RELEVENT TO STUDY ABOUT KYOTO PROTCAL

2. • 11992: UNITED NATION FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON992: UNITED NATION FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE
• Recognize there is a problem: co2 emission are warming the planet,Recognize there is a problem: co2 emission are warming the planet,
stabilize CO2 at "at a level that would preventstabilize CO2 at "at a level that would prevent dangerousdangerous
anthropogenic (human induced) interference with the climateanthropogenic (human induced) interference with the climate
system.“ goals:system.“ goals:
1) ensure that ecosystems can adapt to climate change1) ensure that ecosystems can adapt to climate change
2) make sure that food production not threatened2) make sure that food production not threatened
3) allow sustainable economic development3) allow sustainable economic development
• requires precise and regularly updated inventories of greenhouserequires precise and regularly updated inventories of greenhouse
gas emissions from industrialized countries.gas emissions from industrialized countries.

3. 1992: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- places the heaviest burden for fighting climate change on industrialized- places the heaviest burden for fighting climate change on industrialized
nationsnations
Annex 1: industrialized economies and economies inAnnex 1: industrialized economies and economies in
transitiontransition
Annex 2: the richest Annex 1 countriesAnnex 2: the richest Annex 1 countries
(aka the Organization for Economic Cooperation and(aka the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD))Development (OECD))
- general target: collectively reduce emissions to 1990 levels by- general target: collectively reduce emissions to 1990 levels by
20002000
(but no mechanisms, enforcement proposed)(but no mechanisms, enforcement proposed)
- support developing countries’ climate change activities (granting- support developing countries’ climate change activities (granting
body)body)
- developing countries’ emissions will grow before they shrink- developing countries’ emissions will grow before they shrink
- developing countries will have largest climate change impacts;- developing countries will have largest climate change impacts;
work to mitigatework to mitigate

4. Dec 1-11, 1997: representatives from 160 countries agreed to enter intoDec 1-11, 1997: representatives from 160 countries agreed to enter into
binding limits on emissions of greenhouse gasesbinding limits on emissions of greenhouse gases
TARGETSTARGETS::
Total: reduce developed nation emissions to 5% below 1990 levels duringTotal: reduce developed nation emissions to 5% below 1990 levels during
““commitment period” 2008-2012commitment period” 2008-2012
(most countries need -18% reduction in BAU by 2008)(most countries need -18% reduction in BAU by 2008)
37 industrialized nations and the EU subject to binding emissions targets37 industrialized nations and the EU subject to binding emissions targets
Greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6Greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6
PENALTYPENALTY::
Non-compliant countries will have to reduce emissions by 1.3 units forNon-compliant countries will have to reduce emissions by 1.3 units for
every unit of emissions “overshoot” in subsequent commitment period.every unit of emissions “overshoot” in subsequent commitment period.
Ex: if your emissions target is 7Gtons per year by 2012, and you endEx: if your emissions target is 7Gtons per year by 2012, and you end
up at 10Gtons/yr, in the next commitment period (2013-2020) youup at 10Gtons/yr, in the next commitment period (2013-2020) you
will have to reduce by 4Gtons/yr (in addition to any new targets) to bewill have to reduce by 4Gtons/yr (in addition to any new targets) to be
compliantcompliant

5. The Doha Amendment passed on December 21, 2012The Doha Amendment passed on December 21, 2012
22ndnd
implementation: 1/1/13-12/31/20implementation: 1/1/13-12/31/20
*Russia,*Russia,
Canada,Canada,
and Japanand Japan
bow outbow out
of KP2of KP2
A. Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol
The following table shall replace the table in Annex B to the Protocol:
1 2 3 4 5 6
Party
Quantified emission
limitation or reduction
commitment
(2008–2012)
(percentage of base year
or period)
Quantified
emission
limitation or
reduction
commitment
(2013–2020)
(percentage of
base year or
period)
Reference
year1
Quantified
emission
limitation or
reduction
commitment
(2013–2020)
(expressed as
percentage of
reference
year)1
Pledges for the
reduction of
greenhouse gas
emissions by
2020
(percentage of
reference
year)2
Australia
108 99.5 2000 98
–5 to –15% or
–25%3
Austria 92 804
NA NA
Belarus5
* 88 1990 NA –8%
Belgium 92 804
NA NA
Bulgaria* 92 804
NA NA
Croatia* 95 806
NA NA –20%/–30%7
Cyprus 804
NA NA
Czech Republic* 92 804
NA NA
Denmark 92 804
NA NA
Estonia* 92 804
NA NA
European Union 92 804
1990 NA –20%/–30%7
Finland 92 804
NA NA
France 92 804
NA NA
Germany 92 804
NA NA
Greece 92 804
NA NA
Hungary* 94 804
NA NA
Iceland 110 808
NA NA
Ireland 92 804
NA NA
Italy 92 804
NA NA
Kazakhstan* 95 1990 95 –7%
1990

7. Kyoto comes into force when 55% of the global CO2 emissions are covered byKyoto comes into force when 55% of the global CO2 emissions are covered by
Kyoto-ratifying countriesKyoto-ratifying countries
Kyoto took effect on Feb 16, 2005 after ratification by RussiaKyoto took effect on Feb 16, 2005 after ratification by Russia
Brown = signed and ratified (dark brown = Annex 1 & 2)Brown = signed and ratified (dark brown = Annex 1 & 2)
Blue = signed and unratified (dark blue = withdrew, add Russia and JapanBlue = signed and unratified (dark blue = withdrew, add Russia and Japan)

8. CountryCountry
Change in GHGChange in GHG
EmissionsEmissions
(1990-2004)(1990-2004)
EU AssignedEU Assigned
ObjectiveObjective
for 2012for 2012
Treaty ObligationTreaty Obligation
2008-20122008-2012
GermanyGermany -17%-17% -21%-21% -8%-8%
CanadaCanada +27%+27% N/AN/A -6%-6%
SpainSpain +49%+49% +15%+15% -8%-8%
UnitedUnited
StatesStates
+16%+16% N/AN/A N/A (would be -7%)N/A (would be -7%)
FranceFrance -0.8%-0.8% 0%0% -8%-8%
GreeceGreece +27%+27% +25%+25% -8%-8%
IrelandIreland +23%+23% +13%+13% -8%-8%
JapanJapan +6.5%+6.5% N/AN/A -6%-6%
UnitedUnited
KingdomKingdom
-14%-14% -12.5%-12.5% -8%-8%
PortugalPortugal +41%+41% +27%+27% -8%-8%
EU-15EU-15 -0.8%-0.8% N/AN/A -8%-8%

9. Who are the
Biggest Losers?
Whose emissions
have grown?

10. Source: International Energy AgencySource: International Energy Agency

11. Source: UNFCC
So it’s not true that EU countries are not meeting their Kyoto obligationsSo it’s not true that EU countries are not meeting their Kyoto obligations
although help from Eastern Block countries help a lot….although help from Eastern Block countries help a lot….

12. Land use changes have contributed significant CO2Land use changes have contributed significant CO2
Source: UNFCC

13. Land-use and Land-useLand-use and Land-use
Change and ForestryChange and Forestry
(LULUCF) makes a huge(LULUCF) makes a huge
difference in maps ofdifference in maps of
relative COrelative CO22 emissionsemissions
wikipedia.org/LULUCF

14. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal

15. EnterEnter REDDREDD: Reducing Emissions from: Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest DegradationDeforestation and Forest Degradation
Fact: 18% anthropogenic emissions comes from forest destructionFact: 18% anthropogenic emissions comes from forest destruction
Idea: Developed countries will pay for developing countriesIdea: Developed countries will pay for developing countries
not to destroy rainforestnot to destroy rainforest
Bali Action Plan (COP 13)
The Bali Action Plan calls for:
“Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues
relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and
forest degradation in developing countries; and the role
of conservation, sustainable management of
forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in
developing countries;”[F C C C / C P / 2 0 0 7 / 6 / A d d . 1 , 1 4 M a r c h
2 0 0 8 ; D e c is io n 1 / C P . 1 3 [BAP], p a r a g r a p h 1 ( b ) ( iii) ]
REDDplusREDDplus
What do people mean by
“perverse incentive” with
REDD?
Any equity issues to consider?
What do people mean by
“perverse incentive” with
REDD?
Any equity issues to consider?

17. 1.1. Cap and trade is a market-based approach to reducing pollution. The govt setsCap and trade is a market-based approach to reducing pollution. The govt sets
an overall cap on emissions and creates allowances up to the level of the cap.an overall cap on emissions and creates allowances up to the level of the cap.
2.2. Sources must hold enough allowances to cover their emissions.Sources must hold enough allowances to cover their emissions.
- can lower emissions and sell or bank allowances- can lower emissions and sell or bank allowances
- continue to emit higher than their allowance and purchase additional allowances- continue to emit higher than their allowance and purchase additional allowances
3.3. Market-driven: govt does not prescribe where emission reductions are made,Market-driven: govt does not prescribe where emission reductions are made,
but the govt must set the goal and monitor compliancebut the govt must set the goal and monitor compliance

18. Phase 1 (2005-2007): allowances given out freely; involves 40% EU CO2Phase 1 (2005-2007): allowances given out freely; involves 40% EU CO2
EU emissions grow by 1.9% in two yearsEU emissions grow by 1.9% in two years
Phase 2 (2008-2012): CDM and JI included; 60% allowances auctionedPhase 2 (2008-2012): CDM and JI included; 60% allowances auctioned
EU emissions (only 3% required)EU emissions (only 3% required)
Phase 3 (2012- ): aviation included; most allowances (>50%) must bePhase 3 (2012- ): aviation included; most allowances (>50%) must be
auctioned; outside-EU emissions credits <50%auctioned; outside-EU emissions credits <50%
- new cap means -21% of 2005 emissions by 2020- new cap means -21% of 2005 emissions by 2020

19. Carbon currently trading at €8.52 ($10.50) per tonne
“Cheaper, not cleaner”
--The Economist

20. Australia chose a carbon tax:Australia chose a carbon tax:
$24/ton$24/ton

21. source per unit mass or volume is multiplied by the SCC to obtain the tax. Based on the mean peer reviewed
value ($43/tC or $12/tCO2
), the table below estimates the tax:
Fuel
CO2
Emissions[41]
(mass of CO2
produced)
Tax
(per fuel unit)
CO2
Emissions[41]
(mass of CO2
produced)
Tax per kWh of
electricity[42]
gasoline
19.6 lb/US gal
(2.35 kg/L)
$0.11/USgal
($0.028/L)
n/a n/a
diesel fuel
22.4 lb/US gal
(2.68 kg/L)
$0.12/USgal
($0.032/L)
n/a n/a
jet fuel
22.1 lb/US gal
(2.65 kg/L)
$0.12/USgal
($0.032/L)
n/a n/a
natural gas
0.1206 lb/cu ft
(1.93 kg/m3
)
$0.00066/cu ft
($0.023/m3
)
117 lb/MBTU (181
g/kWh)
$0.0066
coal (lignite)
2791 lb/ton
(1.396 kg/kg)
n/a
215 lb/MBTU (333
g/kWh)
$0.0121
coal
(subbutuminous)
3715 lb/ton
(1.858 kg/kg)
n/a
213 lb/MBTU (330
g/kWh)
$0.0119
coal (butuminous)
4931 lb/ton
(2.466 kg/kg)
n/a
205 lb/MBTU (317
g/kWh)
$0.0115
coal (anthracite)
5685 lb/ton
(2.843 kg/kg)
n/a
227 lb/MBTU (351
g/kWh)
$0.0127
Note that the tax per kWh of electricity depends on the thermal efficiency of the generating power plant, which
varies from power plant to power plant. The table follows the American Physical Society (APS) estimate of
How $43/ton carbon price translates into energy prices:How $43/ton carbon price translates into energy prices:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html