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Lecture
Chemical Control and
Coordination
1
Dr. Sachin Kapur
M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
20+ years Teaching experience

10.
AMITABH BACHCHAN
● Rejected by All India Radio.
● Rejected in his first audition for
being too tall and not good-looking
enough to be a star.
● Delivered 12 consecutive failures
before getting a hit film.
FAMOUS FAILURES

11.
Chemical Control and Coordination
Characteristic Nervous System Endocrine System
Mediator Molecules Neurotransmitters released locally in
response to nerve impulses
Hormones delivered to tissues
throughout the body by the
blood.
Site of mediator action Close to site of release, at a synapse;
binds to receptors in postsynaptic
membrane.
Far from site of release
(usually); binds to receptors on
or in target cells.
Types of target cells Muscle (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal)
cells, gland cells, other neurons.
Cells throughout the body.
Time to onset of action Typically within milliseconds
(thousandths of a second).
Seconds to hours or days.
Duration of action Generally briefer (milliseconds). Generally longer (seconds to
days).

12.
➢ Any cell or tissue which is secretory in nature.
Gland
Chemical Control and Coordination
Glands
Endocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands

13.
➢ These secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into
○ Body cavities.
○ Lumen of an organ.
○ To the outer surface of the body.
➢ Exocrine glands include sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, and
digestive glands.
Exocrine Glands
Chemical Control and Coordination

14.
➢ These secrete their products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding
the secretory cells.
➢ From the interstitial fluid, hormones diffuse into blood capillaries and blood
carries them to target cells throughout the body.
➢ Most hormones are required in very small amounts, so circulating levels typically
are low.
Endocrine Glands
Chemical Control and Coordination

15.
➢ The endocrine glands include the
○ Pituitary
○ Thyroid
○ Parathyroid
○ Adrenal
○ Pineal glands.
Endocrine Glands
Chemical Control and Coordination

16.
Chemical Control and Coordination

17.
➢ Several organs and tissues are not exclusively classified as endocrine glands
but contain cells that secrete hormones.
➢ These include the
○ Hypothalamus
○ Thymus
○ Ovaries, testes
○ Kidneys, stomach and pancreas
○ Liver and small intestine,
○ Skin, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta.
Endocrine Glands
Chemical Control and Coordination

18.
➢ It is the study of structure, function of endocrine glands and diagnosis as well
as treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.
Endocrinology
Chemical Control and Coordination

19.
➢ Hormones travel throughout body in blood, but affect only specific target cells.
➢ Only the target cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind and recognize
that hormone.
➢ Receptors are constantly being synthesized and broken down.
➢ Generally, a target cell has 2000 to 100,000 receptors for a particular hormone.
Hormone Activity
Chemical Control and Coordination

20.
➢ If a hormone is present in excess, the number of target-cell receptors may
decrease—an effect called down-regulation.
➢ For example, when certain cells of the testes are exposed to a high
concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH), the number of LH receptors
decreases.
Down-regulation
Chemical Control and Coordination

21.
➢ When a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase.
➢ This phenomenon, known as upregulation, makes a target cell more sensitive to
a hormone.
Upregulation
Chemical Control and Coordination

22.
➢ These act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secretes them
without first entering the bloodstream.
Chemical Control and Coordination
Local Hormones
Local Hormones
Paracrine Autocrine

23.
➢ Local hormones that act on neighboring cells are called paracrines.
➢ Local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them are called
autocrines.
➢ One example of a local hormone is interleukin 2 (IL-2), which is released by
helper T cells during immune responses .
Chemical Control and Coordination
Local Hormones

24.
➢ Another example of a local hormone is the gas nitric oxide (NO), which is
released by endothelial cells lining blood vessels.
➢ NO causes relaxation of nearby smooth muscle fibers in blood vessels, which in
turn causes vasodilation.
➢ The drug Viagra (sildenafil) enhances the effects stimulated by nitric oxide in
the penis.
Chemical Control and Coordination
Local Hormones

25.
Chemical Control and Coordination

26.
➢ Local hormones are usually inactivated quickly.
➢ Circulating hormones may linger in the blood and exert their effects for a few
minutes or occasionally for a few hours.
➢ Circulating hormones are inactivated by liver and excreted by kidneys.
Chemical Control and Coordination
Hormone Activity

27.
Chemical Classes of Hormones
Chemical Control and Coordination
Lipid Soluble Hormones
Water Soluble Hormones

28.
➢ These include
○ Steroid hormones.
○ Thyroid hormones.
○ Nitric oxide.
Lipid-soluble Hormones
Chemical Control and Coordination

29.
➢ Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
➢ Each steroid hormone is unique due to the presence of different chemical groups
attached at various sites on the four rings at the core of its structure.
Steroid Hormones
Chemical Control and Coordination

30.
➢ Two thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are synthesized by attaching iodine to the
amino acid tyrosine.
➢ The gas nitric oxide (NO) is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.
➢ Its synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase.
Lipid-soluble Hormones
Chemical Control and Coordination

31.
➢ The water-soluble hormones include
○ Amine hormones
○ Peptide and protein hormones
○ Eicosanoid hormones.
Water-soluble Hormone
Chemical Control and Coordination

32.
➢ Amine hormones are synthesized by decarboxylating and otherwise modifying
certain amino acids.
➢ They are called amines because they retain an amino group.
➢ The catecholamines—epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine—are
synthesized by modifying the amino acid tyrosine.
Amine hormones
Chemical Control and Coordination

33.
➢ Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine by mast cells and
platelets.
➢ Serotonin and melatonin are derived from tryptophan.
Chemical Control and Coordination
Amine hormones

34.
➢ These are amino acid polymers.
➢ Smaller peptide hormones consist of chains of 3 to 49 amino acids.
➢ Larger protein hormones include 50 to 200 amino acids.
➢ Examples of peptide hormones are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin; protein
hormones include human growth hormone and insulin.
Chemical Control and Coordination
Peptide and Protein Hormones

35.
➢ These are derived from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon fatty acid.
➢ The two major types of eicosanoids are prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
➢ The eicosanoids are important local hormones, and they may act as circulating
hormones as well.
Eicosanoid Hormones
Chemical Control and Coordination

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