1.
Alexander L. Yarin
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
University of Illinois at Chicago
U.S.A.
University of Illinois at Chicago

2.
2
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a research contract with the United
Soybean Board, Chesterfield, Missouri (research contract no. 0491).
This work is supported by the Nonwovens Institute, grant No. 14-161.
University of Illinois at Chicago
PhD students from the UIC Multiscale Mechanics and Nanotechnology Lab
involved in this work:
Y. Zhang
S. Sinha-Ray
Sh. Khansari
A. Kolbasov
S. Sett
Postdocs:
Dr. M.W. Lee
Dr. S. Duzyer
Dr. S. An
Collaborators:
Dr. B. Pourdeyhimi (North Carolina State University),
Dr. K. Stephansen (Technical University of Denmark)
Dr. S.S. Yoon (Korea University)

3.
Outline
• Solution Blowing of Bio-Waste Derived Nanofibers
• Mechanical Behavior of Soy Protein-Based Nanofiber Mats
• Plant- and Animal-Based Nanofibers
• Effect of Chemical and Physical Crosslinking on Mechanical
Properties of Soy Protein-Based Nanofiber Mats
• Controlled Drug Release (Desorption) from Soy Protein-Based
Nanofiber Mats
• Protection of Pruned Vines from Esca Fungi
• Prevention of Mold Invasion
• Antibacterial Action
• Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption on Biopolymer Nano-Textured
Membranes
• Conclusion 3
University of Illinois at Chicago

4.
Plant- and Animal-Based Protein Biopolymers
Biofuel Byproducts
Cellulose
Cellulose Acetate
ZeinSoy Protein
Silk Sericin
Lignin
Bovine Serum
Albumin,
Fish Protein,
Chitosan
4
University of Illinois at Chicago

5.
5
Plant-Based Biopolymers’ Applications
University of Illinois at Chicago
• Biodiesel
• Bioplastic
• Drug Delivery
• Wound Dressing
• Disinfectants
• Adhesives
• Films
• Textile
• Clear Tapes
• Glass Frames
• Cigarette Filters
• Additives
• Coatings
• Carbon Fiber
• Paper Industry
• Cosmetics
• Adsorbents

6.
Even cars:
6
University of Illinois at Chicago

7.
Solution Blowing of Bio-Waste Derived Nanofibers
Solution blowing setup to produce monolithic and core-shell nanofibers
• Sinha-Ray, S., Yarin, A. L., Pourdeyhimi, B., 2010, Carbon 48, 3575-3578.
• Sinha-Ray, S., Zhang, Y., Yarin, A.L., Davis, S., Pourdeyhimi, B., 2011, Biomacromolecules 12, 2357-2363.
• Khansari, S., Sinha-Ray, S., Yarin, A.L., Pourdeyhimi, B., 2012, Journal of Applied Physics 111, 044906-1-13. 7
University of Illinois at Chicago

8.
Schematic of Solution Blowing Process

9.
Sample Preparation
Nanofibers are collected on
rotating aluminum drum and
cut into rectangular pieces of
10-25 mm wide and 20-40 mm
long. Nanofiber mat thickness
is 0.20-0.30 mm.
Solution-blown sample of soy protein/nylon 6 (70/30 wt/wt%).

10.
Single-nozzle Solution Blowing

11.
Macroscopic Images of Soy Protein Nanofibers
Average diameter of nanofibers is
300-500 nm.

12.
Microscopic Optical Images of Soy Protein Nanofibers:
SP/Nylon 6 Nanofibers Blown from Solution in Formic Acid

13.
Microscopic Optical Images of Soy Protein Nanofibers:
SP/PVA Nanofibers Blown from Aqueous Solution

14.
From Single-Nozzle to Eight-Nozzle Solution Blowing

15.
45 wt% Soy Protein-Nylon 6 Nanofiber Mat:
6 Nozzles for 5 Minutes

16.
Industrial-Scale Solution Blowing of Soy
Protein Nanofiber Mats
A. Kolbasov et al. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, 323-333 (2016).

17.
Industrial-Scale Soy Protein Nanofiber Mats

18.
Solution-Blown Monolithic Nanofibers Containing
50% of Bio-Polymer (Soy Protein)
S. Sinha-Ray, Y. Zhang, A.L. Yarin, S.C. Davis, B. Pourdeyhimi,
Biomacromolecules, 12, 2357-2363 (2011).

19.
Solution-Blown Core-Shell Nanofibers with Soy
Protein in the Shell

20.
Sample Preparation and Tensile Tests
100 N capacity Instron machine (model 5942)
• Khansari, S., Sinha-Ray, S., Yarin, A.L., Pourdeyhimi, B., 2012, Journal of Applied Physics 111, 044906-1-13. 20
University of Illinois at Chicago

21.
Stress-Strain Behavior for Soy Protein/Nylon 6
(40/60 wt%) Nanofiber Mats
Failure stress and strain are in the range of
σxx,rupture=0.4-0.9 MPa and εrupture=4-10%.
• Khansari, S., Sinha-Ray, S., Yarin, A.L., Pourdeyhimi, B., 2012, Journal of Applied Physics 111, 044906-1-13. 21
University of Illinois at Chicago

22.
Phenomenological rheological constitutive equation:
For an incompressible material:
Phenomenological Model
σ=-PI+τ
σ is stress tensor, P is hydrostatic pressure, and τ is deviatoric stress
Constitutive equation for stress in elastic-viscopastic material:
22
University of Illinois at Chicago
• M. B. Rubin and A. L. Yarin, 1993, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 50, 79;
Corrigendum: 1995, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 57, 321.

23.
Phenomenological Model
23
University of Illinois at Chicago
• Prager, W. Duke Math. J. 9, 1942, 228.
Prager Equation
The phenomenological equation for the uniaxial stretching of a planar strip yields
the following stress-strain dependence:

24.
Stress-Strain Behavior of Soy Protein
Nanofiber Mats
Average
width of the
samples (mm)
Average
thickness
of the
samples
(mm)
Average
Young’s
modulus E
(MPa)
Average
yield
stress Y
(MPa)
Average
specific strain
energy
u
(MPa)
Average
maximum
strain at
rupture
εrupture(%)
Average
maximum stress at
rupture
σxx,rupture
12.07 0.20 19.56±6.48 0.56±0.15 2.26±0.71 4.52±0.92 0.67±0.10
24
1, experiment
2, phenomenological model
1, experiment
2, phenomenological model
University of Illinois at Chicago

25.
for(φ,t): the orinetational probability
density function in nanofiber mat.
at t=0, for(φ,t) =1/2π
Solution
for(φ,t) is found from the Fokker-Planck equation:
Micromechanical Model
25
University of Illinois at Chicago

26.
Rupture of Individual Bonds in Mats under
Uniaxial Stretching
26
University of Illinois at Chicago

27.
27
Mat Plasticity as Bond Rupture Process
University of Illinois at Chicago

28.
* fσ /E 0.047=
1-experiment
2,3,4-micromechanical model * fσ /E 0.058=
* fσ /E 0.040=
Soy protein/nylon 6 (40/60 wt/wt %) nanofiber mat’s stress-strain curve fitted with
(a) phenomenological and (b) micromechanical models.
Characterization of Stress-Strain
Behavior for Soy Protein Nanofibers
28
University of Illinois at Chicago

29.
Characterization of Stress-Strain
Behavior for Soy Protein Nanofibers
Sample
Width
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Young’s
modulus E
(phenomenological
model); MPa
Young’s
modulus E
corresponding to the
micromechanical
model; MPa
Yield
stress of the
phenomenological
model, Y
(MPa)
1 11.91 0.22 12.8 12.8 0.53 0.071
2 11.47 0.22 17.58 17.58 0.46 0.047
3 12.43 0.22 14.26 14.26 0.46 0.058
4 11.47 0.22 20.88 20.88 0.53 0.047
5 11.21 0.22 19.69 19.69 0.6 0.055
6 11.38 0.24 24.01 24.01 0.6 0.047
7 11.53 0.2 38.02 38.02 0.78 0.038
8 11.65 0.22 24.25 24.25 0.53 0.041
9 11.99 0.22 14.87 14.87 0.49 0.058
10 12.01 0.16 21.79 21.79 0.79 0.060
Relative bond rupture
stress of the
micromechanical
model,
* fσ /E
29
University of Illinois at Chicago

30.
Average
width
of the
samples
(mm)
Average
thickness
of the
samples
(mm)
Average
Young’s
modulus E
(MPa)
Average
yield
Stress
Y
(MPa)
Average
specific
strain
energy
u
(MPa)
Average
maximum
strain at
rupture
εrupture(%)
Average
maximum
stress at
rupture
σxx,rupture
11.22 0.15 22.26±6.06 0.57±0.3 0.92±0.02 2.41±0.40 0.54±0.10
1-experiment
2-phenomenological model
Characterization of Stress-Strain
Behavior for Core/Shell Soy Protein Nanofibers
30
University of Illinois at Chicago

31.
Characterization of Stress-Strain
Behavior for Nylon 6 Nanofibers
Average
width
of the
samples
(mm)
Average
thickness
of the
samples
(mm)
Average
Young’s
Modulus
E
(MPa)
Average
yield
stress
Y
(MPa)
Average
specific
strain
energy
u
(MPa)
Average
maximum
strain at
rupture
εrupture(%)
Average
maximum
stress at
rupture
σxx,rupture
13.00 0.39 14.46±2.30 1.17±0.75 11.71±0.31 11.80±1.39 1.68±0.18
1-experiment
2-phenomenological model
31
University of Illinois at Chicago

32.
32
Biopolymer-Based Nanofiber Mats
Cellulose Acetate/PAN
(50/50 wt %)
Cellulose Acetate/PAN
(30/70 wt %)
Soy Protein/Zein/Nylon 6
(25/25/50 wt %)
Zein/Nylon 6
(57/43 wt %)
Core/Shell Zein/Nylon 6
70 wt % zein in core
Lignin/Nylon 6
(50/50 wt %)
Zein/Silk Sericin/Nylon 6
(25/25/50 wt %)
Silk Sericin/Nylon 6
(50/50 wt %)
BSA/PVA (50/50 wt %)
Cellulose Acetate/PAN
(50/50 wt %)
Soy Protein/Zein/Nylon 6
(25/25/50 wt %)
Zein/Nylon 6
(57/43 wt %)
Silk Sericin/Nylon 6
(50/50 wt %)
Zein/Silk Sericin/Nylon 6
(25/25/50 wt %)
Soy Protein/PET
(20/80 wt %)
BSA/PVA (50/50 wt %) Core/Shell Zein/Nylon 6
70 wt % zein in core
University of Illinois at Chicago
S. Khansari, S. Sinha-Ray, A.L. Yarin,B. Pourdeyhimi. Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research 52, 15104-15113 (2013).

33.
Solution-Blown Nanofibers from
Fish Sarcoplasmic Protein
33
University of Illinois at Chicago
Solution-blown
FSP/nylon 6
fibers with dry weight
ratios of (a) 10/90,
(b) 25/75,
(c) 50/50,
(d) 75/25,
(e) 90/10.
S. Sett, K. Stephansen, A.L. Yarin. Polymer v.93, 78-87 (2016).

34.
Mechanical Characterization of
Biopolymer-Based Nanofiber Mats
34
University of Illinois at Chicago
zein/nylon 6
(40/60 wt%)
core/shell zein
/nylon 6
(70 wt% zein in core)
silk sericin/nylon 6
(50/50 wt%)
soy protein/PET
(20/80 wt%)
zein/nylon 6
(57/43 wt%)
zein/nylon 6
(66/34 wt%)
soy protein/zein
/nylon 6
(25/25/50 wt%)
silk sericin/zein
/nylon 6
(25/25/50 wt%)
lignin/nylon 6
(25/75 wt%)
lignin/nylon 6
(50/50 wt%),
cellulose acetate
/PAN
(30/70 wt%)
pure PET

35.
35
Sample
Content
(wt %)
Solvent
Ave.
Width
(mm)
Ave.
Thickness
(mm)
Ave.
Young’s
Modulus
E; (MPa)
Ave. Yield
Stress
Y; (MPa)
Max.
Strain at
Rupture
(%)
Max.
Stress at
Rupture
(MPa)
Zein/Nylon 40/60
Formic
acid
8.44 0.20 12.53±2.55 0.16±0.07 2.21±0.76 0.19±0.06
Zein/Nylon 57/43
Formic
acid
6.47 0.20 3.38±1.69 0.10±0.02 5.56±1.44 0.13±0.02
Zein/Nylon 66/34
Formic
acid
7.08 0.20 2.16±0.74 0.04±0.01 4.28±0.92 0.06±0.01
Core-Shell Zein
Core:
70/30
Formic
acid
6.44 0.20 6.05±0.69 0.30±0.01 12.22±0.62 0.47±0.03
SP/Zein/Nylon 25/25/50
Formic
acid
6.93 0.20 10.90±2.54 0.23±0.04 5.63±2.37 0.35±0.06
Zein/Silk
Sericin/Nylon
25/25/50
Formic
acid
6.50 0.15 20.46±4.88 0.24±0.05 2.50±0.49 0.35±0.60
Silk
Sericin/Nylon
50/50
Formic
acid
5.29 0.30 11.02±2.16 0.22±0.06 2.73±0.41 0.28±0.07
Lignin/Nylon 25/75
Formic
acid
5.53 0.16 23.39±6.49 0.42±0.08 4.13±1.15 0.61±0.10
Lignin/Nylon 50/50
Formic
acid
6.13 0.15 9.78±2.41 0.22±0.02 13.72±3.76 0.38±0.04
SP/PET 20/80
TFA/AC/
DCM
6.55 0.20 28.59±2.63 0.32±0.11 0.88±0.05 0.27±0.04
Cellulose
AC/PAN
30/70 DMF 7.90 0.15 3.47±2.67 0.23±0.01 4.50±1.17 0.15±0.05
Pure PET 100
TFA/AC/
DCM
7.56 0.20 28.14±3.24 0.37±0.07 2.28±0.31 0.50±0.008
xx
8 2 E
Y tanh
3 3 Y
 
=   
 
σ ε
Mechanical Properties for
Biopolymer-Based Nanofiber Mats
University of Illinois at Chicago

36.
Crosslinking of Soy Protein Nanofiber Mats
36
Cross-linking Agents
Formaldehyde Glyoxal Sodium Borohydride Zinc Sulfate
• Sinha-Ray, S., Khansari, S., Yarin, A.L., Pourdeyhimi., B., 2012, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 51, 15109-15121.
University of Illinois at Chicago

37.
(a) 20 wt% formaldehyde
(b) 20 wt% glyoxal
(c) 5 wt% of sodium borohydride
(d) 10 wt% zinc sulfate
(c) (d)
The weight ratio of crosslinking agents to nanofiber samples is 5, 10, and 20 wt %.
Soy protein/nylon 6 (50/50 wt %)
nanofiber mat cross-linked at 80 wt %
glyoxal/nanofiber mat ratio.
Crosslinking of Soy Protein Nanofiber Mats
37
University of Illinois at Chicago

38.
Mechanical Properties of Crosslinked Fibers using
Formaldehyde and Zinc Sulfate
38
Formaldehyde
Zinc Sulfate
University of Illinois at Chicago

39.
Rectangular pieces of nanofiber mats were heated under pressure for 1 min at 55 °C.
1- Non-bonded samples
2- Thermally-bonded samples
Thermal Bonding of Soy Protein Nanofiber Mats
39
University of Illinois at Chicago

40.
Wet Bonding for Soy Protein Nanofiber Mats
Wet samples were compressed under the mass load of 150 g (i.e. under pressure of 6 kPa)
for 24 h at room temperature until they were partially dried.
1- Non-treated samples
2- Wet-conglutinated samples
40
University of Illinois at Chicago

41.
Controlled Drug Release from
Soy Protein Nanofibers
41
University of Illinois at Chicago
Monolithic Soy Protein/Nylon 6
(50/50 wt %)
1 wt % Rhodamine B fluorescent dye is incorporated in nanofiber mats.
Core/Shell
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
Monolithic Soy Protein/PVA
(50/50 wt %)
• Khansari, S., Duzyer, S., Sinha-Ray, S., Hockenberger, A., Yarin, A.L., Pourdeyhimi, B., 2013, Molecular Pharmeceutics 10, 4509-4526 .
• Srikar, R., Yarin, A. L., Megaridis, C. M., Bazilevsky, A. V., Kelly, E., 2008, Langmuir 24, 965-974.

42.
Soy Protein (50 wt%) Nanofibers Containing Rhodamine B Fluorescent Dye as a
Model Drug vs. Riboflavin-Containing Nanofibers
Sh. Khansari et al. Molecular Pharmaceutics 10, 4509-4526 (2013).

43.
Images of Rhodamine B-Loaded Nanofibers
43
Before Water Immersion
After Completion of
Release Experiments
Monolithic Nylon 6
Nanofibers
Monolithic Soy Protein/Nylon 6
(50:50) Nanofibers
Monolithic Soy Protein/PVA
(50:50) Nanofibers
Monolithic soy protein/nylon 6
+ 10 wt% PEG Nanofibers
Core/Shell Soy Protein/Nylon 6
Nanofibers
Core/Shell Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+10 wt% PEG Nanofibers
Before Water Immersion
After Completion of
Release Experiments
University of Illinois at Chicago

44.
44
Rhodamine B Release Profiles from Nanofibers
Nylon 6 Nanofibers Soy Protein/Nylon 6
Nanofibers
Soy Protein/PVA
Nanofibers
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+5 wt% PEG Nanofibers
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+10 wt% PEG Nanofibers
Core/Shell
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
Nanofibers
Core/Shell
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+5 wt% PEG
Nanofibers
Core/Shell Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+10 wt% PEG Nanofibers
University of Illinois at Chicago

45.
The Release Kinetics for the
Desorption-Limited Mechanism
Gt is the amount of dye/drug release by time t;
α=Msd0/(Msd0+Mbd0) is the nanoporosity factor;
Msd0 is the initial amount of dye/drug at the nanopore surface;
Mbd0 is the initial amount of dye/drug in the fiber bulk;
τr is the characteristic time for the release process.
45
University of Illinois at Chicago
• Srikar, R., Yarin, A. L., Megaridis, C. M., Bazilevsky, A. V., Kelly, E., 2008, Langmuir 24, 965-974.

46.
Experimental Rhodamine B Release Profiles
vs. Predictions of the Desorption-Limited Theory
46
Nylon 6 Nanofibers Soy Protein/Nylon 6
Nanofibers
Soy Protein/PVA
Nanofibers
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+5 wt% PEG Nanofibers
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+10 wt% PEG Nanofibers
Core/Shell
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
Nanofibers
Core/Shell
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+5 wt% PEG
Nanofibers
Core/Shell Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+10 wt% PEG Nanofibers
University of Illinois at Chicago

47.
α1 and τr1 correspond to drug release from the existing pores, and α2 and τr2 correspond to the “release”
of a leachable component of the fibers and thus, to drug release from the surfaces of the newly formed pores.
Gt is the amount of dye released by time t.
τr is the characteristic time of the release process.
The Release Kinetics for the Two-Stage
Desorption-Limited Mechanism
47
University of Illinois at Chicago

48.
Experimental Rhodamine B Release Profiles
vs. Two-Stage Desorption-Limited Mechanism
48
University of Illinois at Chicago
Nylon 6 Nanofibers Soy Protein/Nylon 6
Nanofibers
Soy Protein/PVA
Nanofibers
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+5 wt% PEG Nanofibers
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+10 wt% PEG Nanofibers
Core/Shell
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
Nanofibers
Core/Shell
Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+5 wt% PEG
Nanofibers
Core/Shell Soy Protein/Nylon 6
+10 wt% PEG Nanofibers

49.
49
Sample
Average
α1(%)
Average
τr1(min)
Average
α2(%)
Average
τr2(min)
Average
E1(kJ/mol)
Average
E2(kJ/mol)
Monolithic
Nylon 6 38.21±5.63 15.05±2.35 20.17±3.72 299.15±97.95 28.43±0.38 35.79±0.6
SP/Nylon 49.23±7.22 23.4±3.46 10.79±3.09 199.31±40.66 29.53±0.38 34.85±0.26
SP/Nylon+5%PEG 66.52±3.84 20.55±1.46 15.19±1.24 191.58±25.17 29.23±0.17 34.78±0.1
SP/Nylon+10%PEG 56.8±1.63 38.37±6.56 36.77±1.31 490.29±180.73 30.75±0.45 37.59±0.04
Core/Shell
SP/Nylon 36.98±0.84 20.96±2.71 15.66±2.72 362.07±14.04 29.26±0.31 36.39±+0.02
SP/Nylon+5%PEG 38.4±3.98 13.67±9.88 19.38±1.16 396.03±182.93 25.13±5.6 36.31±1.55
SP/Nylon+10%PEG 30.41±4.34 20.2±7.21 33.94±3.52 607.20±132.24 29±1.01 37.61±0.34
Two-Stage Desorption-Limited
Mechanism Parameters
University of Illinois at Chicago

50.
Pruned Vines Affected by Esca Fungi
Western Farm Press, July 1, 2017;
http://www.westernfarmpress.com/grapes/grapevine-canker-disease
-impacts-california-vineyards

51.
Protection of Pruned Vines from Esca Fungi

52.
Electrospun Biopolymer Membranes for Protection of Pruned Vines from Esca Fungi
S. Sett, M.W. Lee, M. Weith, B. Pourdeyhimi, A.L. YarinJ. Materials Chem. B 3,
2147-2162 (2015).

53.
Protection of Pruned Vines from Esca Fungi
Rayon/soy protein/PCL nanofiber membranes;
The scale bars are 25 µm.

54.
Electrosprayed Food Adhesives

55.
Delamination and Adhesion
(a) 180º peeling test of samples using Instron machine. (b) Dead weight test.

56.
Normal Adhesive Energy

57.
Shear Adhesive Energy

58.
Prevention of Mold Invasion by Lignin/PCL Nanofibers
S. An et al. Cellulose 24, 951-965
(2017).

59.
Prevention of Mold Invasion by Lignin/PCL Nanofibers
Photographs of the four molds tested, which correspond to Aspergillus versicola
KUC5201, Cladosporium cladosporioides KUC1385, Penicillium brevicompactum
KUC1819, and Trichoderma viride KUC5062, respectively.

60.
Prevention of Mold Invasion by Lignin/PCL Nanofibers
Photographs of the LPNM-wrapped
specimens (a) at the beginning
and (b) after two weeks of mold
cultivation.
(c) Optical image
and (d, e) SEM images of the surface
of the tested LPNM.
The first, second, and third columns
correspond to tdep = 3, 6, and 9 h cases,
respectively.

61.
Antibacterial (anti- E. coli) Action of
Silver-Decorated Soy Protein Nanofibers
Y. Zhang et al. Catalysis Communications 34, 35-40 (2013).

62.
Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption on Nano-Textured
Biopolymer Membranes
A. Kolbasov, S. Sinha-Ray, A.L. Yarin, B. Pourdeyhimi. J. Membrane Sci. 530, 250-263
(2017).

63.
Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption on Nano-Textured
Biopolymer Membranes
Macroscopic and microscopic images of:
(a,b) lignin/nylon-6 membrane;
(c,d) oats/nylon-6 membrane; (e,f) sodium alginate/PVA membrane;
(g,h) soy protein/nylon-6 membrane; and (i,j) chitosan/nylon-6 membrane.

64.
Lead Adsorption on Nano-Textured Biopolymer Membranes in Throughflow

65.
Fiber-Size Distribution

66.
Heavy Metal Adsorption on Biopolymer Nanofiber
Membranes in Throughflow: Theory
2
2
c c c
Pe Da c
t x x
∂ ∂ ∂
+ = − × θ
∂ ∂ ∂
(1)
Da c
t
∂θ
=− × θ
∂
(2)
where Pe and Da are the dimensionless Peclet and Damkohler numbers, respectively,
v
Pe
D
=

(3)
2
k
Da
D
=

(4)
The boundary conditions at t>0 are imposed as following
c
x 0, c 1; x 1, 0
x
∂
= = = =
∂
(5)
The initial conditions at t=0 are imposed as
c 1, 1= θ= (6)

67.
Heavy Metal Adsorption on Biopolymer Nanofiber
Membranes in Throughflow: Theory vs. Experiment
(a,b) lignin- and (c,d) oats-containing nano-textured membranes.

68.
Heavy Metal Adsorption on Commerical Adsorbents
and Biopolymer Nanofiber Membranes: Comparative
Efficiency
Adsorbent
Pb
(mg/g)
Price ($/Metric
Ton)
TiO2 81.3 1000-3000
Modified AlO3 100
ZnO 6.7 2000-2500
CeO2 9.2
Activated carbon 26.5 1000-2000
Lignin-containing
nanofibers
37
Oat-containing
nanofibers
11

69.
Book Containing Multiple Details on Our Work Published by Cambridge University
Press in 2014

70.
Conclusion
• Solution blowing is an economically feasible and industrially scalable method for
producing nanofibers from bio-waste.
• Mechanical and the adhesion characteristics are appropriate for a number of
important applications.
• Nanofibers can be formed from a wide range of plant- and animal-derived biopolymers.
• Bio-waste-derived nano-textured membranes hold great promise for such
biomedical applications as controlled drug delivery, protection of pruned plants from fungi
invasion, protection of pine sapwood from mold invasion, and anti-bacterial action.
• Nano-textured membranes solution blown from bio-waste hold great promise
as adsorbents for removal of heavy metal ions from polluted water and are competitive
with commercial adsorbents.
• As by-products of biodiesel production and many other industrial processes,
green nano-textured materials derived from bio-waste can dramatically
increase sustainability. 70
University of Illinois at Chicago

71.
Green nano-textured materials
can become such great scorers
as Pele!
71
University of Illinois at Chicago