Disha NEET Physics Guide for classes 11 and 12.pdf
2.-CONCEPTS-OF-FIRST-AID.pptx
1.
2. CONSENT FOR FIRST AID
• and termed “consent”
•Permission from an unconscious
victim is not obtainable from the
victim. Therefore, we assume the
victim would want first aid. This
action is termed “implied consent”
3. Roles and Responsibilities of First Aider:
1. Bridge and fills the gap between
the victim and the physician
2. Ensure safety of him/herself and
bystanders
3. Gain access to the victim
4. Determine any threats to patient’s
life
4. Roles and Responsibilities of First Aider:
5. Provide advanced personnel
6. Assist advanced personnel
7. Record all findings and care given
to the patient
5. Objectives of First Aid:
•To alleviate suffering
•To prevent added/further injury or
danger
•To prolong life
6. Characteristics of a Good First Aider:
•Gentle
•Resourceful
•Observant
•Tactful
•Empathetic
•Respectable
7. GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY
CARE
•Obtain consent when possible
•Remember to identify yourself to the victim.
•Provide comfort and emotional support.
•Respect the victim’s modesty and physical
privacy.
•Be calm and as direct as possible.
8. GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE
•Care for the most serious injuries first.
•Assist the victim with his or her prescription
medication.
•Keep onlookers away from the injured
person.
•Loosen tight clothing
9. Hindrances in Giving First Aid:
•Unfavorable surroundings
•Presence of Crowds
•Pressure from victims or
relatives
19. Indications of Emergency Rescue
•Danger of fire or explosions
•Danger of toxic gases
•Serious traffic hazard
•Risk of drowning
•Danger of electrocution
•Danger of collapsing wall
20. Methods of Emergency Rescue
•For immediate rescue without
any assistance, drag or pull the
victim
•Most of the one-man
drags/carriers and other
transfer methods can be used
as methods of rescue
22. Pointers to be observed during transfer
•Victim’s airway must be
maintained open
•Hemorrhage is controlled
•Regular check-up of the victim’s
condition is made
•Supporting bandages and dressing
remain effectively applied
23. Pointers to be observed during transfer
•The patient’s body is moved
as one unit
•The taller first aiders stay at
the head of the victim
•First aiders must observed
ergonomics in lifting and
moving of patient
24.
25. Triage
•is the action of sorting
victims of disaster in
order to determine who
needs immediate care
and transportation to the
hospital, or could be
delayed
26. Tagging of patients
Priority One
(RED TAG)
Priority Two
(YELLOW TAG)
Priority Three
(GREEN TAG)
Priority Four
(Black TAG)
35. Muscle Spasm
•First Aid
•Have the body stretch out the affected
muscle to counteract the cramp
•Massage the cramped muscle firmly
but gently
•Apply heat. Moist is more effective
than dry heat
•If cramps persist, call your doctor
36.
37. Sprain
•a stretched or torn ligament.
Ligaments are tissues that
connect bones at a joint. Falling,
twisting, or getting hit can all
cause a sprain. Ankle and wrist
sprains are common.
40. Strain
•is a stretched or torn muscle or tendon.
Tendons are tissues that connect muscle
to bone. Twisting or pulling these tissues
can cause a strain. Strains can happen
suddenly or develop over time. Back
and hamstring muscle strains are
common. Many people get strains
playing sports
48. When to seek for medical help:
•Pain, bruising, or swelling is severe
•Affected extremity looks deformed or seems
dislocated
•The victim can't put any weight on the affected
lower extremity
•There is a "popping" sound with the injury.
•The person can't move the injured joint or
limb.
•There is numbness.
•There is significant swelling, pain, fever, or
open cuts
49. Fainting (Syncope)
• occurs when the
blood supply to your
brain is momentarily
inadequate, causing
you to lose
consciousness. This
loss of consciousness
is usually brief.
50. Causes
•fear or other emotional trauma
•severe pain
•a sudden drop in blood pressure
•low blood sugar due to diabetes or from going too
long without eating
•hyperventilation (rapid, shallow breathing)
•dehydration
•standing in one position for too long
51. If you feel like you are going to faint:
• Lie down or sit down. To reduce the
chance of fainting again, don't get up
too quickly.
• Place your head between your knees if
you sit down.
52. If someone else faints
1. Position the person on his or her back.
2. If the person is breathing, restore blood flow to the
brain by raising the person's legs above heart level —
about 12 inches (30 centimeters) — if possible.
3. Loosen belts, collars or other constrictive clothing. To
reduce the chance of fainting again,
4. Don't get the person up too quickly. If the person
doesn't regain consciousness within one minute, call
emergency response team.
53. If someone else faints
5. Check the person's airway to be sure it's clear. Watch
for vomiting.
6. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or
movement). If absent, begin CPR. call emergency
response team. Continue CPR until help arrives or the
person responds and begins to breathe.
7. If the person was injured in a fall associated with a
faint, treat any bumps, bruises or cuts appropriately.
Control bleeding with direct pressure
55. First aid
•Place in comfortable
position
•Give candies
•Let the patient drink
fruit juice
56.
57.
58. Heat Cramps
•A muscular pain and
spasm due largely to
loss of salt from the
body in sweating or
too inadequate
intake of salt
59. Heat cramps
•First aid:
•Have the victim rest
•Give the victim electrolyte
beverages to sip or make
salted drink
•To relieve muscle cramps
massage the affected
muscles gently but firmly
until they relax
•Stay at a cool
environment
60. Heat Exhaustion
•A response to heat
characterized by
fatigue, weakness
and collapse due to
inadequate intake of
water to compensate
for loss of fluids
through sweating
61. Heat Exhaustion
•Signs and Symptoms:
•Cool, pale or red, moist skin
•Dilated pupils
•Headache
•Extreme thirst
•Nausea or vomiting
•Weakness
•Dizziness
•Unconsciousness
62. Heat Exhaustion
•First aid:
•Have the victim rest
with his feet elevated
•Place the victim in a
cool environment
•Give victim electrolyte
beverages to sip
•Monitor the victim for
signs of shock
63. Heat stroke
•A response to
heat
characterized by
extremely high
body
temperature and
disturbance of
sweating
mechanism
64. Heat stroke
•Signs and symptoms:
•Raised body temperature
•Dry, hot red skin
•Dark urine
•Constriction of pupils
•Rapid shallow breathing
•Extreme confusion
•Weakness
•Unconsciousness
65. Heat stroke
•First Aid:
•Place the victim in a cool
environment
•Turn on a fan
•Apply cold compress
•Give first aid for shock
•If the victim starts having
seizures, give first aid for
seizures
•Keep the victim cool as
you await medical help
68. When to get help for fever
• Fever is over 39.4 degrees Celsius
• Fever is accompanied by:
•Difficulty in breathing
•Unusual skin color
•A rash of tiny red or purple dots under the skin
•Shock
•Stiff neck
•Bulging fontanel
•Signs of dehydration
If the victim appears to be very ill take steps to
reduce the fever while you seek medical assistance
69. First Aid
•Make the patient comfortable in cool
surroundings preferably in bed with a light
cover.
•Allow the victim to rest
•Give the victim plenty of drinks to replace lost
fluids
•Cooling measures
– Remove extra clothing
– Tap water sponge bath
•An adult may take paracetamol tablet. Give a
child the recommended dose of paracetamol
syrup
70. Headache
•May accompany any illness
particularly a feverish ailment such
as flu but it may be the most
prominent symptom of a serious
condition such as meningitis or
stroke
71. When to get help for headache
•Headache pain that awakens you at night
•Headaches with severe nausea and
vomiting
•Headaches that occur after a head injury or
accident
•Getting a new type of headache after age
55
72.
73. First aid
•Help the patient to
sit or lie down
comfortably in a
quiet place
•An adult may take
paracetamol tablet.
Give a child the
recommended
dose of
paracetamol syrup
74. Abdominal pain
•Is a pain in the
abdomen often has a
relatively trivial cause,
but can indicate serious
disease, such as
perforation or
obstruction of the
intestine
75. First aid
•Make the patient comfortable
•Give her a container to use if vomiting
•Do not give the patient any medicines or
anything to eat or drink
76. Vomiting and diarrhea
•Most likely to be caused by food
poisoning, contaminated water, allergy
or unusual or exotic food
77. First aid
•Give the patient a warm
damp cloth to wash
himself
•Give the patient lots of
bland fluids to sip slowly
and often
•if it is persistent, call a
doctor
82. Dog Bites
•Rabies- it is rare but
potentially fatal
disease transmitted
through saliva. It is a
viral infection of the
brain that causes
irritation and
inflammation of the
brain and spinal
column.
87. First aid
•Sit up straight.
•Lean your head forward.
•Pinch the nostrils together with your thumb
and index finger for 10 minutes.
•Spit out any blood in your mouth. Swallowing
it may make you vomit.
88. First aid
•After the bleeding has stopped:
•Try to prevent any irritation to the nose,
such as sneezing or nose blowing, for 24
hours.
•Don’t drink hot beverages or soups.
89. Choking
•Ask the choking person
to stand if he or she is
sitting.
•Place yourself slightly
behind the standing
victim.
96. First aid:
•Call emergency rescue
•Check the victim’s ABC
•Have the victim rest in a comfortable position
•Seek medical help immediately
•Do not give the victim anything by mouth
•If the victim loses consciousness place him or
her in the recovery position
•Continue to monitor ABC
•Stay with the victim until medical help arrives
97. Heart Attack
•Chest discomfort that may last more
than a few minutes or go away and
come back;
•Pain or discomfort in the upper
body, including arm, left shoulder,
back, neck, jaw, or below the
breastbone
•Difficulty breathing or shortness of
breath (with or without chest pain)
98. First Aid
•Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed
•Call emergency help
•Move the victim into a semi-sitting
position, head and shoulders supported
and knees bent.
•Chew and swallow an aspirin
•Begin CPR if the person is unconscious
100. Signs and symptoms
•Local tingling or twitching in part of the
body
•Brief blackout or period of confused
behavior
•Sudden falling
•Loss of consciousness
•Drooling or frothing of the mouth
•Vigorous muscle spasm, twitching, jerking
limbs
•Loss of bladder control
•Temporary cessation of breathing
101. First Aid
•Ease the person to the floor.
•Turn the person gently onto one side. This will help
the person breathe.
•Clear the area around the person of anything hard
or sharp. This can prevent injury.
•Put something soft and flat, like a folded jacket,
under his or her head.
•Remove eyeglasses.
•Loosen ties or anything around the neck that may
make it hard to breathe.
•Time the seizure. Call emergency help if the seizure
lasts longer than 5 minutes.
102. First Aid
•Stay with the person until the seizure ends
and he or she is fully awake. After it ends,
help the person sit in a safe place. Once
they are alert and able to communicate,
tell them what happened in very simple
terms.
•Comfort the person and speak calmly.
•Check to see if the person is wearing or a
medical bracelet or other emergency
information.
•Keep yourself and other people calm.
Editor's Notes
It is not intended to compete with, nor take the place of the services of the physician. It ends when the services of a physician begin
Priority: yourself, buddy, bystanders then the patient
Kung may kasama ka, pwede niyo tignan kung naka ID. Pag sa US meron silang mga ID bracelet na nakalagay dun kung may sakit sila, tulad ng diabetes ganun.
Assessment. Survey the scene.
5. You should call an ambulance. Kasali siya sa sequence ng CPR
Pag dumating na sila, you are there to assist them or at least sabihin niyo ung mga important assessment na nakita niyo at ano ung mga nagawa niyo sa pasyente
Alleviate the pain. For example, sprain.
When you are in doubt, dont do it. But always remember, na malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kinakabahan na walang alam at kinakabahan na may alam. Your knowledge is very important during emergency situations. For example, sa sunog o sa may building. Mas priority mo na ilabas mo muna ung pasyente sa safe place to prevent further injury or danger
You are there para dugtungan ung buhay ng victim.
Should not cause pain-objective: alleviate suffering
Should make the best use of things at hand-for example nasa bahay or nasa bundok
Should notice all signs-keen observer; di lang sa paligid more importantly sa pasyente
Should not alarm the victim-choose your words
Should be comforting-not sympathy
Should maintain a professional and caring attitude
Night time
Crowded place-kaya may tinatawag na crowd controller sa mga rescue team. Sila ung maghahawi ng tao. Bakit? Alam niyo naman pag pilipino, pinanganak na usi. So pag mas maraming tao, mas mahihirapan ang mga first aider
Cepimax patient
Dressing – cover the wound
Bandage – hold the dressing in place
50 meters away from the safe place
Triage is prioritization. Para alam mo kung sino ung uunahin mo.
Life threatening, immediate care
Care can de delayed, can delay transport up to 1 hour
Their condition is stable for the moment and, they are not in immediate danger of death. These victims will still need hospital care and would be treated immediately under normal circumstances.
Can delay transport up to 2 to 3 hours
(wait) are reserved for the "walking wounded" who will need medical care at some point, after more critical injuries have been treated.
No care required
Elevate the ankle above heart level for the first 48 hours.
Rest the ankle. Use crutches if necessary.
Ice the ankle for 20 to 30 minutes several times a day for the first 2 days.
Compress by wrapping the ankle lightly -- not tightly -- with an Ace bandage or elastic ankle brace.
the ankle above heart level for the first 48 hours.
Generally the patient recovers in a minute or two. There is no need to panic in such cases. However, if the person does not regain consciousness within a few minutes, call for medical support right away.
1 liter of water, 6 tsp of sugar and ½ tsp of salt. If not relieved for 1 hour, go to the nearest hospital
daily headaches or chronic non-progressive headaches, tension headaches are the most common type of headaches among adults and adolescents
Migraines are associated with symptoms such as sensitivity to light, noise, or odors; nausea orvomiting; loss of appetite; and stomach upset or abdominal pain.
The least common -- although the most severe -- type of primary headache, the pain of a cluster headache is intense and may be described as having a burning or piercing quality that is throbbing or constant.
Tilting your head back will only cause you to swallow the blood.
Breathe through your mouth. Continue to pinch for five to 10 minutes
it may feel like squeezing, fullness, pressure, or pain.
Best position to breathe in
GERD1. Treat With Nitroglycerin
If the person gets angina and has been prescribed nitroglycerin:
Dissolve 1 nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue (or use nitroglycerin spray under the tongue).
Wait 5 minutes.
If the person still has angina, call 911.
If the person has been diagnosed with chronic stable angina:
Dissolve 1 nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue (or use nitroglycerin spray under the tongue).
Repeat every 5 minutes until the person has taken 3 tablets in 15 minutes.
If the person still has angina after 3 doses, call 911.
Priority is airway and safety.
Kelangan icheck kung gano katagal naglast ang seizure
Priority is airway and safety.
Kelangan icheck kung gano katagal naglast ang seizure