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Sahiwal
1. Sahiwal is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. As of
1998, it had a population of 1,843,194 people, 16.27% of which were located
in urban areas.Since 2008, Sahiwal District along with Okara District and
Pakpattan District has comprised the Sahiwal Division. The city of Sahiwal
is the capital of both the district and the division.
2. Location
Scenic Jungle in Division Sahiwal
Sahiwal Division is located in the south-east of Punjab, from Multan
Division it lies between 30-40 north latitude and 73-06 longitude. It is
500 ft (150 m) above sea level. It forms a parallelogram lying NE-SW along
3. the River Ravi. It is 100 km from east to west and 45 km from the north-
western boundary of the Division of Sahiwal, Division Faisalabad, District
Toba Tek Singh. The dry River Khushak Bias separates it from the
DistrictPakpattan. Okara District is east of the division. District Khanewal
and District Vehari form boundaries with the division, and on the
southern side is District Pakpattan, where there is a shrine of the Sufi
Hazrat Baba Fareed Shaker Gunj.
4. Sahiwal Dairy Cattle Breed
The Sahiwal cattle breed is the best dairy breed of zebu or humped cattle
(Bos Indicus), followed by the very similar Red Sindhi and Butana breeds.
It originated in the dry Punjab region which lies
along the Indo-Pakistani border, and was once kept in large herds by
professional herdsmen called "Jaanglees". With the introduction of
irrigation to the region their numbers dripped, and farmers used them as
5. draft and dairy animals. The Division Sahiwal has one of the best dairy
breeds in India and Pakistan. It is thick-resistant, heat-tolerant and
resistant to parasites, both internal and external.
Cows average 2270 kilograms of milk while suckling a calf and much
higher milk yields have been recorded. Due to their heat tolerance and
high milk production they have been exported to other Asian countries,
Africa, Caribbean and around the world. As oxen, they are docile but slow,
making them more useful for slow work. Their colour can range from
reddish brown to red, with varying amounts of white on the neck, and the
underline. In males, the colour darkens towards the extremities, such as
the head, legs and tails. Sahiwal breed arrived in Australia via New Guinea
in the early 1950s. In Australia, the Sahiwal breed was initially selected as a
dual-purpose breed. It played a valuable role in the development of the
two Australian tropical dairy breeds, the Australian milking zebu and the
6. Australian Fresian Sahiwal. Sahiwal breeds are now used in Australia for
beef production, as crossing high-grade Sahiwal sires with Bos taurus
animals produced a carcass of lean quality with desirable fat cover.
The Sahiwal breed is the heaviest milker of all zebu breeds and displays a
well-developed udder. It sires small, fast-growing calves and is noted for
its hardiness under unfavourable climatic conditions.
7. Notable residents
Abdus Salam, Pakistan's only Nobel Prize winner was born in Santokdas, Division
Sahiwal, according to his elder sister and his obituary, although he grew up in Jhang. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his
achievements in the field of Theoretical Physics in 1979. He is buried in Rabwah, in the Jhang district.
8. Majeed Amjad, one of the founding forefathers of modern Urdu literature, was born
in Sahiwal and received his education from Government College Lahore. He was inspired by the greenery of Sahiwal and
wrote about the trees and greenery of Sahiwal. There is a park named for him.
9. Munir Niazi, A leading Urdu language poet of national and international stature.
10. HARAPPA
Remains of 5,000 years old site
Rediscovering History
Harappa has the honor of being the first site where the remains of
one of the most celebrated civilizations of the ancient world were
discovered. Here we had the first urban settlements, which ultimately
blossomed into what is known as Indus Valley Civilization, a
contemporary of the ancient Babylon and Egypt. This civilization is also
known as Harappan civilization due to its first discovered site of Harappa.
The Harappa region consists of the Indus planes of Sind and Punjab. The
major centers of this civilization were Mohenjodaro on the river Indus in
11. Larkana district of the Sind province, and Harappa on the fiver Ravi in
Sahiwal district of the Punjab province. Harappa and Mohenjodaro are
identified as the twin capitals of Indus Valley Civilization on the basis of
similarity in architecture, and objects recovered by excavation.
ACCESSIBILITY
The remains of Harappa city are located about 200 Km from Lahore,
and 27 Km south west of Sahiwal. The site of Harappa is approachable by
metal led road which connects the museum with the main highway from
12. Lahore to Multan at the point of Harappa railway station that is 7 Km
from the museum.
13. DISCOVERY OF THE SITE
The ancient site of Harappa was first visited and described by
Burnes and Masson, the two famous travelers. In 1856, a British road-
engineer, named William Bounton, unknowingly dug down these precious
remains in search of brick-ballast for a railway line which he was laying
from Multan to Lahore. During the process of that spoliation several
antiquities were found which were either destroyed or taken away by the
labourers. Among these a steatite seal and a few chert blades were
examined by Sir Alexander Cunningham. The site remained un-attended
for the next seventy years when again in January 1921, regular excavations
were started by the Archaeological Survey of India and the true
significance of the ruins was recognized. It was established that the city
14. existed some five thousand years ago as a twin capital of the Indus Valley
Civilization. Archaeologists have revealed that the only older site than
these sites is Mehr Garh (around 7,000 BC) situated in the Baluchistan
province. Between the years 1923 and 1925, and again from 1926 to 1934,
major excavations were carried out at various parts of the site. These
excavations revealed some highly interesting evidence that the city falls
into two parts; lower and upper Harappa. Further investigations to
determine the true chronological sequence were undertaken by Sir
Motimer Wheeler in 1946 who uncovered, among other things, the
portions of a massive mud brick fortification having rectangular bastions
at frequent intervals. Besides the fortification wall which surrounded the
15. citadel, there was a lower city having important public and private
buildings and two cemeteries on the south.
16. NOMENCLATURE
About the name of “Harappa” following popular theories are
presented by the scholars:
a. One group of scholars believed that the word Harappa is
derived from the Punjabi word ‘HAR’ MEANING ‘flood’ because the
site of Harappa is located in the area which received much flood
water from river Ravi in the rainy season.
b. It is also said that ancient name of the place was ‘HARI UPA’
(golden altar) and became Harappa by excessive use of this word.
17. c. Punjabi word ‘HARAP’ means ‘swallow’. Because the city is
buried, so people began to call it “Harappa” (destroyed city).
18. CHRONOLOGY OF HARAPPA
Early Harappan Phase (500 BC – 2600 BC)
This period is said to be the formative phase of Indus Civilization
which shows the use of mud brick wall and mud floor. The pottery of this
period is mostly hand-made and includes thick textured globular vessels
with exterior surface coated with the mixture of clay and pottery bits.
19. Mature Harappan Phase (2600 BC – 1900 BC)
This is the most important period of Harappan Civilization. The
significant innovation of this period is the extensive use of burnt brick
employed in the architecture of public as well as residential buildings.
Late Harappan Phase ( 1900 BC – 1300 BC)
During this final period, certain changes are seen in the material culture
which resulted form re-adjustments in the socio-economic and political
organization of Harappan society. It is characterized by the pottery
21. SPECIAL FEATURES OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
1. The Harappan civilization reflects a highly developed civic life with
rigid regularity of standardized block after block of burnt brick
houses with broad main streets; the drains are well-planned and kept
clean and so on. The housing, the layout of public and private places
is an evidence of culture and civilization which was in no way inferior
to the present one.
22. 2. The Harappan Civilization is extended over a much longer area
than Mesopotamia and Egypt and may be older in age. It could be a
fore-runner of theirs as well.
3. The most characteristic of all the Harappan objects are the seals.
The harappan seals are mostly made of steatite (a soft stone, easy to
carve), terracotta and stone. The typical Harappan seal is square in
shape and depicts engraved figures of animals (Tiger, Elephant, Bull
23. and Reno) along with lines of Indus script at the top.
4. the most significant feature of the Indus valley civilization is the
Indus Script, mostly found engraved on the seals and terracotta
material. The Indus script is one of the oldest scripts. So far 396 signs
of the Indus script have been identified. The scholars have made
25. A TOUR O F THE SITE
According to recent estimates Harappa ruins cover an area of around
150 hectares and are about 3 km in circumference. An aura of mystery
and hidden secrets hangs over the ruins and adds to their attraction and
romance. The great mass of ruins is on the western side, where the
mound rises to 60 feet in height in the centre. At this point there are
several massive walls built of large bricks, which are, no doubt, the
remains of some extensive buildings. The other portions of the mound
26. vary from 30 to 50 feet in height, the mass being formed almost of
broken bricks.
The town appears to have been planned on a major north-south axis.
The main features of the plan are the citadel (mound AB) on the west,
the mound of the “lower City” (Mound E) towards the east and
southeast. Between the citadel and the river bed, (Mound F) has been
found to contain a remarkable and significant piece of town planning.
27. A tour of the site takes about an hour and half. There is a single room
Archaeological Museum at the site entrance containing some of the
most interesting artifacts found at the site. These include stone tools,
seals, jewelry, stone weights, shell spoons, copper and pottery utensils,
some collection of games like a game of chess, pottery rattles and
whistles, toy carts etc.
