Hybrid car Advanced vehicle technology

Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
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[Advanced vehicle technology]
University of Baghdad
Name: - Saif Al-din Ali -B-
s.madi1603@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq
The fourth stage

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. Hybrid vehicles
3. Gasoline-electric hybrid cars contain the
following parts
4. Vehicle classification
5. Architecture of Hybrid EVs
6. Advantages & Disadvantages

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Hybrid Car
Abstract : Because of the need to reduce emissions, the world tends to reduce
vehicles with internal combustion, and also because of technological
development and the development of battery technology. Increasing the capacity
of batteries. Now the world is moving towards hybrid vehicles in this research.
On vehicle components, fastening methods, classification of vehicles,
misfortunes and advantages
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of developing battery-electric, hybrid and fuel cell sources of power
generation is to produce environmentally friendly vehicles. These modern
developments are sometimes referred to as ‘Clean vehicle technology’ and are being
vigorously pursued by motor manufacturers.
Despite the increased interest in these types of environmentally friendly vehicles,
it is believed that the automotive market will be dominated by internal combustion
engines for the next 20 to 40 years. This is attributed to two reasons:
• The low energy density of current batteries
• The competition for internal combustion engines of innovation can increase the
efficiency of combustion engines to reach 30% by 2020 and up to 50% by 2030
Fig(1)

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2. Hybrid vehicles
Hybrid vehicles are highly fuel efficient and present the first major step toward fuel
cell vehicles. A hybrid vehicle may be defined as one that combines two sources
of power, one of which is electricity. In automotive practice, this means combining
the engine and fuel supply of a conventional vehicle with the electric motor and
battery pack of an electric vehicle, via a common drive train. The efficiency
advantages claimed for hybrid vehicles lie in their ability to offer a better range and
performance than battery-electric vehicles, whilst using less fuel and producing
fewer emissions than a conventionally powered vehicle.
In 1997, Japan’s biggest car manufacturer, the Toyota Motor Corporation, began to
sell the first mass-produced hybrid car in Japan, the Toyota Prius, which since the
year 2000 has also been marketed in Europe and North America. In 1999, the Honda
Motor Corporation introduced the futuristic-looking two-seater Honda Insight.
Subsequently, a hybrid version of the Civic was made available. The Toyota Prius
(Fig.2) is the world's top selling hybrid with more than 3 million units sold by June
2013.
Fig.2 The Toyota Prius hybrid car
By combining gasoline and electric motor, the Toyota Prius achieves a fuel
consumption of 23km/l, a respectable figure for a medium-sized vehicle. Big
savings in consumption are made above all in stop-go city traffic, as here the
regenerative braking system and highly efficient drive combination really come into
their own. In this full hybrid concept, the drive is either from the gasoline engine or
from the electric motor, the power trains being linked together by a differential
planetary gearbox and by a complex drive management system. This means that,
over short distances and at low speeds, drive is possible using just the electric motor.
Electric motors work efficiently throughout the engine speed range and produce

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high torque on start-up. These factors are very much in their favor. In these respects,
they are superior to the combustion engine. In addition, the electric motor works as
a dynamo when braking or travelling downhill and charges the on-board battery so
that the car does not need an external power source and the mechanical brake is
largely redundant because of the electric brake. At present, only around half of the
braking energy can be recovered, since the battery cannot store the energy thus
generated quickly enough. Super capacitors, which can be charged in seconds, can
increase efficiency still further. The cylinder capacity of the gasoline engine can be
reduced, as its workload is shared with the electric motor (downsizing). Also,
gasoline engines in full hybrid vehicles can operate for the most part within an
efficient range, as the engine’s output is distributed either to the drive train or to the
generator.
The weak points of the full hybrid concept – and this also applies to the wholly
electric powered car – are the increased vehicle weight caused by the electrical
motor plus batteries and the higher production costs. The success of the Prius may
also stem from the fact that Toyota essentially designed the vehicle afresh as a
hybrid, and by giving it, for example, a good aerodynamic shape, they latched onto
other potential savings in costs that are not part and parcel of the power train system.
For the first time in a mass-production vehicle, the air conditioning has an electric
compressor that will work even when the engine is switched off. In other words, the
Prius went into production as a special car, easily distinguishable from all other
conventionally powered models. All other motor manufacturers, however, are
focusing on adapted models, which are already on the market and which are not
distinguishable simply by looking at them.
To be useful , a car must meet certain
minimum requirements. The car should be able to:
• Drive at least 300 miles (482 km) before re-fueling
• Be refueled quickly and easily
• Keep up with the other traffic on the road
A gasoline car meets these requirements but produces a relatively large amount of
pollution and generally gets poor gas mileage. An electric car, however, produces
almost no pollution, but it can only go 50 to 100 miles (80 to 161 km) between
charges. And the problem has been that the electric car is very slow and
inconvenient to recharge. A gasoline-electric car combines these two setups into
one system that leverages both gas power and electric power.

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In order to represent how much is the share of electric power in an HEV in
comparison with the overall power, a hybridization factor (HF) is defined as
𝑯𝑭 =
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 + 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
3. Gasoline-electric hybrid cars contain the following parts
• Gasoline engine- The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will
find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced
technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency.
• Fuel tank–The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline
engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example,
it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7
pounds) of gasoline.
• Electric motor- The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced
electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it
needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a
generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries.
• Generator– The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce
electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.
• Batteries–The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric
motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline
engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well
as draw energy from them.
• Transmission–The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function
as the transmission on a conventional car. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight,
have conventional transmissions. Others, like the Toyota Prius, have radically
different ones
Fig. 3. Arrangement of a HEV with power flow paths.

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4. Vehicle classification
On the basis of the degree of hybridization, hybrid electric vehicles can be classified
as (1) Micro Hybrid, (2) Mild Hybrid and (3) Full Hybrid
1. Micro Hybrid (μHV): Micro hybrid is the least electrified type of HEV. It is a
conventional ICE vehicle with an oversized starter motor of about 3 to 5 kW at 12
V to assist the starting of IC engine. The motor cannot propel the vehicle, but can
be used to assists accessories such as power steering and air conditioning. This type
EV is generally used for frequent idle-stop or stop-start mode operations. During
idling of a μHV, the engine is shut down and during regenerative braking; the motor
works as a generator to charge the battery. Regen-braking, 4 however, may not be
a standard feature in all μHVs. Micro hybrids usually have a hybridization factor
of 5%-10% with an energy savings of about 3%-10% in city driving. μHV design
is usually found in light vehicles, and is most suited for urban applications.
Example: Mercedes Smart.
2. Mild Hybrid (MHV): This hybrid uses motor of 7-15 kW at 60-200 V. Motor does
not alone propel the vehicle but only supports starting of the engine, regen-braking,
and also provides supplementary torque when peak power is needed during
acceleration. In MHV, the IC engine will be always running, unless the vehicle has
stopped or the speed is very low as it is coming to a complete stop. The
hybridization factor of mild hybrids is about 10%-30%. Battery size is higher than
micro hybrid. Energy savings in city driving is about 20%- 30%. Example: Honda
Civic and Honda Insight.
3. Full Hybrid (FHV): A hybrid EV which can move by electricity alone is a full
hybrid. Since a FHV can run in only electric mode, it needs a large capacity motor,
about 30-50 kW at 200-600 V. Energy saving is of the order of 30%-50%.
Example: Toyota Prius
Table 1. COMPARISON OF HYBRID LEVELS OF EVS

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5. Architecture of Hybrid EVs
Hybrid EVs are popular for their enhanced efficiencies as compared to conventional
vehicles. The improved efficiency of HEVs is attributed to the following reasons:
1. Operating ICE optimally independent of vehicle speed
2. Regenerative braking
3. Shutting off the ICE at low speeds to reduce idling loss
4. Minimizing vehicle accessory load and road load
Based on the way the energy converters (i.e. IC engine, electric motor etc.) of an
HEV are combined to propel the vehicle, many powertrain configurations are possible:
i. Series Hybrid (SHEV)
ii. Parallel Hybrid (PHEV)
iii. Series–Parallel Hybrid (SPHEV)
iv. Complex Hybrids (CHEV)
v. Fuel Cell Hybrids (FCHEV)
vi. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
The major configurations of HEVs are shown in Fig.4
Fig.4 Architecture of Hybrid EVs
i. Series Hybrid EVs (SHEV)
Series drivetrain is the simplest hybrid configuration. In this design, the electric
motor alone delivers the vehicle traction power as the engine is not connected to the drive
train. The traction motor is powered by a battery or by an electric generator driven by the
downsized IC engine. The generator powers the drive motor when the traction load
demand is large or charges the batteries when the motor load demand is small. The motor
can also operate as generator during braking and coasting. Series hybrids are the most
efficient in driving cycles that require frequent stops and starts such as for delivery
vehicles, urban buses and stop and go city driving. The drawbacks of SHEV: (i) needs

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separate generator and motor sections (which means increased cost and reduced efficiency
due to more systems), (ii) needs large size drive motor rated for maximum power needs
such as climbing uphill. However, since series hybrids use a bigger electric machine in
the propulsion system, their energy recovery capability is much higher than other HEVs.
Example: Nissan e-Power
ii. Parallel Hybrid EVs (PHEV)
In parallel hybrids, both IC engine and motor are directly connected to the drive
system so that they can individually (during low traction power demand) or jointly (during
high power demand) propel the vehicle. Most PHEV designs combine the generator and
motor into one unit. In parallel drive mode, the supplied torques are added together. When
only one of the two drives is in service, the other will be disconnected through a clutch.
PHEVs are relatively more compact as they use a smaller battery pack than other hybrids
and needs a smaller traction motor. The drawback of PHEV is the need for complex
mechanical systems and control algorithms. Example: Honda: Insight and Civic.
iii.Series-Parallel Hybrid EVs (SPHEV)
Series–parallel hybrids (or power-split hybrids) combine the benefits of both series
and parallel architecture. The power-split device divides the output from the engine into
mechanical and electrical transmission paths. This design is capable of providing
continuous high output power as compared to series or parallel powertrain. They use
smaller motors. Series-parallel hybrids can achieve similar operating modes as series
hybrid vehicles. However, it requires very complex control system. Example: Toyota
Prius.
iv. Complex Hybrid EVs (CHEV)
The complex hybrids are similar to series-parallel hybrids but use more complex
designs depending on the number of motors/generators and their configuration. Motor
power flow in these designs is bi-directional as compared to unidirectional flow in the
series-parallel hybrid. Example: Ford Escape
v. Fuel Cell Hybrid EVs (FCHEV)
A fuel cell (FC) HEV is a series hybrid configuration in which fuel cell is the energy
conversion system and a battery (or a supercapacitor) is the energy storage system to
deliver peak acceleration power. The operating principle of fuel cells is the reverse process
of electrolysis in which hydrogen and oxygen gases combine to generate electricity with
water and heat as byproducts. FC vehicles are true zero-emissions vehicles as they do not
emit any greenhouse gases. Since fuel cells can offer high specific energy but cannot
accept regenerative energy, it is usually combined with battery or other storage systems.
At present, FCHEV technology is very premature and they are very expensive as
compared to other HEVs. Example: Honda Clarity

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vi.Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
The basic difference between a standard HEV and a plug-in HEV is shown in Fig. 9.
Plug-in hybrid EVs are full-hybrids which use a smaller engine, a larger battery and a
larger motor. Batteries of PHEVs can be recharged from any external power source unlike
in standard HEVs in which batteries are recharged only by means of the engine driven
generator or regen-braking. This feature of PHEV has the advantage of drawing
electricity from any resource such as grid power including household supply, autonomous
systems or even renewable energy.
PHEVs have a shorter all-electric driving
range per recharge as against battery EVs,
but have a larger all electric range as
compared to standard HEVs because the
engine-generator drive can assist the
system when the batteries are depleted.
Also, owing to the large electric motor,
PHEVs have higher regen-braking
capability compared to traditional HEVs.
Fig. 5. Comparison of a standard HEV and a PHEV.
a. Engine
The engines used in hybrid-electric vehicles are either gasoline or the diesel. For
passenger car applications, in-line three- or four-cylinder gasoline engines have so far
been chosen. These are relatively smaller and lighter than found in conventional cars of
equivalent size, because the engine is subject only to average rather than peak loading.
The engines are designed for maximum efficiency and embody modern established
technical features, such as variable valve timing and direct injection. A transverse engine
mounting is adopted as for conventional powered front-wheel drive cars. For commercial
vehicle such as buses, in-line six-cylinder diesel engines are favored for their high
thermal efficiency. These engines feature modern high-pressure, direct-injection
technology and are mounted transversely at the rear of the chassis
b. Battery pack
The battery pack, which is smaller than that required for battery-electric vehicles, serves
as the energy storage device for the electric motor. High-power battery technologies are
therefore being developed for hybrid-electric vehicles. The types of battery used are
similar to those for modern battery-electric vehicles, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-
based batteries currently being favored. Unlike a battery-electric vehicle, the battery pack
of a hybrid-electric vehicle does not require external recharging, because it is maintained
in a constant state of charge by output from the engine and by regenerative braking

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c. Electric motor
The basic units of a hybrid-electric passenger car are necessarily designed to occupy
little more under bonnet space than would be the case with a conventional engine car. A
compact and high-torque capacity electric motor is therefore required, which is either
wholly or partly responsible for driving the wheels, according to whether a series or a
parallel hybrid layout is used. A permanent magnet synchronous type of electric motor
is typically employed for this purpose
d. System controller
The hybrid-electric vehicle requires an altogether more complex system controller than
a battery-electric vehicle. In fact, it is the key to the successful operation of this type of
vehicle. It is responsible for the electronic control of power flow between the mechanical
and electrical elements, so that energy consumption is optimized during all aspects of
vehicle operation. More specifically, it exercises control over the power flow into and
out of the electric moto r, the power output of the engine, the storage of electrical energy
and that recovered from regenerative braking, and engine starting procedure. The size,
weight and heat dissipation of the module must all be optimized and its reliability
demonstrated in extended service.
6. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages of hybrid vehicles
• 25 to 35% lower CO2 emission than regular vehicles
• 20% to 35% more fuel efficiency than gasoline powered vehicles
• Tax benefits incentives
• Regenerative braking recaptures significant amount of energy during braking
• Lower fossil fuel dependence
•reduced public health risks
Disadvantages of hybrid vehicles
• Hybrid cars are more expensive than a standard version by about $5000 to
$10000
• Poorer handling because less support is available in the suspension and body in
order
to reduce the weight of the vehicle
• Higher maintenance costs
• need for fast charging facilities.
• long charging time
• shorter driving ranges

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Table 2 A comparison between the hybrid vehicle and the internal combustion vehicle
Description Hybrid car ICE car
cost
High cost to purchase but
economical in the long run
Lower cost but not
economical
Maintenance
Maintenance is complicated and
expensive due to the many
details of the vehicle
It has a much lower
maintenance cost
Driving range
Used to move within cities with
lower ranges
With larger ranges, more
carrying capacity
Fuel
Two types of energy use fuel,
gasoline or diesel, and
electricity, so you can save less
fuel
It uses a type of energy
fuel, gasoline or diesel,
and because of the price
of fuel, the operating cost
is high
pollution Less pollution, less gas emission
High pollution due to
exhaust gases
charging power
Lack of charging power stations
may be considered negative for
the vehicle
You do not need to
charge

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REFERENCES
1. Gustaf Lagunoff “ Automotive Hybrid Technology Status, Function and
Development Tools” Luleå University of Technology MSc Programmes in
Engineering Mechanical Engineering
2. Karan C. Prajapati 1,*, Ravi Patel 2 and Rachit Sagar 3 “Hybrid Vehicle: A Study on
Technology” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 3
Issue 12, December-2014.
3. Michael H. Westbrook ” The Electric Car Development and future of
battery, hybrid and fuel-cell cars”

Hybrid car Advanced vehicle technology

Hybrid car Advanced vehicle technology

Hybrid car Advanced vehicle technology

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