1.
The Importance of Structure in Writing Class 11 EFL 1

2.
What is Structure? <ul><li>Structure refers to the shape and design of a piece of writing as intended by the author. </li></ul><ul><li>Structure = punctuation + grammar </li></ul>

3.
Punctuation <ul><li>You’ve all learned the mechanics of punctuation but now you need to know how it gives effect and life to a written piece of work. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. Comma, Apostrophe, Hyphen, Quotes, Semi Colons, Colons etc </li></ul>

4.
Colon ( : ) <ul><li>The : does one basic thing…it introduces something. </li></ul><ul><li>The colon gives special emphasis to whatever it introduces …you literally have to stop and pay extra attention to the new entry. </li></ul><ul><li>- Ex. Joe has only one thing on his mind: profit </li></ul><ul><li>The colon is most often used to introduce a list of items in a sentence </li></ul><ul><li>- Ex. This report reviews five main criteria to determine whether to purchase the IBM PC: hardware, software, maintenance agreements, service, and customer support. </li></ul>

6.
Warning about Colon <ul><li>Do not use a colon after a verb in a sentence, even when you are introducing something. </li></ul><ul><li>Why? Because the verb itself introduces making the colon redundant. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. My three favorite friends are: Mildon, Cleftine, and Stank. </li></ul>

7.
Semi-Colon (;) <ul><li>The semi-colon has two functions: </li></ul><ul><li>Acts as a connector between two complete sentences. </li></ul><ul><li>Acts like a super comma. </li></ul>

8.
Examples of semi colon <ul><li>A semicolon is an economical way to join two sentences, and therefore two ideas, so that your reader sees the relationship. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. David is a good typist; he makes few mistakes </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. Ms. Pamela is a successful real estate salesperson; however, she was unable to sell her own house. </li></ul>

9.
<ul><li>Sometimes a semi colon can be used as a “super comma” especially when the sentence has too many commas that can confuse the reader. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. Suncom Corporation has subsidiaries in four cities: New York, New York, Wilmington, Ohio, Houston, Texas, and San Francisco, California. </li></ul><ul><li>-Using the semi colon, you get: </li></ul><ul><li>Suncom Corporation has subsidiaries in four cities: New York, New York; Wilmington, Ohio; Houston, Texas; and San Francisco, California. </li></ul>

10.
Comma (,) <ul><li>Commas simply indicate that you need to pause. </li></ul><ul><li>There are four ways to use a comma: </li></ul><ul><li>1) When you are listing three or more items in a sentence, simply place a comma between each member of the list. </li></ul><ul><li>ex. Mr. Taylor used the money that he won from the sweepstakes to buy a house, a car, and a small yacht. </li></ul><ul><li>2) Between two sentences with a conjunction (and, but) </li></ul><ul><li>ex. The Suncom Corporation has just acquired the OILCO company, and it has agreed to sell OILCO’s oil-drilling rights in Texas as soon as possible. </li></ul>

11.
Comma(,) <ul><li>3) To Attach Words to the Front or Back of Your Sentence </li></ul><ul><li>when you add information to the front or back of a sentence, you will want to alert your readers in order to help them clearly understand your message. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. Although she flunked chemistry and barely passed math, Joan is a good student. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. In order to help save the company from bankruptcy, we sold shares in the company at discount prices. </li></ul>

12.
<ul><li>4) On Both Sides of a Nonessential Component </li></ul><ul><li>- in this case, you have to decide whether the sentence component is essential or non essential to the clarity of the sentence. </li></ul><ul><li>- if non essential, then add the commas </li></ul>

13.
<ul><li>Ex. Ms. Johnson, who is the company president, will present the award at our annual dinner. </li></ul><ul><li>Wrong use of comma: </li></ul><ul><li>Banks, which hold over a billion dollars in assets, are rare. </li></ul><ul><li>(this says that banks are rare which is not true!) </li></ul>

15.
Dash or Hyphen (-) <ul><li>Separating Words in the Middle of the Sentence </li></ul><ul><li>-the dash is the big brother of the comma…it adds more emphasis than the comma itself. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. Linda Simpson, the president’s most trusted economic advisor, will resign her office during today’s press conference. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. Linda Simpson—the president’s most trusted economic advisor—will resign her office during today’s press conference. </li></ul>

16.
<ul><li>2) Adding Words to the End of a Sentence </li></ul><ul><li>The dash can be used to attach material to the sentence when there is a clear break to the continuity in the sentence. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. The president will be unable to win enough votes for another term of office—unless, of course, he can reduce unemployment and the deficit simultaneously. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex. Generally, the president’s economic policies have proven ineffective—although, it’s true that he has lowered inflation considerably. </li></ul>

17.
Grammar <ul><li>Grammar helps you understand the components of the sentence and its meaning. </li></ul><ul><li>Grammar includes: </li></ul><ul><li>Noun </li></ul><ul><li>Verbs </li></ul><ul><li>Adjectives </li></ul><ul><li>Adverbs </li></ul><ul><li>Conjunction </li></ul><ul><li>Pronoun </li></ul><ul><li>Preposition </li></ul><ul><li>Gerund </li></ul><ul><li>Interjection </li></ul>

18.
Audience <ul><li>Whatever you write or read, you must keep in mind about the audience…who is this writing being directed too and how? </li></ul><ul><li>What is the point of the piece? </li></ul><ul><li>What purpose does it serve? </li></ul><ul><li>Why does the author want me to read it? </li></ul><ul><li>Remember, the author is trying to establish a relationship with you! </li></ul>

20.
Final Preparation: Your English Weapon Chest <ul><li>Genre </li></ul><ul><li>Writer’s Purpose </li></ul><ul><li>Tone </li></ul><ul><li>Vocabulary </li></ul><ul><li>Figures of Speech </li></ul><ul><li>Structure </li></ul><ul><li>Audience </li></ul>