Miss Samruddhi A Awasare
Clinical Instructor
KNC Sevagram

Sociology
Anthropology
Nature of culture
Functions of culture
Culture and personality
Cultural lag
Civilization
Pattern and discovery of culture

Culture is derived from the
English word ‘Kulthra’ and
Sanskrit word ‘Samskar’ which
denotes social channel and
intellectual excellence. Culture
is a way of life.

 EB Taylor- Culture is a complex whole, which includes knowledge,
belief, art, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by the man as a member of society.
 Leglic AY White- Culture is a symbolic continuous, cumulative and
progressive process.
Malinowski B- The cumulative creation of man; the handwork of man
and the medium through which he achieves is ends.

Graham wallas- An accumulation of thoughts, values and objects; it is
the social heritage acquired by us from preceding generations through
learning as distinguished from the biological heritage which is passed
on to us automatically through genes.
CC North- The instruments constituted by man to assist him in a
satisfying his wants.
Redfield- Culture is an organization of phenomenon of acts, objects,
ideas attitudes, values and use of the symbols. Culture is an organized
body of conventional understanding manifested in arts and artifacts
which persisting through tradition, characterizes the group

Culture is a learned behavior not inherited. It is learned
through experience, imitation, communication, concept,
thinking and socialization process.
Culture is transmitted by vertically or horizontally thus it
is communicative. Vertical transmission is from one
generation to another whereas horizontal transmission is
from one group to another group within the same period
 Culture is social not individual the pattern of thinking,
feeling & acting can be shared by the members of the
group and kept relatively uniform through group
pressures

Culture provides opportunities and
provides means for the satisfaction of our
needs and desires to fulfill group
functions.
 Culture is adaptive.
It may institute changes in the
environment as a means of adopting,
instead of altering themselves to the
changing environments.

Culture is dynamic.
Couture is subjected to slow but constant
change.
Couture respond to the changing
condition of the world. Every society has
its own culture. Culture is continuous
and cumulative Culture is integrative.

There are two types of culture i.e. material culture and
non-material culture .
Material culture- Material culture concerned with the
external, mechanical and utilitarian objects. It can be
easily communicated and makes our life more comfortable,
luxurious and meaningful. Thus material culture has the
extrinsic value like housing, fashion, diet etc. material
culture represent the whole apparatus of life or
civilization.
Non Material Culture : It includes the concepts, values,
mores and ideas e.g. monogamy, democracy, worship etc.

It makes man as a human being.
To regulate the conduct and prepares the
human being for group life through the
process of socialization.
It defines the meaning of situation.
Provides solutions for difficult situations.

Defines values, attitude
Broaden the vision of individuals.
Provide behavior patterns and relationship with
others.
 Keep the individual behavior intact. Moulds
national character.
Define myths, legends, supernatural believes.
Creates new needs and interests.es and goals.

Symbols
 Language
Values
 Folkways
Mores
Laws
Customs

Symbols :Anything that carries
particular meaning recognized by
people who share the same culture. It
can be either material object like flag
a cross or word or it can be a non
material object like sound gesture.
Symbolic meaning is obvious uniform
in culture and powerful
Language :A major symbolic system in
use in all human societies is
languages. Human languages are
learned and variable, flexible and
generative. Without language there is
no culture.

Values :Values are general
abstract moral principles
defining what is right or wrong,
good or bad, desirable or
undesirable. In other words
values often come in pairs of
positive and negative terms.
 Folkways :Folkways are
accepted ways of behavior.

 According to Gillin and Gillin folkways are the behavior pattern of every day life
which unconsciously arises within a group.
 According to AW Green folkways are the ways of acting that are common to a
society or a group that are handed down from generation to the next.
 According to Merill folkways are social habits or group expectations that have
arised in the daily life of the group.
 Folkways are social in nature, repetitive in character, unplanned in origin, informal
enforcement, varied in nature and subjected to change. Example of folkways are
eating pattern, habits, communication, dressing walking, working and greeting

Social
Repitative
Unplanned origin
Informal enforcement
Varied in nature
Neumorous and diversed
Subjective to change

Spontaneous
Approved
Distingtive
Heriderary
Meet the needs of people

Folkways become personal habits .
They save energy and time .
Solve social problems .
Meet needs of people .
Teach to life in an comfortable .

 Mores: Standard of behavior that
influences the moral conduct of people
conformity to mass is called as mores.
 According to MacIver & CH Page when
folkways have added to group welfare
and high standards that are converted
into mores. mores determine our
conception of right or wrong and proper
and improper.
 Mores differ from group to group and
from society to society. Mores are
dynamic, they keep on changing
according to changing need of society.

Negative
mores
Positive
mores

Regulate social relationship .
Relatively persistence .
Varied from group to group .
Mores are blocked by values and religion .

Determines
individual
behaviour .
Moulds
personality of
an individual
.
Restrains our
tendencies
Powerful
means of
social control
.
Maintains
social
relationships
.
Preserves
social
solidatiry .
Frams social
law that
governs our
social
relationship .

Customs : Customs are formed on
the basis of habits.
Customs are social habits which
through repetition become the basis
of an order of social behavior.
 According to MacIver custom is a
group procedure that has gradually
emerged without express enactment
without any constituted authority to
declare it, apply it, to safe guard it.

Social phenomenon
Maintain social order
Great social significance

Contribute towards the welfare of society
•Strongly embedded in social life
Represent the daily act
•Socially sanctioned

Regulate
social behavior
•Supports law
•Moulds
personality
of individual
Binds people
togather
•Develop
social
relation
•Maintain
security
Constiute our
social heritage
•Becomes law
•Totalitarain
of self
expression

Group shared expectations - Young and
Mack
An abstract pattern held in the mind -
HM Johnson
The rules that guid an behavious in day
to day life - Donald Light Jr .S. Keller

Universal
Related of
functional
order
Incorporates
values and
judgments
Relative to
situation and
group
Vary in
sanction
Internalised
by man
Not always
obyed by all

Laws : Laws are enacted by the state or centre to
have control over individual.
According to Green law is more or less systematic
body of generalized rules, balanced between the
fiction of performance and fact of change governing
specifically defined relationship and situations and
employing force or the threat of force in defined
and limited ways. Laws applies equally to all Laws
are definite, clear and precise.

Not universal
Human activities prescribed by the state for members
Clear , precise and definit .
Applicable to all .
Violation brings penalties
Preservs social behaviour .
Help court , police and armed forces

Eliminates
homicidal
activities .
Persuades
individuals to
pay attention
to their rights .
Protects the
individual and
society .
Promotes
social welfare .

 Evolution of specific culture is difficult to identify .
But from the discoveries and inventions cultural
development can be identified. But one thing is
clear that culture is as old as man.
Though the material aspects does not us about the
culture but reveals the evolution of culture.

Culture is a set of behavior of a group.
Therefore there are many culture as there are many
groups.
Culture of one group may differ completely or in certain
aspects from other.
These variations are known as cultural diversity. Factors
responsible for diverse culture are as follows-

Geographical location Unconscious behavior imitated and
later on become a custom which is the part of culture
Flexibility in behaviour
 Technological advancement
 Religious belief
Life style
Language

Uniformity of culture is meant by sharing the
same type of cultural pattern by the different
group of people.
Uniformity of culture is far more complex
than it seems.
Uniformity is based on the belief of God’s
superiority.

Culture is defined as the belief, values, behavior
and material objects shared by a particular group
of people.
Socialization is the process which shapes and
defines our thoughts, feelings and also provides us
with a model for our behavior.
This process of socialization teaches the human
being the cultural values and norms which provide
the guidelines for our everyday life.

 Human infants are born without any culture.
 They must be transformed by agents of
socialization such as family, parents, teachers,
peers and mass media into culturally adapt
human beings.
This general process of acquiring culture is
referred to as socialization.
Successful socialization can result in uniformity
within society.

Through the socialization personality
develops.
Socialization helps us to perform specific
role in society which is culturally bound.

Transculturalism is defined as "seeing oneself
in the other".
 it means extending through all human
culture" or "involving, encompassing, or
combining elements of more than one
culture".

Transculturalism is characterized by the following:
Transculturalism seeks to illuminate the various
gradients of culture and the ways in which social
groups create and distribute their meanings; and
the ways in which social groups interact and
experience tension.
Transculturalism looks toward the ways in which
language wars are historically shaped and
conducted.

A society which has its own highly
developed culture and way of life .
An advanced state of social and cultural
development , or the process of reaching
state .

It is acquired behaviour of a group .
It has distinctive character of group / history
/ nation
The development of culture is a continuous
process.

Geographical environment
Mobility of human beings
Inventions , discoveries which influence
technology , costums , tradition , belives and
faith .

Cultural
diffusion
Acculturisation
Ethocentrism
Assimilation
Accomodation
Cross
fertilization
Enculturisation

The term cultural lag was coined by ‘OGBURN’ .
The other synonyms are : cultural clash ,
technological lag, cultural ambivalence .
The word lag means crippled movment . Cultural
lag thus thus means , faltering of one aspect of
culture behind other .
for ex: the sphere of fashion and dressing .

 Early bathing .
 Drinking tulsi water .
 Drinking water from copper vessel .
 Circumsision
 Bathing paient of small pox with neem leaves.
 Apply honey on burn injury .
 Gold ornaments should not be worn under the waist .
 Pardha system .
 Not following the contraceptive methods . As children are gifts from
god .

Drum sticks should not be consumed .
Pregnant women eat mud , chalk etc
Rich people eat saturated food .
Periodic fasts in ramzan and lent months clear the
gi tract.
Eating mangoes causes pimples.
Bhramhins do not consume roots and non veg .
Bringal ,egg ,fish causes allergies .

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