1.
PRESENTED BY-
ANJULA ROY
RUBAL MEHTA
SUVRITI BAGAI
II yr.-A
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND
MATERIALS
TOPICS COVERED:
1. STEEL TRUSSES
2. TUBULAR SECTIONS
3.ANGULAR SECTIONS

2.
TRUSSES - OVERVIEW

3.
WHAT ARE TRUSSES
?A TRUSS IS ESSENTIALLY A TRIANGULATED
SYSTEM OF STRAIGHT INTERCONNECTED
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. THE MOST
COMMON USE OF TRUSSES IS IN BUILDINGS,
WHERE SUPPORT TO ROOFS, THE FLOORS
AND INTERNAL LOADING SUCH AS SERVICES
AND SUSPENDED CEILINGS, ARE READILY
PROVIDED. THE MAIN REASONS FOR USING
TRUSSES ARE:
• LONG SPAN
• LIGHTWEIGHT
• REDUCED DEFLECTION (COMPARED TO
PLAIN MEMBERS)
• OPPORTUNITY TO SUPPORT
CONSIDERABLE LOADS.
• THE PENALTY, HOWEVER, IS INCREASED
FABRICATION COSTS .

4.
MATERIAL
REQUIREMENTS• SLENDER OR TUBULAR
MEMBERS
• WOODEN STRUTS
(OPTIONAL)
• METAL
BARS/ANGLES/CHANNELS
• RIVETS, WELDS
• GUSSET PLATE
• ASSEMBLING APPARATUS

5.
TYPES OF TRUSSES
• KING POST & QUEEN POST
TRUSS.
• WARREN TRUSS.
• HOWE TRUSS.
• PRATT TRUSS.
• PARKER TRUSS.
• ENGLISH TRUSS.
• K- TRUSS.
• BALTIMORE TRUSS.
• CONTINUOUS TRUSS.
• BOWSTRING TRUSS.
• SAW-TOOTH TRUSS.
• SCISSOR

6.
• WEDGE - THE TRIANGULAR PIECE OF LUMBER
INSERTED BETWEEN THE TOP AND BOTTOM
CHORDS, USUALLY TO ALLOW THE TRUSS TO
CANTILEVER.
• BOTTOM CHORD - THE INCLINE OR HORIZONTAL
MEMBER THAT ESTABLISHES THE BOTTOM OF A
TRUSS, USUALLY CARRYING COMBINED TENSION
AND BENDING STRESS.
• SPLICE - THE LOCATION AT WHICH TWO CHORD
MEMBERS ARE JOINED TOGETHER TO FORM A
SINGLE MEMBER. IT MAY OCCUR AT A PANEL
POINT OR BETWEEN PANEL POINTS.
• PANEL POINT - ALSO CALLED A JOINT, IT'S THE
LOCATION ON A TRUSS WHERE THE WEB
MEMBERS AND TOP OR BOTTOM CHORDS
INTERSECT AND ARE CONNECTED BY METAL
CONNECTOR PLATES.
• WEB - THE MEMBERS THAT JOIN THE TOP AND
BOTTOM CHORDS TO FORM THE TRIANGULAR
PATTERNS TYPICAL OF TRUSSES.
• HEEL - THE POINT ON THE TRUSS WHERE THE
TOP AND BOTTOM CHORDS INTERSECT
• SLOPE - THE VERTICAL RISE IN INCHES FOR
EVERY 12 INCHES OF HORIZONTAL RUN.
• PANEL LENGTH - THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE CENTERLINES OF TWO
CONSECUTIVE PANEL POINTS ALONG THE
TOP OR BOTTOM CHORD.
• PEAK - THE POINT ON THE TRUSS WHERE
THE SLOPED CHORDS MEET.
• TOP CHORD - HORIZONTAL DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE CENTERLINES OF TWO
CONSECUTIVE PANEL POINTS ALONG THE
TOP OR BOTTOM CHORD.
• CONTINUOUS LATERAL BRACE - MEMBERS
INSTALLED AT RIGHT ANGLES TO A CHORD
OR WEB MEMBER OF A TRUSS TO PROVIDE
STABILITY TO THE TRUSS. ALL LATERAL
BRACES MUST BE STABILIZED.
• OVERALL HEIGHT - VERTICAL DISTANCE
BETWEEN BEARING AND THE UPPERMOST
POINT OF THE PEAK.
• WEDGE - THE TRIANGULAR PIECE OF LUMBER
INSERTED BETWEEN THE TOP AND BOTTOM
CHORDS, USUALLY TO ALLOW THE TRUSS TO
CANTILEVER.
• BOTTOM CHORD - THE INCLINE OR HORIZONTAL
MEMBER THAT ESTABLISHES THE BOTTOM OF A
TRUSS, USUALLY CARRYING COMBINED TENSION
AND BENDING STRESS.
• SPLICE - THE LOCATION AT WHICH TWO CHORD
MEMBERS ARE JOINED TOGETHER TO FORM A
SINGLE MEMBER. IT MAY OCCUR AT A PANEL
POINT OR BETWEEN PANEL POINTS.
• PANEL POINT - ALSO CALLED A JOINT, IT'S THE
LOCATION ON A TRUSS WHERE THE WEB
MEMBERS AND TOP OR BOTTOM CHORDS
INTERSECT AND ARE CONNECTED BY METAL
CONNECTOR PLATES.
• WEB - THE MEMBERS THAT JOIN THE TOP AND
BOTTOM CHORDS TO FORM THE TRIANGULAR
PATTERNS TYPICAL OF TRUSSES.

7.
A KING POST IS ALSO KNOWN AS CROWN POST TRUSS. IT IS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF
TRUSS .IS USED FOR SIMPLE ROOF TRUSSES AND SHORT-SPAN BRIDGES.
KING POST TRUSS
QUEEN POST
TRUSS
IS SIMILAR TO A KING POST TRUSS. IT IS USED FOR SIMPLE ROOF TRUSSES AND SHORT-
SPAN BRIDGES. A SUPPORTING POST DESIGNED TO SPAN LONGER OPENINGS THAN A KING
POST.
A KING POST USES ONE CENTRAL SUPPORTING POST, WHEREAS THE QUEEN POST USES

8.
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
• PINNED/BOLTED
CONNECTIONS
• GUSSET PLATE
CONNECTIONS

9.
• TUBULAR CONNECTIONS
WELDED
CONNECTI
ONS
PINNED
CONNECTION
S

10.
APPLICATION OF TRUSSES
• ROOF OF FACTORY
SHADE.
• WARE HOUSE
• RAILWAY PLATFORM
• GARAGE SHED
• TRANSMISSION
TOWERS
• CRANE TRUSS
• BRIDGE TRUSS
• SPORT STADIUM
TRUSS

11.
TUBULAR SECTIONS
(HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTIONS)-
HSS
(TUBE STEEL, STRUCTURAL TUBING)
 A TYPE OF METAL PROFILE WITH A HOLLOW
TUBULAR CROSS SECTION.
MEMBERS CAN BE CIRCULAR, SQUARE,
RECTANGULAR SECTIONS (OR ELLIPTICAL).
DIMENSIONS - BASED ON EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS
OF THE PROFILE.
HAS HEAVILY ROUNDED CORNERS-(RADIUS IS

12.
USES IN STRUCTURES RECTANGULAR SECTION- WELDED STEEL
FRAMES (LOADING ON MEMBERS IN MULTIPLE
DIRECTIONS).
 SQUARE AND CIRCULAR –COLUMNS
(RESISTANCE TO TORSION), MULTIPLE AXIS
LOADING (EFFICIENT SHAPES- UNIFORM
GEOMETRY ALONG CROSS-SECTIONAL AXES,
THUS UNIFORM STRENGTH
CHARACTERISTICS).
 BEAMS (SUPERIOR RESISTANCE TO LATERAL
TORSIONAL BUCKLING)
-ALTHOUGH WIDE FLANGE OR I-BEAM SHAPES
ARE A MORE EFFICIENT STRUCTURAL SHAPE
FOR THIS APPLICATION.
 THE FLAT SQUARE SURFACES OF
RECTANGULAR CAN EASE CONSTRUCTION, (
ALSO FOR ARCHITECTURAL AESTHETICS IN
EXPOSED STRUCTURES)
-THOUGH ELLIPTICAL HSS ARE BECOMING
MORE POPULAR IN EXPOSED STRUCTURES.
 BUILDINGS, HALLS-columns and lattice girders,
space frames for roofs; facades, etc.
 BRIDGES
 BARRIERS-(durability in such environment),
(corrosion resistant due to the rounded corners.)
 OFFSHORE STRUCTURES- cranes, microwave
towers, flare supports, bridges and secondary
structures, such as staircases, ladders, etc.
•COMMONLY AVAILABLE IN MILD STEEL (A500
GRADE B)
•NOW AVAILABLE IN MILD STEEL-A500
GRADE C.
•OTHER STEEL GRADES AVAILABLE FOR HSS
ARE A847 (WEATHERING STEEL), A1065
(LARGE SECTIONS UP TO 50 INCH SQ MADE
WITH SAW PROCESS), AND A1085 (HIGHER
APPLICATIONS
TYPES

13.
MANUFACTURE
SQUARE HSS-MADE THE SAME WAY AS PIPE.
PIPE CAN BE PRODUCED SEAMLESS OR
WELDED.
SEAMLESS SECTIONS-TWO PHASES,
1.PIERCING AN INGOT
2.ELONGATION OF THIS HOLLOW BLOOM
INTO A FINISHED CIRCULAR HOLLOW
SECTION.
THE EDGES ARE THEN WELDED TOGETHER
TO FORM THE MOTHER TUBE.
AFTER THIS PROCESS, THE TUBE CAN GO
THROUGH A SIZING MILL TO GIVE IT THE
REQUIRED DIAMETER (OR TO FORM THE
ROUND HSS (MOTHER TUBE) INTO THE FINAL
SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR SHAPE.-
THROUGH FORMING ROLLERS)
 WELDED HOLLOW SECTIONS WITH A
LONGITUDINAL WELD ARE MAINLY
MADE WITH ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
WELDING PROCESSES OR WITH AN
INDUCTION WELDING PROCESS.(FIG.1)
 A STRIP OR PLATE IS SHAPED BY
ROLLERS INTO A CYLINDRICAL SHAPE
AND WELDED LONGITUDINALLY.
 THE ROLLERS PUSH THE HEATED
EDGES TOGETHER, RESULTING IN A
PRESSURE WELD.
WELDING PROCESS
METRO CONNECTOR INDUCTION
WELDING PROCESS
USE OF INTERNAL VOID
• OFTEN FILLED WITH
CONCRETE (THE PRODUCT IS
CALLED "LALLY COLUMN“)
• IMPROVED LOAD BEARING
RESISTANCE, COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH,ROBUSTNESS.
• EXAMPLES- BARRIERS
AROUND PARKING
AREAS, BOLLARDS,ETC.
• WATER-FILLED HOLLOW
SECTION COLUMNS-
INCREASED FIRE RESISTANCE
TIME.
• INNER VOIDS-SOMETIMES
USED FOR AIR AND WATER
CIRCULATION FOR HEATING
AND VENTILATION OF
BUILDING -OFFERS
MAXIMIZATION OF FLOOR
AREA, FIRE PROTECTION.
• CONVEYING FLUIDS (PIPE
BRIDGE), RAIN WATER
DOWNPIPES, FOR ELECTRICAL
WIRING,ETC.
WIND FLOW FOR OPEN AND
CIRCULAR HOLLOW
SECTIONS
RAIN WATER DOWN PIPE
THROUGH A HOLLOW SECTION
COLUMN

14.
ANGLE SECTIONS

15.
TOE
ROO
T
MILD STEEL ANGLE IS A LENGTH OF STEEL OR
IRON THAT IS BENT AT A RIGHT ANGLE.
•ALSO KNOWN AS THE L-CHANNELS.
•THEY CAN BE MADE EITHER FROM A SINGLE
PIECE OF IRON OR STEEL BENT LENGTHWISE
TO A PARTICULAR ANGLE -- USUALLY 90
DEGREES – OR BY ATTACHING TWO PIECES
TOGETHER AT THE DESIRED ANGLE.
• THE LARGER THE STEEL ANGLE, THE MORE
WEIGHT AND STRESS IT CAN BEAR.
TYPES:
EQUAL
ANGLES
THE TWO LEGS OF
THE ANGLE
SECTIONS ARE OF
SAME DIMENSION
UNEQUAL
ANGLES
THE TWO LEGS OF
THE ANGLE SECTIONS
ARE OF DIFFERENT
DIMENSIONS.
DEFINITION

16.
SIZES
THE ANGLE SECTIONS ARE MANUFACTURED IN
DIFFERENT SIZES.

17.
FIXING DETAILS
FIXING TO STEEL FIXING TO STONE AND CONCRETE

18.
APPLICATIONS
STEEL ANGLES ARE USED BROADLY, FROM MAJOR CONSTRUCTION
WORK TO BASIC HOME IMPROVEMENT, BUT THEY FALL INTO
SEVERAL BROAD CATEGORIES.
• REINFORCEMENT
▫ STEEL ANGLES CAN BE USED AS BRACES TO HELP REINFORCE STRUCTURES. THE
STRUCTURES CAN BE AS LARGE AND WIDE AS CEILINGS IN A SKYSCRAPER, OR AS
SMALL AS THE CORNERS OF A DESK OR TABLE. BOLTING STEEL ANGLES TO THE
CORNERS OF ANY CONSTRUCT WILL HOLD PIECES IN PLACE AND INCREASE THE
STRUCTURE'S STRESS-BEARING CAPABILITY AND LONGEVITY.
• SUPPORT
▫ STEEL ANGLES CAN BE USED AS BRACKETS TO PROVIDE SUPPORT. THEIR MOST
PREVALENT USE IS TO PROVIDE PLATFORMS FOR SHELVING, FROM A SIMPLE
BOOKSHELF, TO EXTRA SPACE IN YOUR GARAGE TO HEAVY-DUTY STORAGE IN A LARGE
WAREHOUSE. WHEREAS CORNER BRACES CAN BE INSTALLED IN ALMOST ANY
POSITION, BRACKETS TEND TO BE PERPENDICULAR TO THE WALL TO PROVIDE A LEVEL
MOUNT.

19.
• FRAMEWORK
▫ A FRAMEWORK IS VITAL TO ANY STRUCTURE. NOT ONLY DO STEEL ANGLES HOLD SUCH
STRUCTURES TOGETHER, BUT LARGE ANGLES CAN FORM THE FRAME ITSELF. A36 STEEL IS A
POPULAR ALLOY USED TO CREATE THE "SKELETON" FOR MANY CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.
STEEL ANGLES MAKE UP THE FRAMEWORK FOR MANY COMMON THINGS, INCLUDING
BUILDINGS, BEDS AND FACTORY MACHINES.
• DECORATIVE
▫ STEEL ANGLES CAN BE JUST AS EFFECTIVE IN THE FOREGROUND AS THEY ARE BEHIND THE
SCENES. THEY CAN BE USED AS DECORATIVE TRIM ON FURNITURE EDGES AND BUILDING
INTERIORS, INCLUDING DOORWAYS, COUNTERS AND FLOORS. MANY PEOPLE ALSO FIND
STEEL ANGLES USEFUL IN CREATING ATTRACTIVE BRICK LINTELS FOR INTERNAL FIREPLACES
AND EXTERNAL WINDOW SILLS.
APPLICATIONS (CONTD.)