1. UNIT 5
4G AND BEYOND
MR.P.SATHYARAJ
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR/ECE
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

2. 4G NETWORK SERVICES
2

3. What is 4G?
3
With great power comes great responsibility.

4. 4G FOURTH GENERATION MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
WirelessWorld Research Forum defines 4G as:
-A network that operates on Internet technology,
combines it with other applications and technologies
such as Wi-Fi, and runs at speeds ranging from 100
Mbps (in cell-phone networks) to 1 Gbps(in local
Wi-Fi networks).

5. •Other descriptions:
Beyond 3rd Generation.
 Fourth-generation cellular communication system.
 Fourth-generation mobile technology.
 Fully IP-based wireless internet.
100 Mbps (outdoor) and 1Gbps (indoor).
 End-to-end QoS (Quality of service).
 High security.
Any services, anytime, anywhere.
4G will make us as a part of the Internet.
Always Be Connected (ABC).
5

6. • 4G is used broadly to include several types
of broadband wireless access communication
systems along with cellular telephone systems.
• The goal of 4G systems is to incorporate and integrate different wireless access
technologies and mobile network architectures so as to achieve a seamless
wireless access infrastructure.
6

7. Previous
Generations
(1G,2G,2.5G and 3G)
7
Everything you can imagine is real.

8. 1G
8
When one door closes, another opens.

9. • 1G (First Generation) is the name given to the first generation of mobile
telephone networks.
• Circuit-switched technology.
• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).
• Analog system.
• Basic mobility.
• Poor voice quality.
• Poor security.
9

10. 2G
10
You can have it all. Just not all at once.

11. • Digital –consists of 1s and 0s
•Digital signal:
1) Low level,
2) High level,
3) Rising edge,
4) Falling edge
11
1
3
2
4
1
0
1
0
0

12. 2G
• Digital data can be compressed and multiplexed much
more effectively than analog voice encodings.
•Multiplexing -multiple analog message signals or digital
data streams are combined into one signal.
12

13. • Allows for lower powered radio signals that require less battery power.
• Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively
than analog.
• CODEC -program that encodes and decodes digital data stream or signal.
•Translates data from digital to analog and vice .
13
CODEC
0101110
Voice
Speaker

14. 2G
•Advantages:
• The digital voice encoding allows digital error checking
•increase sound quality
•lowers the noise level
Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data transfer.
•SMS –“short message service”
•E-mail
14

15. 2G
Disadvantages
• Cell towers had a limited coverage area.
• Built mainly for voice services and slow data.
15

16. 2.5G
2G Enhanced
16
The best way to predict the future is to invent it.

17. • Lies somewhere between 2G and 3G.
• The development of 2.5G has been viewed as a stepping-stone towards
3G.
• Was prompted by the demand for better data services and access to the
internet.
• Provides faster services than 2G, but not as faster as advanced as the
newer 3G systems.
17

18. • Extends the capabilities of 2G systems by providing additional features, such as a packet-switched
connection(GPRS) in the TDMA-based GSM system, and enhanced data rates (HSCSD and
EDGE).
GPRS: General Packet Radio Services.
EDGE: Enhanced Data for Global Evolution.
HSCSD: High Speed circuit-switched data.
18

19. 19
Dreams are necessary to life.
3G

20. 3G
• Large capacity and broadband capabilities.
• Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps.
•Increased spectrum efficiency –5Mhz–
-A greater number of users that can be simultaneously supported
by a radio frequency bandwidth.
• High data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.
• Global roaming
20

21. 3G
• CDMA –Code Division Multiple Access.
• Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency.
• Encodes data with a special code associated with each
channel.
21

22. DATA RATES COMPARISON (KBPS)
22
1
10
100
1000
10000
Lower speed Higher speed
2G
2.5G
3G

23. EVOLUTIONTO 4G
23
Ever wonder where your life is going.

24. EVOLUTIONTO 4G
24
CDMA
2.5G
2G
3G
3.5G
3.9G
CDMA IS-95A
CDMA IS-95B
CDMA 2000
1x Ev-DO
Rev O/A/B
UMB 802.20
GSM/UMTS IEEE Cellular IEEE LAN
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE 802.11n
GSM TDMA
IS-136
GPRS
HSDPA
FDD/TD
D
HSPA+
E-GPRS
EDGE
WCDMA
FDD/TD
D
TD
SCDMA
LCR-TDD
IEEE 802.16
Wi
BRO
Fixed
WiMAX
802.16d
Mobile WiMAX
802.16e
HSUPA
FDD/TD
D
LTE
E-
UTRA

25. TECHNOLOGY MOVINGTOWARDS 4G
25 Mobility
Data Rates
High speed
Medium
speed
Low speed
1995 2000 2005 2010+
~14.4 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps <50 Mbps <100 Mbps
1G
(Analog)
2G
(Digital)
3G
(IMT2000)
3G LTE
4G
2.4 GHz
WLAN
5 GHz
WLAN
High Speed
WLAN
Mobile
WiMAX
(WiBRO)
Bluetooth
WPAN
CDMA/GSM/TDMA
CDMA/GSM/TDMA

26. 26
Mobility
Data Rates
High speed
Walking/
Local area
Standing/
Indoor
0.1 1 10 100
Medium
speed
4th Generation
(2007-2010)
3th Generation
(IMT-2000)
(2001)
2G
2G
2.5G

27. 4G
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
A dream is a wish your heart makes.

28. • Seamless Roaming
• "Seamless" and "wireless," when put together, represent a technology of
wireless Internet that hands you off to another network without interruption
so you may continue your activities online without even noticing that you
connected into another network.Another name for it is "seamless
roaming."
28

29. SEAMLESS CONNECTION OF NETWORKS IN 4G
Core IP Network
Connection Layer
Cellular 3G
(UMTS etc.
Cellular 2.5G
(GSM etc.
Digital
Audio/Video
Broadcast
Short Range
PAN/LAN/
MAN/WAN
WLAN/
HIPER-LAN
Cellular 4G

30. 30

31. Features of 4G:
•Faster and more reliable.
100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s)
•Lower cost than previous generations
•Multi-standard wireless system.
–Bluetooth,Wired,Wireless (802.11x)
•Ad Hoc Networking.
•IPv6 Core.
•OFDM used instead of CDMA.
•Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n
–Most information is proprietary.
31

32. 32
TECHNOLOGY 3G 4G
Frequency Band
1.8 - 2.5GHz 2 - 8GHz
Bandwidth 5-20MHz 5-20MHz
Data Rates Up to 2Mbps 100Mbps moving - 1Gbps stationary
Access W-CDMA VSF-OFCDM andVSF-CDMA
FEC Turbo-codes Concatenated codes
Switching Circuit/Pack
et
Packet

33. 4GTECHNOLOGY
33
Flexibility comes with responsibility.

34. 4G system provides an end to end IP solution where voice and data streamed
multimedia can be served to users on an ” Anytime, Anywhere ” basis at higher data
rates than previous generation.
Wider bandwidth.
End-to-end QoS.
Higher security.
Offering any kind of services anytime, anywhere.
Affordable cost and one billing.
34

35. • 4GVision
• 4G systems are designed for providing a wide variety of new services right from high quality voice to high
definition video , high data rate wireless channel 4G can be defined as a magic
• MAGIC Stands for
• M- mobile multimedia
• A-anytime anywhere
• G-Global mobility support
• I- integrated wireless solution
• C- customize person services
• 4G mobile communication
•

36. • The key infrastructure of 4G is to access information anywhere, anytime with a seamless connection to a wide
range of Information and services data pictures videos and so on.
• Seamless connection
• The future 4G system will consist of set of various networks using IP as a common protocol

37. • PAN-Personal area network
• LAN- Local area network
• WAN-wide area network
• DVB- digital video broadcasting
• DAB-digital audio broadcast
• MAN-Metropolitan Area Network
• WLANwireless LAN
• UMTS-Universal Mobile telecommunication system
• 4G systems will have high data rate broadband with and smooth and of to ensure seamless service across the multiple wireless system
and network.To satisfy increasing user demands the 4G system seamlessly integrate terminals networks and applications
• Unlike 3G, 4G is IP baseD every user connected to the Internet will have an IP address

38. FEATURES OF 4G
• The following are some possible features of the 4G systems :
• 1. Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other broadband services.
• 2. High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit.
• 3. Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks.
• 4. Seamless switching, variety of services based on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements
• 5. Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.
• 6.Ad hoc networks and multi-hop networks.
• 7. It is IP based heterogeneous network that allow users to use in stream and anytime and anywhere
• 8. provide Telecom data and multimedia services with high data rate and reliability also a low per bit Transmission cost is maintained
• 9 provide a global ecosystem with inherent mobility
• 10. better scheduling and call admission control.
•

39. • Some new challenges in 4G
• The main challenges are classified into three
• 1. Based on mobile station
• Multimode user terminals
• Wireless system Discovery and selection
• 2. Based on system
• Terminal mobility
• Network infrastructure and quality of service support
• Security and privacy
• Fault tolerance and survivability
• 3.Based on service
• Multiple operators and billing system
• Personal mobility

40. CHALLENGES IN MIGRATION

41. Some of the challenges of 4G
1. Multi-access interface, timing and recovery.
2. Higher frequency reuse leads to smaller cells that may cause intra-cell interference or higher noise figures due to reduced power levels.
3.The Digital to analog conversions at high data rates, multiuser detection and estimation (at base stations), smart antennas and complex error control
techniques as well dynamic routing will need sophisticated signal processing.
4. Issues in the interface with the ad hoc networks should be sorted out. 4G systems are expected to interact with other networks like the Bluetooth,
hiperlan, IEEE802.11b, etc.
5.Voice over multi-hop networks is likely to be an interesting problem because of the strict delay requirements of voice.
6. Security will be an important issue.
7.A new IP protocol might be needed because of the variable QoS services and the network should do " better than best " effort.
8. Networking protocols that adapt dynamically to the changing channel conditions.
9. Seamless roaming and seamless transfer of services.

42. • Applications of 4G
• Few of the applications of 4G wireless technology are listed here
• Virtual presence: even under the circumstances when the user cannot be online the required services will be provided without interruption at all
times to 4G
• Virtual navigation: with the expected high data rate of 4G it will be possible to maintain and provide a database for all cities, countries and
promote places for user access as virtual navigation
• Telemedicine: 4G will support multi user videoconferencing does enabling remote health monitoring of patients by number of doctors in real time
• Tele-geo-processing applications: Simultaneously information about anything from weather to traffic through instant satellite mapping which is a
combination of GIS ( geographic information system ) and GPS( Global positioning system)
• Gaming : high speed multi-user gaming will be possible with the adoption of 4G
• Cloud computing: safe and Secure Cloud Computing options and like those being currently employed
• Crisis detection and prevention: disaster both natural and man-made bring down communication coma especially being a hurdle in rescue
operations ,with 4G it is expected that in case of such crisis , It will be easier to restore communication at the faster rate
• Education: distance education is a viable option nowadays for many students 4G will provide them with real time class from experience this will
prove beneficial in coming days as it can be instrumental in producing infrastructure demands of Universities and colleges to accommodate the rising
number of students
•

43. Technologies used in 4G
Following are the various Technology technologies in 4G they are
1.Multicarrier Modulation
2. Smart Antenna Techniques
3. OFDM-MIMO Systems
4.Adaptive Modulation and Coding with TimeSlot Scheduler (AMCTSS)
5. Cognitive Radio.
1. Multicarrier modulation (MCM):
Multicarrier modulation is a derivative or Frequency division multiplexing. various derivative of multi carrier system are used currently in digital audio and video
broadcasting (DAB/DVB) and in DSL (digital subscriber line) modems
Multicarrier modulation is baseband and technique that uses parallel equal Bandwidth sub channels to transmit information and is generally implemented with fast
fourier transform methods
The advantages of multi carrier modulation are :
• Better performance in the inter symbol interference environment.
• Avoidance of single frequency interference
Drawback:
• MCM increases the peak to average ratio of the signal
• To overcome the inter symbol interference a cyclic extension is to be added to the data
• Difference (D)
• the difference of the peak to average ratio between MCM and a single carrier system is a function of the number of subcarriers(N)

44. • D (dB)=10 log N
• Note: 1.any increase in the peak to average ratio of a signal request and increase and linearity of
the system to reduce distortion
• 2.Linearization techniques can be used but they increase the cost of the system
• If Lb is the Original length of the block and the channels responses of length LC the cyclically
extended symbol has a new length L B+ L C - 1 the new symbol of the length LB - Lc -1 sampling
period has no inter symbol interference. the cost is an increase in energy and uncoded bits are
added to the data
• At the MCM receiver only Lb samples are processed and LC -1 samples are discarded resulting in a
loss in signal to noise ratio(SNR)
•

45. Two different type of MCM are:
1) Multi-carrier code division multiple access(MC- CDMA)
2)Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)using time division multiple multiple access(TDMA)
OFDM withTDMA and MC- CDMA
• IN OFDM with TDMA the user and assigned time slots to transmit and receive data
• MC-CDMA uses quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) for modulation whereas OFDM- TDMA uses high level modulation like QAM
(quadrature Amplitude Modulation) for all subcarriers
• IFFT(Inverse fast fourier transform)is responsible for pulse forming and modulation, Finally to decode the transmission, a receiver needs or to
implement Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)
•
OFDM-subchannels
• OFDM divides a broadband channel into many parallel sub channels.
• The OFDM receiver senses the channel and correct distortion on each sub-channel before the transmitted data can be extracted

46. • Smart Antenna
• Beam radio signals directly at a users to follow the users as they move.
•Allow the same radio frequency to be used for other users without
worry of interference.
•Seamless handoff between towers/access points.
•One transmit antenna, two receive antennas.
–Allows connection to two access points at once.
46

47. 47
Smart AntennaTechnology
BeamTracking
Space Division
Multiple Access
(SDMA)
Smart Antenna
Same time and
frequency
Past
Now
Past
Now

48. Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM)
Basic idea:
Using a large number of parallel narrow-band subcarriers instead of a single wide-band
carrier to transport information.
• Advantages:
-Very easy and efficient in dealing with multi-path.
-Robust again narrow-band interference
48

49. G4
• Earth's population stands at around 6.6 billion.
• The Internet has a population of just 1.3 billion.
• IPv6 uses 128 bits for IPv6 addresses which allows for 340 billion billion billion
billion (3.4x1038) unique addresses.
49
22%

50. IPV6VS. IPV4
Feature IPv4 IPv6
Deployed 1978 1999
Address format 129.5.255.2/16 2001:0ba0:01e0:d001:0000:000
0:d0f0:0010
Address Space Over 109; possible addresses Over 1038; possible addresses
Packet Size Variable size- time consuming to
handle
Fixed size (40 Octets)
More efficient
Special fields in
header
Many types, often not supported by
venders .
Eliminated for efficiency or
replaced by other features.
Security -limited: no authentication or
encryption at IP level.
-Dependence on higher level
protocols; vulnerable to DoS and
address deception or spoofing
attacks.
-Authentication(validation of
packet origin).
-Encryption(privacy of
contents)
-requires administration of
“security associations” to
50

51. DATA RATE COMPARISON
(KBPS)
51

52. PROBLEMS
• 1.What will be the maximum data rate that can be transmitted if the signal to noise ratio
is 20 dB and channel bandwidth is 40 KHZ?

53. • 2.Find the transfer time of 20kB file with mobile data network with a rate of 10kBps.
• For transferring a file of size 20kb the time of transfer t is
• =20 (kB) * 8(B/b)* 10(kB/s)
• =16sec

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