1.
Nothing
fter the dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1991, Ukraine and Russia maintained close ties. In 1994, Ukraine
agreed to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as a non-nuclear-weapon state.[7] Former
Soviet nuclear weapons in Ukraine were removed and dismantled.[8] In return, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States agreed to uphold the territorial integrity and political independence of Ukraine through the Budapest Memorandum
on Security Assurances.[9][10] In 1999, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, which
"reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security
arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve."[11] In the years after the dissolution of the USSR, several
former Eastern Bloc countries joined NATO, partly in response to regional security threats involving R

2.
No lasting
efires but no lasting peace and few changes in territorial
control.
Beginning in 2021, Russia built up a large military
presence near its border with Ukraine, including from
within neighbouring Belarus. Russian president Vladimir
Putin criticized

3.
Luhasank
• Russia soon annexed Crimea after a highly disputed In April
2014, pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine's
eastern Donbas region proclaimed the establishment of
the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's
Republic with considerable but clandestine support from
Russia. Ukrainian attempts in late 2014 to retake separatist-
held areas were unsucce

4.
Yun
• n early 2014, pro-Russian Ukrainian president Viktor
Yanukovych was ousted from office as a result of the pro-
European Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity. Shortly
after Yanukovych's overthrow and exile to Russia, pro-Russian
unrest erupted in Ukraine's eastern a

5.
Russia
• he Russo-Ukrainian War[c] is an ongoing international
conflict between Russia and Russian-controlled
separatists against Ukraine, which began in February
2014.[d] Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity,
Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro-
Russian separatists in the war in Donbas against Ukrainian
government forces; fighting for the first eight years of the
conflict also