A presentation on Diabetes

1. DIABETES
Made and presented by:
Rishit Sonchhatra
Shivangi Lunagariya
B P.harm Ayu. 2nd year
Indian Institute Of Ayurvedic
Pharmaceutical Sciences
( Gujarat Ayurved University)
Jamnagar

2. Introduction
 Diabetes is also known as Diabetes Mellitus.
 It is a chronic , life long condition which affects
one s body s ability to use the energy found in food.
 All types of diabetes have some thing in common.
 In case of diabetes mellitus ; either one s body
doesn't make enough insulin , It cant use the
insulin it does produce or a combination of both.
 In diabetes , glucose level increases in the blood.

3.  High level of blood glucose can damage the tiny
blood vessels of kidneys , heart , eyes or nervous
system.
 Thus , diabetes is left untreated more often then
not.
 Diabetes can eventually cause heart disease , stroke ,
kidney disease , blindness and nerve damage.
 Diabetes can be caused due to heredity as well.

4. Types of Diabetes
1. Type 1
2. Type 2
3. Gestational

5. Facts about Type 1 and
Type 2 diabetes

6. Type 1 Diabetes
 It is also called as Insulin- Dependent diabetes.
 It is often termed as Juvenile Diabetes as it begins
during childhood.
 It is an auto-immune condition.
 Here , the body attacks it s own pancreas with
antibodies.
 In patients suffering from type 1 diabetes , the
damaged pancreas do not make insulin.
 Type 1 diabetes can be caused by genetic changes.

7.  Type 1 diabetes can be a result of faulty Bata cells in
the pancreas which are not able to produce insulin.
 A number of risks are associated with type 1 diabetes.
 Many of them stem from damage to the tiny blood
vessels in eyes , nerves & kidneys.
 Even more serious is the risk of heart disease & stroke.

9. Symptoms
 Unplanned weight loss
If the body is not able to get energy from food, then it starts
burning muscles & fats for gaining energy.
Due to this, weight loss may occur.
 Nausea & Vomiting
When the body gets adapted to burning fat , it makes
ketones.
This leads to increase in ketone concentration in the blood.
This condition is called as Diabetic Ketoacidosis .
This condition is very fetal.
Ketones can cause damage to the stomach.

11. Type 2 Diabetes
 By far, the most common form of diabetes is type 2
diabetes.
 It accounts for more than 95% of diabetes cases in
adults.
 About 26 million ( 2.6 Crore ) adults of America have
been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
 It is also called as Adult-Onset diabetes.
 More teenagers are suffering from type 2 diabetes
because of over weight & obesity.
 It was also called Non-Insulin Dependent diabetes.

12.  In general , type 2 diabetes is less severe than type 1 diabetes.
 But still , it can cause major health problems particularly in the
small vessels of the body which nourish kidneys , nerves & eyes.
 It also increases the risk of heart diseases & stroke.
 Here, the pancreas produce a very little amount of insulin.
 But either the amount of insulin produced is not enough for the
body s needs or the body is resistant to it.
 Insulin resistance, lack of sensitivity to insulin happens primarily
in fat, liver & muscle cells.

13.  People who are obese (more than 20% over their ideal
body weight for their height) are more vulnerable to
this disease & it s complications.
 Obese people have insulin resistance.
 Here the pancreas work more harder than they
actually should.
 But still there is not enough insulin in the body which
leads to sugar imbalance.

15. Symptoms
 The symptoms are observed only when the glucose levels
remain high for a long period of time.
 Yeast infection
Both men & women can get affected by yeast infection.
Yeast feeds on glucose , so having plenty around makes it
thrive.
Infection can grow in any warm , moist folds of skin
including :
o Between fingers & toes
o Under breasts
o In or around sex organs

16.  Slow healing sores or cuts
➢High blood sugar levels can affect blood flow & can also
lead to nerve damage.
➢Thus, the body finds it difficult to heal wounds.
➢Pain or numbness in feet or legs may occur as well.
➢Pain or numbness in feet or legs may occur as a result of
nerve damage.

18. Difference between type 1 & type
2 Diabetes
 Type 1
 Symptoms are seen during
childhood or early adulthood.
 Low blood sugar levels (
Hypoglycemia ) are commonly
seen.
 It can not be prevented.
 Type 2
Symptoms are seen during
adulthood in general.
Low blood sugar levels are
not seen unless person is
taking insulin or other
medicines.
It can be prevented or
delayed by living a healthy
lifestyle, sensible eating ,
maintaining body weight &
by doing regular exercise.

19.  Type 1
➢It is not associated with
body weight .
➢It is often associated with
higher ketone levels.
➢It is also known as “Insulin-
Dependent” diabetes.
➢Here, more emphasis is
laid on insulin intake.
 Type 2
➢It is associated with body
weight.
➢It is often associated with
high blood pressure &/ or
high cholesterol levels.
➢It is also known as “Insulin-
Independent” diabetes.
➢Here, more emphasis is
laid on food intake.

21. Gestational Diabetes
 This type of diabetes is triggered by pregnancy.
 It is often diagnosed in middle or late pregnancy.
 As high blood sugar in mother is circulated through the
placenta to the baby, gestational diabetes must be
controlled to protect baby s growth & development.
 According to National Institutes Of Health, the reported
rate of gestational diabetes is between 2 – 10 % of
pregnancies.
 Having gestational diabetes puts mothers at a risk of
developing type 2 diabetes in later part of life.

22.  About 10% women suffering from gestational diabetes
develop type 2 diabetes.
 It can occur anywhere from a few weeks after delivery to
months or years later.
 In gestational diabetes , risks of unborn baby are much
more than those associated with the mother.
 Risks of baby include breathing problems during birth ,
obesity & risk of diabetes later in life.
 Risks in mother include damage of heart , kidney ,
nerves & eye.

24. Symptoms
 Hunger & Fatigue
If the body doesnt make enough or no insulin , or if the
body cells are resistant to the insulin the body makes , the
glucose cant get into them.
Thus , the body runs out of energy.
Due to this , a person feels more hungry & tired than usual.
 Blurred vision
Changing fluid levels in the body can make the lenses of
eyes swell up.
Thus , the shape gets changed & ability to focus decreases
which leads to blurred vision.

25.  Excessive urge to pass urine & Excessive thirst
➢An average person passes urine for about 4 – 7 times a
day, whereas diabetic patients pass more amount of
urine in a day.
➢Normally, the glucose is reabsorbed by the body when it
passes through the kidneys.
➢As diabetic patient have high blood sugar level, the
kidneys may not be able to reabsorb it completely.
➢Due to this, the body makes the more urine & takes more
fluids.

26.  Dry mouth & itchy skin
➢As the body uses more fluids to make urine, there is less
moisture for other things.
➢Due to this, mouth may fill dry & the skin may get itchy.

28. Outcomes of Diabetes
 Short term complications
Hypoglycemia
• In this conditions, the blood sugar level is low.
• The blood sugar level drops if one is taking insulin or
sulfonylurea drug (those drugs which make your body
produce insulin through the day).
• Blood sugar level may also drop if one eats less &
remains more active.
• Alcohol intake may also lead to hypoglycemia as it
keeps the liver from releasing glucose.

29.  Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome
➢This condition is very rare.
➢Here, the blood glucose level goes way to high.
➢If proper treatment is not given, the person may die as well.
➢Elderly people are most likely to become a victim of this
disease.
➢When the blood glucose level starts to climb; the body tries
to get rid of excess amount of glucose through frequent
urination.
➢Due to this, dehydration occurs & one feels very thirsty.
➢If the blood glucose continues to climb, the person may go
into comma as well.

30.  Long term complications
➢Microvascular complications
❖ Eyes :-
▪ If the blood glucose levels remain out of range for a long
period of time, it can lead to cataracts and/ or
Diabetic retinopathy in eyes.
▪ Both this disorders can lead to loss of vision.
❖ Kidneys :-
▪ Diabetic nephropathy can occur if diabetes is left
untreated.
▪ This lead to impaired kidney functioning which may lead
to kidney failure.

31. ❖Nerves :-
▪ Nerves damage caused by diabetes is also known as
Diabetic Neuropathy ” .
▪ The tiny blood vessels feed over nerves. So, if the blood
vessels are damaged, the nerves will get damaged as well.
▪ Type 2 diabetes can also lead to plaque which can lead to
heart attack, stroke or vessel blockage in legs.

33. Preventive measures for
Diabetes
 Eat healthy :-
Whatever we eat , affects our blood sugar.
 One should eat plenty of vegetables, fruits & whole grains
to keep diabetes at bay.
One should limit the intake of sugar & fats.
One should keep a close eye on the carbohydrate intake as
carbohydrates are converted in to sugar by the body.
 Get checkups :-
One should visit a doctor at least twice a year for checkups
of foot ulcers , nerve damage , etc .

34.  Exercise :-
➢One must do activities like walking , running , etc
in order to make body produce more sweat & to
increase breathing.
➢An active lifestyle lowers the risk of heart diseases
& also helps in lowering the blood sugar level.
➢Active lifestyle also helps in getting rid of stress.

35.  Manage stress :-
➢When one is stressed , the sugar level rises.
➢If one is anxious , then he may not be able to tackle
diabetes.
➢One should do what he likes or should do Yoga , Deep
breathing , etc. to get relief from stress.

36.  Quit smoking :-
➢Smoking makes it harder for a person to exercise.
➢Chances of getting affected by heart disorders ,
kidney disorders , etc increase if a person dose not quit
smoking.

39. Conclusion
There is no cure for diabetes.
However , it can be controlled by taking proper care
of the body.