1. YESHWANTRAO CHAVAN COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to RTM Nagpur University NAAC Accredited with A++
Grade Hingna road , Wanadongri, Nagpur -441110
NAME SERIAL NUMBER DEPARTMENT
ABHILASHA WALKE 30 ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
AYUSH HADGE 31 ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
KHUSHAL GAJBHE 32 ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
SHANTANU BHADKE 08 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
AMARDEEP BHALERAO 04 MECHANICAL
TOPIC:NANOTECHNOLOGY
SUBJECT:ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATION
GUIDED BY :Dr. VIKRANT GANVIR SIR
GROUP F
3. NANOTECHNOLOGY /NANOSCIENCE
• Nanotechnology is the cluster of techniques
involved in design, synthesis, characterization
and application of structures, materials,
devices and systems by manipulating shape
and size at nanometer scale.
• It is the branch of technology that deals
with making structures that are less than
100 nanometres long.
• Nanoscience refers to the handling of
materials, systems and devices at atomic,
molecular and macromolecular level.
• Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the
term nanotechnology in 1974.
• Nanometer is one billionth of a meter.
4. APPROACHES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY:
TOP-DOWN APPROACH:
• Top-down approach involves the breaking down of the
bulk material into nanosized structures or particles.
• Top-down synthesis techniques are extension of those
that have been used for producing micron sized particles.
• Top-down approaches are inherently simpler and depend
either on removal or division of bulk material or on
miniaturization of bulk fabrication processes to produce
the desired structure with appropriate properties.
• Examples :high-energy wet ball milling, electron beam
lithography, atomic force manipulation, gas-phase
condensation, aerosol spray, etc.
5. BOTTOM-UP APPROACH:
• Bottom-up approach refers to the build up of a
material from the bottom: atom-by-atom, molecule-
by-molecule, or cluster-by cluster.
• This approach has the potential of creating less
waste and hence the more economical i.e the
‘bottom- up’.
• Many of these techniques are still under
development or are just beginning to be used for
commercial production of nanopowders.
• Oraganometallic chemical route, revere-micelle
route, sol-gel synthesis, colloidal precipitation,
hydrothermal synthesis, template assisted sol-gel,
electrodeposition etc, are some of the well- known
bottom–up techniques.
6. CARBON NANOTUBES:
• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical molecules that consist of rolled-up sheets of single-layer
carbon atoms (graphene).
• They can be single-walled (SWCNT) with a diameter of less than 1 nanometer (nm) or double
walled, multi-walled (MWCNT), consisting of several concentrically interlinked nanotubes, with
diameters reaching more than 100 nm. Their length can reach several micrometers or even
millimeters.
• Carbon Nanotubes Properties
• CNTs have high thermal conductivity
• CNTs have high electrical conductivity
• CNTs aspect ratio
• CNTs are very elastic ~18% elongation to failure
• CNTs have very high tensile strength
• CNTs are highly flexible — can be bent considerably without damage
• CNTs have a low thermal expansion coefficient
• CNTs are good electron field emitters
TYPES OF NANOMATERIALS:
7. GRAPHENE:
• Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of
atoms arranged in a two dimensional lattice honeycomb
structure.
• The name is derived from "graphite", reflecting the fact that
the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double
bonds.
• Each atom in a graphene sheet is connected to its three nearest
neighbors by a strong σ-bond, and contributes to a valence band
one electron that extends over the whole sheet.
• This is the same type of bonding seen in carbon nanotubes
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and (partially)
in fullerenes and glassy carbon
8. • The valence band is touched by a conduction band, making graphene a semi
metal.
• Charge carriers in graphene show linear, rather than quadratic, dependence
of energy on momentum, and field-effect transistors with graphene can be
made that show bipolar conduction.
• Charge transport is ballistic over long distance, the material exhibits
large quantum oscillations and large and nonlinear diamagnetism. Graphene
conducts heat and electricity very efficiently along its plane.
• The material strongly absorbs light of all visible wavelengths, which accounts
for the black color of graphite; yet a single graphene sheet is nearly
transparent because of its extreme thinness. The material is about 100 times
as strong as would be the strongest steel of the same thickness.
9. FULLERENES:
• The fullerenes are constituted by a network formed by 12
pentagons and 20 hexagons, closing the sphere.
• Each carbon of a fullerene is sp hybridized in the form of a
sigma bond (simple bond) with three other carbon atoms,
subtracting one electron from each carbon.
• The most important property of Fullerenes is its high
symmetry. In this one, there are 120 symmetry operations,
such as axis rotations or reflections in the plane. This makes
the C60 molecule the most symmetrical molecule since it
has the largest number of symmetry operations. For the C60
molecule, there are three types of rotation axes C2, C3 and
C5.
• The applications of fullerenes range from molecular
molecular electronics, as rectifiers, to biomedicine.
biomedicine.
• Fullerenes are used as photosensitizers in the treatment of
the treatment of tumors via photodynamic therapy.
11. Nanotechnology as Nanosensors:
• Nanobiosensors are developed to detect microbes in processing of
food material, plants and for the quantification of food ingredients,
alarming customers and suppliers over the food safety status.
• It acts as an indicator which that reacts to environmental changes in
microbial contamination, storage rooms and in products degradation .
• . Optical immunosensors have extremely complex detection systems.
In these immunosensors, thin nano-films or sensor chips are loaded
with specific antibodies, antigens, or protein molecules.
• These chips produce signals on detection of target molecules.
• e.g. E. coli.
12. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD SCIENCE:
• Nanotechnology increasing the shelf-life of
different kinds of food materials and also helps in
bringing down the extent of wastage of food due
to microbial infestation.
• The nanostructured food ingredients are being
developed in such a way it offer improved taste,
texture, and consistency.
• Nowadays, nanocarriers are being utilized as
delivery systems to carry food additives in food
products without disturbing their basic
morphology.
• Nanotechnology is being applied in the formation
of encapsulation, emulsions, biopolymer
matrices,etc. offers efficient delivery systems.
13. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL
REMEDIATION:
1.Nanotechnology is being used to detect and treat impurities in water.
2.A thin film membrane with nanopores has been developed by engineers for
energy efficient desalination
3.Nanoparticles are also being used to clean industrial water pollutants which
get accumulated in ground water.
4.A nano fabric towel has been developed by researchers that has the ability to
absorb 20 times its weight in oil for clean up applications.
14. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN IMPROVING AIR
QUALITY:
• Nanomaterials are being employed extensively to address
deteriorating air quality, which has become a global issue.
• Membranes coated with nanomaterials such as Graphene Oxide
are used to separate contaminants from the air on the one hand.
• Research is being done to increase the efficiency of catalysts that
can assist reduce the impact of air pollution from industrial facilities,
automobiles, air conditioners, and other sources.
• These catalysts, made up of nanoparticles, have a huge surface
area on which the chemicals can react.
15. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUG DELIVERY:
• Nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed and
involves employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light
or other substances to specific types of cells (such as cancer
cells).
• Particles are engineered in order to get attracted to diseased
cells, which allows direct treatment of those cells.
• This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the body
and allows for earlier detection of disease.
• For example : Method to deliver cardiac stem cells to damaged
heart tissue,nanovesicles are attracted to an injury to the
stem cells to increase the amount of stem cells delivered to an
injured tissue.
16. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VETERINARY
MEDICINE:
• Nanomedicine is an intriguing discipline in nanotechnology that
is showing progress in both diagnostics and therapeutics.
• Metallic and nanostructured particles are useful diagnostic tools
in biomedical research that can be used to visualize the status
of a cell or drug distribution in the body.
• Magnetic nanoform metals, i.e. iron oxide, can be taken up by
cells and imaged in vivo at high concentrations using magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) .
• Nanostructured particles can be made to fluoresce through
light activation or two-photon excitation .
17. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FABRICS:
• Nanotechnology has recently brought immense
improvement in the textile industry. The unique properties
of nanomaterials are applied in an efficient manner by
textile engineers and scientists, and it has gained
enormous attention in the commercial market for their
huge economic benefits.
• Nanomaterials in textiles have proved to be immensely
valuable for the manufacturing of protective garments for
workers involved in emergency services such as military
personnel, firefighters and medical workers.
• Synthesized nanoparticles are incorporated into the fibers
or textiles.
• Nanoparticles are also applied as a coating on the surface
of the finished product. There are also different coating
techniques such as sol-gel, plasma polymerization and
layer-by-layer that are used in the application of
nanoparticles onto textile fibers.
• These techniques can enhance durability and are also
capable of making the fabric resistant to extreme weather
conditions. The composition of nanocoating materials,
such as surfactants and carrier medium, can alter the
surface texture of fabrics.
• Nanofibers can also enhance the tensile strength of
composite fibers.
18. Advantages:
• The advantages of Nanotechnology are as follows:
• Durable
• Lightweight
• Stronger
• Cheaper
• Precise
• More efficient
• Devices are very small in size
• Faster
• Uses smaller batteries
