A small description of cellulose it's structure and properties.

1. Cellulose
Md. Sajjad Hossain Tuhin
Student ID: 100510
4th year, 1st term
Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline
Khulna University
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2. Cellulose
Structure of Cellulose
Cellulose formation in woody plants
Properties of Cellulose (Physical and Chemical)
Use
100510
Presentation outline
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3. Cellulose
 It is the most abundant naturally occurring organic substance
 Representing about1.5×1012 tons annual biomass production
 First described in 1838 by French chemist “Anselm Payen”
 It occurs in almost pure form in cotton fiber at around 98%.
 As a raw material, cellulose has been used about150 years
 First thermoplastic polymer material called “Celluloid”
Manufactured by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870
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 Tollens in 1895 and Nastukoff in 1900 recognized that cellulose is a
linear polymer of glucose by x-ray pattern analysis.
 In 1920 it is discovered that celluloses in delignified wood pulp,
flax, ramie, and cotton.
 The Chinese discovered the usefulness of cellulose and developed a
process in A.D. 100 that gave them that most wonderful of
inventions... paper.
 Create other products such as rayon and the transparent film called
cellophane.
 In Vascular plants cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane
by rosette terminal complexes (RTCs) (Hexameric protein
structures, approximately 25 nm in diameter).
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Pyranose
Pyranose is any cyclic isomer that has a five carbons and one oxygen in a ring of
six atoms
Furanose
Any cyclic isomer that has a four carbons and one oxygen in a ring of five atoms
Cellobiose
Cellobiose consists of two glucose molecules linked by a β(1→4) bond
Some definitions
Pyranose Furanose
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6. Structure of cellulose
It is a Homopolymer of Glucose
It is a Carbohydrate composed of Carbon(49.39%), Oxygen
(44.4%) and Hydrogen (6.17%).
The molecular formula is (C6H10O5)n
Unbranched chained polymer of glucose
Cellulose Microfibrils in plants appear to be 4–10 nm wide under the
electron microscope (Emons 1988, McCann et al 1990)
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Glucose
It is a simple Aldohexosic Monosaccharide.
It is a hexose ( 6 carbon) also aldose( --COH radical present in the terminal Carbon)
The molecular formula of Glucose is C6H12O6
A sugar with a pyranosic structure
An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a formyl functional (-CHO) group.
An Ketone is an organic compound containing a carbonyl functional (-CO-) group.
AldehydeKetone
R= Chain of Aliphatic or Aromatic hydrocarbon
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1
2
3
C6H12O6
( Glucose )
1
2
3
D GlucoseL Glucose
β D Glucose α D Glucose
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Pyranosic Structure of
Glucose
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6
1
23
4 1
23
4
6
5 5
H2O
O
H2O
O
O O
1,4 D Glycopyranosic bond
Formation of Cellulose from Glucose
B,1-4, D-Anhydroglucopyranose units linked by (1,4)-glycosidic bonds
Cellulose synthase enzyme
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1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
Intra H bond
Inter H bond
Intra and inter Hydrogen bonding
Intra: Within a cellulose chain
Inter: Between two cellulose chain
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Crystalline and Amorphous region
Crystalline region: Intra and Inter molecular bonding is so strong
Do not absorb much moisture
Amorphous region: Bonding is week
Absorb too much moisture
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Cellulose formation in woody plants
Photosynthesis
Sap conduction
(C6H12O6)
Plasma membrane
Rosette terminal complexes (RTCs)
Spins“ microfibril into cell wall
Cell division
6H20 + 6CO2
___________________ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
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Physical Properties
Cellulose is non toxic, biodegradable solid homo-biopolymer.
At pure state white in color.
Molecular mass is around 1.44 × 106 to 1.8 × 106 g
Density of 1.52–1.54 g/cm3 (at 20°C)
High tensile and compressive strength
Cross bonding gives the maximum strength
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 Cellulose is very much stable in thermal conduction
 Cellulose shows thermal softening at 231-253°C
 Not a thermoplastic polymer
Thermal Properties

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Electrical Properties
Cellulose shows very low conductivity and high resistivity of
electricity
Pure cellulose shows maximum resistivity and water content
decreases resistivity
Relative humidity also affect the electrical resistivity

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Chemical Properties
 DP is 8000-10000
 Isolable is water but uptake water around 8-14% at 60% relative
humidity and 20ᵒC
 Soluble in organic chemicals
 Give anhydrous reaction with concentrated acids
 Reacts with Hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, acids, esters, amides,
halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrazine etc.
 Reacts with strong base. Reacting order is,
For cations the order of reactivity
For anions the order is,

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Some swelling agents of cellulose

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Reaction with water
 Cellulose soak water very slowly.
 It uptake 8-14% moisture
 Water is attached with strong hydrogen
bonding.
 Relative humidity and temperature is
important.
 Crystalline cellulose uptake less water than
amorphous

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Reaction with strong base
Reacts with strong base quickly.
According to the reactivity with base it can be separated into three types:
(i) α cellulose, (ii) β cellulose, (iiii)γ cellulose
In 17.5% NaOH solution Insoluble: α cellulose
Soluble but precipitated in neutral solution: β cellulose
Very much soluble: γ cellulose

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Cellulose Extraction from wood

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Cellulose Extraction from wood cont…

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Use of cellulose
Cotton: composed of 87 -90% cellulose with the cotton fibers containing polymer
chains
Pharmaceuticals: Medicines are derived from plants cellulose, cellulose acetate , etc.
Cellophane: Can be obtained when a viscous cellulose reacts with acid (sulfuric acid)
Bomb: Cellulose trinitrate is used as a propellant for bullets due the fact that nitrate –OH
group can be explosive.
Energy Drinks: Glucuronolacton, vitamins, and carbohydrates
Industrial Sugar, biofuel production, using oil production, ester production
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1. Beck-Candanedo, S., Roman, M., & Gray, D. G. (2005). Effect of reaction
conditions on the properties and behavior of wood cellulose nanocrystal
suspensions. Biomacromolecules, Vol.6, No.2, pp. 1048-1054.
2. Boruvkova, K, and Wiener, J 2011, Water Absorption in Carboxymethyl Cellulose,
AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 11, No4, December 2011
3. Duran, N., Lemes, A. P., Duran, M., Freer, J., & Baeza, J. (2011). A Mini review of
Cellulose Nanocrystals and Its Potential Integration as Co-Product in Bioethanol
Production. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, Vol.56, No.2, pp. 672-677
4. Emons AMC. 1988. Methods for visualizing cell wall texture. Acta Bot. Neerl.
37:31–38.
5. OSullivan, A. C. (1997). Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels. Cellulose, Vol.4,
No.3, pp. 173-207.
6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46512
7. http://en.wikipedia.org
8. http://www.ethanolrfa.org
9. http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ca-Ch/Cellulose.html
References
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26. Question?????
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27. Thank You
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