3. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
The process of systematically examining past events
to give an account; may involve interpretation to
recapture the nuances, personalities, and ideas that
influenced these events; to communicate an
understanding of past events.
4. MAJOR STEPS OF
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Collection of data
Criticism of data collected
Presentation of facts
5. USES OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
1. It is useful in searching through the past for solutions to contemporary problems
and needs.
2. It is used to throw light on the present.
3. It gives people a sense of continuity of the past to the present.
4. It enables the communities to grasp their relationship with the past to the current
issues.
5. Presentation of the facts in readable form involving problems of
organization, composition, exposition and interpretation.
6. SOURCES OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
Primary Sources
• Documents – These include school directives, court decisions,
executive and other official records, personal materials.
Newspapers and periodicals.
• Remains – These include physical plant, equipment, apparatus,
teaching aids and devices, pictures of buildings and furnishing,
forms of diplomas and certificates, textbooks and reference books.
Secondary Sources – These are histories of education,
bibliographies, encyclopedia and many others.
8. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Is a method which involves observing and
describing the behavior of a subject without
influencing it in any way.
9. IMPORTANCE OF
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Studies can yield rich data.
Approach collects a large amount of data for
detailed analysis.
If limitations are understood, they can be a useful
tool in developing more focused study.
10. CHARACTERISTICS OF
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Information is collected without changing the
environment studies.
Helps researchers plan and carry out descriptive
studies.
Often involves extensive observation and note-taking.
Can serve as a first step that identifies important
factors.
13. TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
1. DESCRIPTIVE-SURVEY – suitable wherever the subjects vary among
themselves.
2. DESCRIPTIVE-NORMATIVE SURVEY – compare local test result with a
state or national norm.
3.
DESCRIPTIVE-STATUS – seeks to answer questions to real facts relating
to existing conditions.
4. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS – determines or describes the nature of an
object by separating in into its parts.
14. 5. DESCRIPTIVE-CLASSIFICATION - employed in natural
sciences subjects
6. DESCRIPTIVE-EVALUATIVE – this design is to appraise
carefully the worthiness of the current study.
7. DESCRIPTIVE – COMPARATIVE – this is the design where
the reasearchers considers two variables and establishes a formal
procedure to compare and conclude that one is better than the other.
8. CORRELATIONAL SURVEY – this is designed to determine
the relationship of two variables (X & Y)
9. LONGITUDINAL SURVEY – this involves much time allotted
for investigation of the same subjects of two or more points in time.
16. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
is the problem-solving approach that the
study is described in the future on what will
be when the variables are carefully controlled
or manipulated.
17. CONCEPTS OF
CAUSATION
ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP – according to this concept
for every particular cause there is a corresponding particular effect.
TWO-VARIABLE RELATIONSHIP – this involves two
variables causing an effect upon one variable.
COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP – this is a case where two or
more variables causing a single effect.
18. MAJOR TYPES OF
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
are so named because they follow basic experimental steps but
fail to include a control in group.
Are lacking several areas of the true-experimental criteria.
ADVANTAGE :
Very practical
Set the stage for further research
19. 2. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Fair better than the pre-experimental studies in that
they emply a means to compare groups.
Usually consructions that already exist in the real
world.
ADVANTAGE:
Greater external validity
Much more feasible given time and logistical
constraints
20. 3. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Makes up for the shortcomings of the two design previously
discussed.
They employ both a control group and a means to measure the
change that occurs in both groups.
MUST EMPLOY:
• Random selection of subjects
• Use of control groups
• Random assignments to control and experimental groups
• Random assignments of groups to control and experimental
conditions
ADVANTAGES
Greater internal validity
Casual claims can be investigated
22. SOME TYPES OF
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
SINGLE-GROUP DESIGN – this design involves a single instrument
with two or more levels.
TWO-GROUP DESIGN – two comparable groups are employed as
experimental and control groups or two comparable groups are both
experimental groups.
TWO-PAIR GROUP DESIGN – an elaboration of two-group design
wherein there are two control groups and two experimental groups.
23. PARELLEL-GROUP DESIGN – two or more groups are
used at the same time with only a single variable manipulated or
changed.
COUNTERBALANCED (LATIN SQUARE DESIGN) –
involves an exchanged of two or more instruments taken by the
subjects during the experiment.
COMPLETE RANDOMIZED DESIGN – this design in
which a group of test plants or animals is studied only once but
subsequent treatment is applied to determine the cause of
change.
RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN – this
experimental design uses a group of test plants and animals as
subjects of the study.
25. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN - this experimental design
is used to determine the relationship of two dependent
variables.
PRE-TEST-POST-TEST DESIGN – this design involves
the experimental group and the control group which are
carefully selected through randomization procedure.
CASE STUDY DESIGN – is a problem-solving technique
wherein the study is described from the past, present ang
the future.
26. CASE STUDY – may be defines as an extensive and
intensive investigation of a unit represented.
CASE WORK – refers especially to the developmental,
adjustment, remedial, or corrective procedures that
appropriately follow diagnosis of the causes of
maladjustment or of favorable development.
CONTENT ANALYSIS (TEXTUAL ANALYSIS) –
methodology in the social sciences for studying the content
of communication.
