4. Social Groups and Organization
• “No man is an island” goes the saying. Man can not thrive without
the presence of other men.
• This lesson deals with how man needs other members of society to
survive and to enjoy life. The issue here is how to organize ourselves
to for alliance into groups and organizations.
• People are usually classified based on the group he or she is an
aggregate of. This group may be something
56. • 1. Element of effective group functioning
• 2. Leadership
• 3. Deviance
• 4. 5 types of deviance of Robert K. Merton
• Types of Crimes
• 5. Kinship, Marriage and the Households
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66. • Deviance refers to rule-breaking behavior of some kind which fails
to conform to the norms and expectations of a particular society or
social group.
• Deviance is closely related to the concept of crime, which is law
breaking behavior. Criminal behavior is usually deviant, but not all
deviant behavior is criminal.
67. Deviance
• The concept of deviance is more difficult to define than crime. Deviance
includes both criminal and non-criminal acts, but it is quite difficult to pin
down what members of any society or groups actually regard as deviant
behavior.
• Downes and Rock (2007) suggest that ambiguity is a key feature of rule-
breaking, as people are frequently unsure whether a particular episode is
truly deviant or what deviance is.
• Their judgement will depend on the context in which it occurs, who the
person is, what they know about them and what their motives might be.
68. Robert K. Merton’s Strain theory
Strain theory is a sociology and
criminology theory developed
in 1938 by Robert K. Merton.
The theory states that society
puts pressure on individuals to
achieve socially accepted goals
(such as the American dream),
though they lack the means.
69. 1. Conformity: pursing cultural goals through socially approved
means. (people / friends)
2. Innovation: using socially unapproved or unconventional
means to obtain culturally approved goals. Example: dealing
drugs or stealing to achieve financial security.
3. Ritualism: using the same socially approved means to
achieve less elusive goals (more modest and humble).
4. Retreatism: to reject both the cultural goals and the means
to obtain it, then find a way to escape it.
5. Rebellion: to reject the cultural goals and means, then work
to create new society.
70. Kinds of Crimes
Crime is a behavior that violates official law and is punishable
through formal sanction Crime is classified into the following:
• 1. White collar crime which is committed by people occupying high
position. This crime does not involve violence and the person who
committed the crime ends up in hearings, not labeled as criminal. He
also has a 50/50 chance of going to jail and would only be asked to
pay fines.
71. Kinds of Crimes
2. Victimless Crime is a crime committed by the person
towards himself. Examples of this are prostitution,
gambling, drug addiction, etc.
72. Kinds of Crimes
3. Corporate crime is committed by a company or
corporation or people acting on its behalf. Example of
this crime is violating environmental laws. The focus is
on the corporation not the individual.
73. Kinds of Crimes
4. Street crime is an offense committed by ordinary people
against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces
5. Status crime is illegal because of age like you who are still
young, when you engage in drinking liquor or wine
75. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
• Sociologists recognize the significance of families in
providing their members with valuable resources, both
economic and noneconomic, which are all necessary
for their development.
• It is also involved in creating and shaping self and
collective identities, and in the rearing and socialization
of children.
• Moreover, family relationships and processes affect
individual well-being in profound ways.
76. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
There are several kinds of families:
nuclear, extended, Reconstituted and Single family.
• Nuclear families are families that consist of parents and children.
• Extended families, on the other hand, are composed of the
nuclear family plus other relatives such as grandparents, aunts,
uncles, and cousins. And then the;
• Reconstituted families refer to families composed of spouses and
their children from a previous marriage.
• Single Parent family consist of one parent raising one or more
children on his/her own, may includes single Mother/Father with
their children.
77. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
•Man is does not live alone in society. He is surrounded by a
number of people, some which are his relatives, while others
are mere strangers to him. He is inevitably bound to all the
people who are related to him by blood or marriage.
•Aside from being a relevant part of the human society, the
family is the basis of kinship.
•Kinship is a system of social organization which is based on
real or recognized family ties. It is a universal human
phenomenon that takes various cultural forms.
78. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
Kinship is of three types:
• Consanguineous Kinship that is also known as kinship
by blood or descent,
• Affinal Kinship which is also known as kinship by
marriage;
• and the Kinship by Ritual.
79. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
Consanguineous Kinship refers one’s relationship with
other people through blood. An example of this would
be the bond between parents and their children.
Another example would be the bond between siblings.
Thus, son, brother, sister, uncle, nephew, and cousin are
consanguineous kin, as they are all related by blood.
80. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
Kinship ties based on descent can be matrilineal,
partrilineal, or bilineal.
• Matrilineal kinship is descent based on the female
line.
• Patrilineal kinship, on the other hand, is based on the
male line.
• Bilineal kinship is a descent system that consists of
both male and female lines.
81. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
Affinal kinship, on the other hand, refers to the bond
that is formed through marriage.
When a person marries, a man establishes a relationship
not just with the woman he marries but also with a
number of people in the woman’s family. This is what
we would refer to as kinship by marriage.
82. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
After marriage, the man will not just be a husband to his
wife; he will also be a son-in-law to the wife’s parents, a
brother-in-law to her siblings, and so on. The same goes
with the wife with the husband’s family.
Simply put, marriage creates various relationships which
are called affinal kin.
83. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
Marriages can be monogamous or polygamous. Monogamy
means that a person is married to one person only. Polygamy,
on the other hand, means that a person has more than one
spouse at a time. This is common among Islamic societies.
Polygamy is divided into two types.
•The type of polygamy among Muslims is called polygyny, or
a husband can take many wives.
•Another type of polygamy is polyandry, where a wide can
have many husbands. This was a common practice in Ancient
India.
84. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
Aside from Consanguineous and Affinal kinship, there is
also the kinship by ritual, which refers to privileged
social relationship established by a ritual.
An example of kinship by ritual is compadrazgo, or a
person’s relationship with their godparents. Another
example of ritual kinship would be the relationship
among members of fraternal orders.
85. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
Residency Patterns
In the evolution of mankind and civilizations, people
have used several types of residency to live in a society.
Patterns of residency include, Patrilocal, Matrilocal,
Ambilocal and Neolocal ones.
86.
87. Kinship, Marriage, and the household
Descent is the system of acknowledged social parentage,
which varies from society to society. This system limits one’s
claim of kinship ties with another. If there is no limitation on
the recognition of kinship, everybody would be kin to
everyone else; but in most societies some limitation is
imposed on the perception of common ancestry.
This system is practically used as a means for people to assert
rights, duties, privileges, or status in relation to another
person, who may be related to them either because one is
ancestor to the other or because the two acknowledge a
common ancestor. Succession, inheritance, or residence are
often influenced by the system of descent.
88. Please check your Asynchronous activity on Friday!
It will be your last activity for this 1st Quarter!!
