants of forest origin and
host plant species yielding products in association with insects and animals or
their parts and items of mineral origin except timber” Mathur and Shiva (1996)
 NTFPs are defined as “all products that are derived from forests with the
exception of timber” (Ahenkan & Boon, 2011)

5. NTFP CLASSIFICATION
GROUP-I
NTFPs Of Plant Origin
• Edible Plant Products
• Spices And Condiments
• Medicinal Plants
• Aromatic Plants
• Fatty Oil Yield Plants
• Gum And Resin Exuding Plants
(Mathur and Shiva, 1996)

6. • Tan Yield Plants
• Dye & Color Yield Plants
• Fiber & Floss Yield Plant
• Bamboo-canes
• Fodder & Forage
• Fuel wood, Charcoal Making
• Bidi Wrapper Leaves
• Other Leaves For Plates
• Beads For Ornaments
• Saponin & Marking Nut Plant Others
(Mathur and Shiva,1996)
NTFP CLASSIFICATION

7. NTFPs Of Animal Origin
• Honey
• Lac
• Tussar &Other Silk
• Insects Animal-hides, Skin And Feathers
• Horns Bones & Shellac-ivory And Musk
NTFPs Of Mineral Origin
• Mica, Sand, Gravel
• Other Minerals
• Group II
• Services-ecotourism, Recreation Wild
(Mathur and Shiva,1996)
NTFP CLASSIFICATION

8. Diversity of NTFPs
Morchella esculenta Podophyllum hexandrum Saussurea costus
Hippophae rhamnoides Aconitum heterophyllum Malva neglecta

9. Diversity of NTFPs
Juglans regia Rheum webbianum Rosa webbiana
Thymus linearis Capsella bursa pastoris Viola biflora

10. Diversity of NTFPs
Rauwolfia serpentina Dipsacus innermis Prunus armeniaca
Arenbia benthamii Artemisia absinthium Oxalis corniculata

11. Diversity of NTFPs
Saussurea simpsoniana Gagea elegans Taraxicum officinale
Honey Chilgoza pine

12. Overview
 In India, 600 plant species are known to have food value (Rathore 2013).
 Some 1069 species of wild fungi consumed worldwide are important sources of
protein and income (Boa 2009). Bush meat and fish provide 20 per cent of protein
in at least 60 developing countries (Bennet & Robinson 2014).
 Data show that approximately 4.5 million tons of bush meat is extracted annually
from the Congo Basin forests alone.
 The harvest of food from forests is an important strategy, especially among the
very poor, for coping with periods of food insecurity, such as those caused by
natural disasters and war.

13. Food Security ?
 Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and
economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their
dietary needs and food preferences for healthy and active life.
World food summit,1996

14. NTFPs In Food Security
NTFPs Contribute In Two Ways To Food Security
 Direct consumption of forest foods next to rice
 Selling NTFPs to buy rice in times of shortage

15. Direct And Indirect Impact Of Forest Foods On Food Security
Clindon, 2001

16. Diagrammatic Representation On Role Of Forest Foods In Food Security
Role of Forest foods in
food security
Dependability
Diversity
Nutritional value
Economic value
Cultural value
As a rice supplement or
substitute
For exchange &
sale
Availability
Clindon, 2001

17. Food Security Has Following Dimensions
Availability
• Means food
production within
the country, food
imports and the
previous years
stock stored in
the government
granaries
Accessibility
• Means food in
within reach of
every person
Affordability
• Implies that an
individual has
enough money to
buy sufficient,
food to meet safe
and nutritious
food to meet ones
dietary needs

18. NTFPs & Rural Livelihood
 In India, more than 41 million tribals and forest dwellers derive their earnings
from NTFP products after consuming about 60% of collected NTFPs for
personal use
 In India, there are about 15,000 plant species out of which nearly 3000 species
(20%) yield NTFPs.
 Moreover, 60% of NTFP is consumed as food or as a dietary supplement
especially during lean season by forest dwellers.
 NTFPs contribute significantly to the income of about 30 per cent of rural
people. More than 80 per cent of forest dwellers depend on NTFPs for basic
necessities
 In Manipur alone, a North-Eastern state of India, nearly 90% of the population
depends on forest products as a major source and some 2,50000 women are
employed in collecting forest products.

19. NTFPs & Rural Livelihood
 In India alone the livelihoods of around 6 million people are maintained by the
harvest of forest products.
 NTFPs fulfill the health and nutritional needs of about 80% of the population of
developing countries
 Diversity of edible NTFPs offers variety in diets and contributes to household food
security
 Some edible NTFPs are even reported to be more nutritious than conventionally
eaten crops (Tewari, 2014).

20. Forest Food As A Nutrient Source
Food Energy
Vitamins Minerals
Forest animals birds High in Fat, complete protein Offal/organs high in nutrients Vit B Animal iron
Fish, crustaceans frogs
molluscs
Complete protein Some vit B Animal Fe,Ca from
small fish bones
Insect, larvae, insect
eggs
High in protein& fat Vit A, caterpillars rich in vit B12 Animal Iron
Mushroom High in carbohydrate & rich
in protein
Small amount of vit A &Vit c
depending on species
Low in iron
Bamboo shoots High in fibre & carbohydrate Minimal amounts, lost in cooking Low vit A
Plants-leaves, stems,
flowers
Low in energy source of
soluble fibre
Leaves provide vit A,C & folic
acid. The darker the leaf, the more
vit A,C
Vegetable iron from
dark greens
Tubers Rich in starch Traces of Vit A, B complex Rich in potassim
Honey High in energy &rich source
of simple sugars
Vit A Traces of Ca& K
Nuts Carbohydrate ,oils, protein Vit A, E, D and K Traces of P& K
Fruit & berries Sugar & soluble fibre Vital source of Vit A & C Ca, Mg, K
Micro Nutrients
Clindon,2001

21. Nutritional value of Edible plants
Plant species Part
consumed
Total sugar
content(%)
Crude protein
content(%)
Crude lipid
content (%)
Oxalis corniculata Leaves 12.056 5.11 23.75
Rhus parviflora Fruits 1.256 5.11 24.5
Moringa oleifera Leaves 13.232 22.8 21.5
Bauhinia vahlii Seeds 4.79 24.21 28.5
Cassia fistula Flowers 8.00 13 23.75
Cassia obtusifolia Leaves 4.44 20.25 23.025
Prosopis cineraria Pods 0.78 12.79 10
Boerhavia diffusa Pods 0.6 16.7 20.5
Achyranthes aspera Seeds 1.488 21.37 18.42
Amaranthus virdis Leaves 1.268 6.33 20.25
Ashok k jain & Preeti tewari, 2012

22. Trend Changes In NTFPAvailability For Food Security
 Wild NTFP resources are often declining
 Various field surveys report a decline in the availability of wild NTFP resources
 The main reasons for this decline are as below;
• Increased market pressures on NTFP resources
• Loss of forests due to commercial logging and Conversion to agriculture
• Rapid population growth
• Shifting cultivation
(Foppes and Ketphanh, 2014)

23. New Initiatives For Producing NTFPs
On the positive side, a number of new systems for NTFP
production are evolving viz..
• Agro-forests based on domestication of NTFPs
• Community based aquatic resource management
• Single community based NTFP harvesting rules
• Multi-village NTFP conservation rules
(Foppes and Ketphanh, 2014)

24. National Forest Policy 1988 & NTFPs
 Minor forest produce provides subsistence to tribal population and
to other communities residing in and around the forests.
 The rights and concessions from forests should primarily be for the
bonafide use of the communities living within an around forest
areas, specially the tribals
 Protection, regeneration and optimum collection of minor forest
produce along with institutional arrangements for the marketing of
such produce

25. Nationalized and internationalized NTFP Products
PRODUCT YEAR COLLECTED
QUANTITY(Lakh standard
Bags/Qntl)
PRICE INR
Tendu Leaves 2015 16.44 1200
Kullu gums 2015 410 2200
Dhawda gum 2015 920 2900
Babul 2015 920 1740
Khair 2015 920 1740
Sal Seed 2015 1.257 1000
Ramanuj 2015

26. Internationalized NTFP Products
Pine nuts (Pinus gerardiana) -Exports 120 tones annually Exports, price INR.
40,000 to 50,000 per tone
 Jujube (Ziziphus maurtitiana) fruits- Annual output of fresh jujube is 4,00,000
tones ,earning a foreign exchange of 5 million US$ annually
 Mushrooms -Total world production 150 tones ,Price - Rs. 80 per kg of dried
mushrooms
 Annatto (Bixa Orellana) -Production - 10,000 to 11,000 tones ,Current market
price - US$ 700 / tone
 Bidi leaves - Production - 300,000 tones, price INR183.5 million
 Birds' nests (Aerpdramus faciphagus)- It fetches market price of $3,000/kg
total production 18.6 tones, price $ 2.93 million

27. LOC Trade Of Plant Raw Drug In J & K During 2015-16
Mushtaq & Gangoo et al., 2016

28. Wild Edible NTFPs of J&K
s.no Scientific name Local name Part consumed
1 Allium humile Wangunda Whole plant, bulbs
2 A. carolinianum Wangunda Whole plant
3 Angellica glauca Chora Roots
4 Capsella bursa pastoris Krale mund Leaves
5 Cucubalus baccifer Makhansaag Leaves
6 Dipsacus innermis Wopal hak Leaves
7 Eremurus himalaicus Vilket Leaves
8 Frageria nubicola Palyari Fully ripe fruit
9 Gagea elegans Jangli palak Leaves and bulb
10 Lactuca lessertiana Sotchal Leaves
11 Malva neglecta Chooka hak Leaves & shoots
12 Plantago himaliaca Isbhagol Leaves

29. Wild Edible NTFPs of J&K
s.no Scientific name Local name Part consumed
13 Podophyllum hexandrum Wanwangun Ripe fruit
14 Polygonum alpinum Chok addur Leaves & stem
15 P. aviculare Drubba Leaves
16 Rheum webbianum Pambhaak Leaves & stalks
17 Rosa webbiana Jangli gulab Fruits
18 Rumex acetosa Jangli abij Leaves & Stems
19 R. nepalensis Abbij Leaves
20 R. patientia Jangli abij Leaves
21 Taraxicum officinale Hannd Leaves
22 Thymus linearis Ujwain Whole plant
23 Trifolium pratense Tridipater Leaves
24 Viola biflora Bunafsha Flowers

30. Contribution Of NTFPs & Role In Food Livelihood Security In J&K
 Anardana (Punica granatum)
• Good ‘anardana’ fetches a price ranging between Rs. 150 to Rs 300 per Kg at the village level
• It may be noted that in addition to fulfilling the bonafide domestic needs, each household
engaged in collection of ‘anardana’ adds an average of Rs 6,000 to its annual income
 Guchies (Morchella esculenta)
• Freshly collected Guchhi is air-dried and one Kg of fresh Guchhi reduces to about 100 gms on
drying
• Dried mixed grade Guchhi fetches an average price of Rs 6,000/Kg
• It is estimated that the average annual trade volume of Guchhi from Jammu and Kashmir is in
the order of 100 quintals at a whopping trade value of Rs 8 crores

31. Conti..
 Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana)
• A study conducted on the role of Pinus gerardiana in livelihood of the people of
Paddar valley of Kishtwar District of Jammu and Kashmir by Masood (2012)
Comparison of net income per household from Chilgoza with traditional crops and labour

32. Documentary clip (Courtesy, FAO)

33. CASE STUDIES

34. Case Study 1. Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) Supporting Food
Security In Tribal Jharkhand
 The study reveal that the sample population consumes 59 edible NTFPs
belonging to 39 genera and 45 species under 29 families. The growth form of the
species includes trees (30) followed by herbs (5), shrubs (4), climbers (3), fungi
(2) and bamboo (1).
(source M.A. islam & S.m.S. quli, 2016)
NTFP type Total
Fruit 26
Leaf 10
Seed 07
Flower 06
Tuber 03
Mushroom 02
Entire plant 02
Gum 02
Rhizome 01
Islam & Quli, 2016

35. Edible NTFPs For Household Food Security Of Tribal People
Islam & Quli, 2016)

36. Conti..
Islam & Quli, 2016)

37. Edible NTFPs for household food security of tribal people
Islam & Quli, 2016

38. Case Study 2; NTFP Use And Household Food Security
In Lao PDR
 The direct contribution of NTFPs to food security in valuation studies is roughly
50 % compared to that of rice, the staple food, together these foods take up around
80% of total value of family subsistence expenditures.
 NTFPs also contribute indirectly to food security, as they can be sold to buy rice in
times of shortage. NTFPs are estimated to contribute 40-50% of cash income of
Lao rural households. A similar amount of 50 % of average household cash
income is used to buy rice (more for the poorer families)..
Joost Foppes and Sounthone Ketphanh, 2004

39. Main Categories Of Forest Foods, Recorded In Field Surveys
Joost Foppes & Sounthone Ketphanh, 2004

40. Changes in off-takes per effort units for 3 key NTFP's over 10 years
assessed by villagers of Ban Nong Hin, Champasak
NTFP 10 years ago Today
Wildlife Plenty of wildlife: turtles, monitor lizards, deer,
snakes, jungle fowl, other birds. You could easily
hunt them in your backyard. There was no outside
market, no selling. Only our village hunted (9
families only).
Many species disappeared: turtle, deer,
jungle fowl, birds. You can walk for 48
hours and still not get anything. Market
demand is big, prices are getting higher (1
mousedeer costs 12,000 kip). Many
outsiders come to hunt in our forest. Village
has 57 families now.
Fish You could catch 4-5 kg within 1 hour. There were
only 9 families. No selling, no destructive methods
used, only traps and nets.
You can not even get 0.5 kg in 1 hour. There
is not enough to feed all our 57 families.
Strong outside market (2,500 kip/kg).
Destructive methods used by outsiders
explosives, guns, poison. Décline: 90%
Rattan In 1 day, you could get 300 stems, or as many as a
man can carry. We used to also have big diameter
rattan, now only small diameter species.
You can only get 20-30 stems in a day.
Harvesting has intensified over the last 2
years. 1 stem sells for 200 kip. We know
there is no quota but we need to sell
anyhow. Decline: 90%.
Foppes and Ketphanh 2004

41. Case Study 3; The contribution of edible forest insects to
human nutrition and to forest management in Central
Africa
)
 Worldwide, nearly 1700 insect species are reported to be used as human food
 Four insect orders predominate, in rank sequence, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera,
Orthoptera and Lepidoptera, accounting for 80 percent of the species eaten
 Edible forest insects represent rich sources of protein for the improvement of
human diet, especially for individuals suffering from poor nutrition because of a
protein deficit. Gram for gram, insects often contain more protein and minerals
than meat
Dennis V. Johnson 2010

42. Edible Forest Caterpillars In Central Africa
 In Bangui, Central African Republic, dried caterpillars are sold by producers for
US$1.70 per kilogram
 Annually, from the Democratic Republic of Congo, France imports about 5
tones of dried caterpillars and Belgium about 3 tones.
 100 grams of dried caterpillars contain 52.9 grams of protein, 15.4 grams of fat,
16.9 grams of carbohydrates and have an energy value of 430 kcal
Dennis V. Johnson 2010

43. Locals selling edible insects collected from the forests

44. Edible forest insects
Locals cooking Bamboo boreres

45. Case Study 4; Edible Wild Plants of Pastorals at High-Altitude
Grasslands of Kashmir Valley, India (
s.no Scientific name Local name Frequency
of usage
Part consumed
1 Allium humile Wangunda Fr Whole plant, bulbs
2 A. carolinianum Wangunda Fr Whole plant
3 Angellica glauca Chora F Roots
4 Capsella bursa pastoris Krale mund F Leaves
5 Cucubalus baccifer Makhansaag F Leaves
6 Dipsacus innermis Wopal hak Fr Leaves
7 Eremurus himalaicus Vilket Fr Leaves
8 Frageria nubicola Palyari Fr Fully ripe fruit
9 Gagea elegans Jangli palak Fr Leaves and bulb
10 Lactuca lessertiana Sotchal F Leaves
11 Malva neglecta Chooka hak Fr Leaves & shoots
12 Plantago himaliaca Isbhagol R Leaves
Javaid M. Dad & Anisa B. Khan, 2011

46. Conti..,
s.no Scientific name Local name Frequency of
usage
Part consumed
13 Podophyllum hexandrum Wanwangun F Ripe fruit
14 Polygonum alpinum Chok addur Fr Leaves & stem
15 P. aviculare Drubba Fr Leaves
16 Rheum webbianum Pambhaak Fr Leaves & stalks
17 Rosa webbiana Jangli gulab F Fruits
18 Rumex acetosa Jangli abij Fr Leaves & Stems
19 R. nepalensis Abbij F Leaves
20 R. patientia Jangli abij Fr Leaves
21 Taraxicum officinale Hannd Fr Leaves
22 Thymus linearis Ujwain F Whole plant
23 Trifolium pratense Tridipater F Leaves
24 Viola biflora Bunafsha F Flowers
Javaid M. Dad & Anisa B. Khan, 2011

47. Conclusion
 The Edible NTFPs play a significant role in Food & nutritional Security of rural poor across
the world
 The Edible NTFPs include Fruit Leaf Seed Flower Tuber Mushroom Entire plant Gum
Rhizome Forest animals birds Fish, crustaceans frogs molluscus Insect, larvae, insect eggs
 In India, 600 plant species are known to have food value, Moreover, 60% of NTFP is
consumed as food or as a dietary supplement especially during lean season by forest dwellers
 The important role of NTFPs in rural livelihoods recognize the significant opportunities for
achieving both conservation and poverty reduction objectives by supporting the sustainable
development of NTFPs.
 Managing landscapes on a multi-functional basis that combines food production, biodiversity
conservation and the maintenance of ecosystem services can contribute to food and nutritional
security
 Edible species provide more than just food and income. In communities with a tradition of
wild food use, it is part of a living link with the land, a keystone of culture

48. Recommendations
 Set up systems to record and support the exchange of local knowledge
regarding domestication and ecology of wild plants and animals
 Identify and protect genetic resources of forest food species
 Studies to monitor changes in quality and quantity of forest foods in the
diets/consumption patterns of the rural population
 Build programs for networking and training support for local innovators at
village level, who want to develop new production and management
methods for wild foods in forests and in plantations
 Train village communities to manage forest resources in a sustainable way
(forest management and conservation education)