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G1: To Infinity and Beyond
Stefan Johansson
OpenJDK GC Engineer, Oracle
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Agenda
■ GC in OpenJDK
■ Short intro to G1
■ Progress since JDK 8
■ The future
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
GC in OpenJDK
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Introduction
GC in OpenJDK
● Fast allocation
● Efficient reclamation
● Serving different use cases
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Strategies
GC in OpenJDK
● Tracing the object graph
● Stop-the-world or concurrent
● Generational collections
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Focus and tradeoffs
GC in OpenJDK
● Throughput
● Latency
● Footprint
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Current Collectors
GC in OpenJDK
Collector name Focus area Concepts
Serial Memory footprint Generational, single threaded STW collections
Parallel Throughput Generational, multi-threaded STW collections
G1 Balanced performance Generational, STW collections, concurrent marking
ZGC Low latency Concurrent collections
Shenandoah Low latency Concurrent collections
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Short intro to G1
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Basic idea
Short intro to G1
● Balance between throughput and latency
● Region based
● Concurrent marking
● Mixed collections
● Main tuning knob: pause-time goal
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Current status
Short intro to G1
● Supported since JDK 7u4
● Stable and mature
● Default collector since JDK 9
● Actively maintained and improved
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Progress since JDK 8
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Overview
Progress since JDK 8
● 1000+ enhancements since JDK 8
● Significant improvements
● Across all areas
● Cut away old tradeoffs
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Throughput
Progress since JDK 8
● Improved NUMA awareness
● More efficient concurrent work
● Parallel Full Collection
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Throughput
Progress since JDK 8
● SPECjbb® 2015 results
● 16 GB heap
● Not only GC improvements
● More time spent running Java
SPEC® and the benchmark name SPECjbb® are registered
trademarks of the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation.
For more information about SPECjbb, see www.spec.org/jbb2015/.
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Latency
Progress since JDK 8
● Improved parallelism
● More efficient processing
● Better pause time predictions
● Abortable mixed collections
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Latency
Progress since JDK 8
● SPECjbb® 2015 results
● 16 GB heap
● Mostly GC improvements
● Trade throughput for latency
SPEC® and the benchmark name SPECjbb® are registered
trademarks of the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation.
For more information about SPECjbb, see www.spec.org/jbb2015/.
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Latency
Progress since JDK 8
● SPECjbb® 2015 fixed load
● 16 GB heap
● Pause times
JDK 8 JDK 11 JDK 17
Average (ms) 154 98 84
P99 (ms) 186 126 111
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Latency
Progress since JDK 8
● SPECjbb® 2015 fixed load
● 16 GB heap
● Pause times
JDK 8 JDK 11 JDK 17 JDK 17 50ms
Average (ms) 154 98 84 47
P99 (ms) 186 126 111 60
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Latency
Progress since JDK 8
● Bonus slide: ZGC
● Sub-millisecond pause goal
● All heavy work done concurrently
JDK 8 JDK 11 JDK 17 JDK 17 ZGC
Average (ms) 154 98 84 0.029
P99 (ms) 186 126 111 0.186
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Footprint
Progress since JDK 8
● Rebuilding remembered sets concurrently
● Improved remembered set ergonomics
● Return heap memory to the OS
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Footprint
Progress since JDK 8
● BigRamTester
● 16GB heap
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
The future
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Keep improving
The future
● Usability improvements
● Improved write barriers
● Footprint reductions
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Key takeaways
To Infinity and Beyond
● Massive improvements since JDK 8
● Exciting features in the pipe
Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Brought to you by
Stefan Johansson
Twitter: @kstefanj
Blog: kstefanj.github.io

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G1: To Infinity and Beyond

  • 1. Brought to you by G1: To Infinity and Beyond Stefan Johansson OpenJDK GC Engineer, Oracle
  • 2. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Agenda ■ GC in OpenJDK ■ Short intro to G1 ■ Progress since JDK 8 ■ The future
  • 3. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. GC in OpenJDK
  • 4. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Introduction GC in OpenJDK ● Fast allocation ● Efficient reclamation ● Serving different use cases
  • 5. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Strategies GC in OpenJDK ● Tracing the object graph ● Stop-the-world or concurrent ● Generational collections
  • 6. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Focus and tradeoffs GC in OpenJDK ● Throughput ● Latency ● Footprint
  • 7. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Current Collectors GC in OpenJDK Collector name Focus area Concepts Serial Memory footprint Generational, single threaded STW collections Parallel Throughput Generational, multi-threaded STW collections G1 Balanced performance Generational, STW collections, concurrent marking ZGC Low latency Concurrent collections Shenandoah Low latency Concurrent collections
  • 8. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Short intro to G1
  • 9. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Basic idea Short intro to G1 ● Balance between throughput and latency ● Region based ● Concurrent marking ● Mixed collections ● Main tuning knob: pause-time goal
  • 10. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Current status Short intro to G1 ● Supported since JDK 7u4 ● Stable and mature ● Default collector since JDK 9 ● Actively maintained and improved
  • 11. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Progress since JDK 8
  • 12. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Overview Progress since JDK 8 ● 1000+ enhancements since JDK 8 ● Significant improvements ● Across all areas ● Cut away old tradeoffs
  • 13. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Throughput Progress since JDK 8 ● Improved NUMA awareness ● More efficient concurrent work ● Parallel Full Collection
  • 14. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Throughput Progress since JDK 8 ● SPECjbb® 2015 results ● 16 GB heap ● Not only GC improvements ● More time spent running Java SPEC® and the benchmark name SPECjbb® are registered trademarks of the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. For more information about SPECjbb, see www.spec.org/jbb2015/.
  • 15. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Latency Progress since JDK 8 ● Improved parallelism ● More efficient processing ● Better pause time predictions ● Abortable mixed collections
  • 16. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Latency Progress since JDK 8 ● SPECjbb® 2015 results ● 16 GB heap ● Mostly GC improvements ● Trade throughput for latency SPEC® and the benchmark name SPECjbb® are registered trademarks of the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. For more information about SPECjbb, see www.spec.org/jbb2015/.
  • 17. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Latency Progress since JDK 8 ● SPECjbb® 2015 fixed load ● 16 GB heap ● Pause times JDK 8 JDK 11 JDK 17 Average (ms) 154 98 84 P99 (ms) 186 126 111
  • 18. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Latency Progress since JDK 8 ● SPECjbb® 2015 fixed load ● 16 GB heap ● Pause times JDK 8 JDK 11 JDK 17 JDK 17 50ms Average (ms) 154 98 84 47 P99 (ms) 186 126 111 60
  • 19. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Latency Progress since JDK 8 ● Bonus slide: ZGC ● Sub-millisecond pause goal ● All heavy work done concurrently JDK 8 JDK 11 JDK 17 JDK 17 ZGC Average (ms) 154 98 84 0.029 P99 (ms) 186 126 111 0.186
  • 20. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Footprint Progress since JDK 8 ● Rebuilding remembered sets concurrently ● Improved remembered set ergonomics ● Return heap memory to the OS
  • 21. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Footprint Progress since JDK 8 ● BigRamTester ● 16GB heap
  • 22. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. The future
  • 23. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Keep improving The future ● Usability improvements ● Improved write barriers ● Footprint reductions
  • 24. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Key takeaways To Infinity and Beyond ● Massive improvements since JDK 8 ● Exciting features in the pipe
  • 25. Copyright © 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. Brought to you by Stefan Johansson Twitter: @kstefanj Blog: kstefanj.github.io