1. J" f#d Prclr!" Pqyc,trcl,Vsi. ?5, i'{o. t, pp' 315*3t8, tS84,
Prinrce!in Grrat Eritaiit.
0*?1"S650/84$3.00+ 0'OCI
FenKamenPr*ssL.td.
g !984A:rsaeie.rionfcrelhildFsyeholog!andFsychiatry"
ASKi f"Til. * I*lT*Y # IqE QFE STII'*
"I'T
"[lTT:F{E'il ff iT$HF"q'Ilq:t I# I--],
EKrER"l:ix/i-H[q'T
junlr* Sp"tvlunleffidFHTK:RHRYA.l{"r
s *partie*nt of F-xperi:uentaJFsyclactrogy,*xfo rcl
[I{:L"R*NU*TT#I{
]-r rs oft*m clalm*cl tteai youns el:ilelr*n d* n*t u^i:derstand tlae g:rlr:ci"pie*f ti:e
i..nva:riane*of quanti.ty. -This c*ne-4.usicn"is hased *m 'fleeresutrt,$*f "f,h*v+e11-tensx'"-rn
c63ffi$effirari*me:cperi.m:.entsby Fraget a-nd.Suemtnstr<a{1$5?} w"hrehappasen-Lty.sho'w
{-}:.atchiletrrenb*i*"r,,-? c;: S ,l* *:ftemin'r*ng.L;r'i:ttr;ata pflrcf;I}tuai ch.eng*as & real"ffir"}"*.
$in:ptrylengrhenfo:g a rorq,mfcolri:.ierssr $qria*s3dnghalls *f pJ"asticfo::e,$fl*I13.$to eh.ange
lhe r:hilcl'sir:ctg*ttter:tsabout fheir n'trrnber*.u:fiia*irrtmiu:*:e,L . t r . v u * 6 4 & L " * , " 9 *
'*ne eannof-he *ertain cf thi's e*srei"usi.on,h*ur,u*"t/er,F-sil*naids*m {1$?S, i$ffi?}
h.aspuinted mu-t,iftr cx3.:en.im*r:.tet"mrigi:t rrm"-r,v:ttfu:gi"y.forenc]:i-ldrentu Ffct''Lile-"vr#a^ffi
i effi$wersagainst'eb-elrhbme'rSudgerncnt"#:re q:"f'elae"s?xcstpovre.t'f#.er--r:.piri"cCderycn-
i
stratim*u of "{:lae
;ustfee of I"lssraldson's critrcisrn was prcvi-ci*d l=y lRms*a:r:dl3l"n-nlE"
{1S74}.They ornrfad.r}r* tra&ti*nal mu::nL:*rcol:sflr:rati*r:.c>lper.fu:re*tslightl}ttV_nskmg
fine qrJfistirum.rat.$:.erthan tlve " The 'lisuai pr'*cedure i.sferst tc shuv'rrhe *h.ild "riur*
rclcnticaj roor,rscf *c,-,.srterssiCe-hy^sideand"anictai.m"q*rh.eth.*rt"heya-rethr: *arn"*i:t
lrumher {ilho:annv,r*r,atrrn*str.rr,rnriabiyiu ny*u"1and-'#:e:n.t*}.nngt.h.cn*r sh*rten *n*
*f thc Filw,Ear:"clns3r"ihe $ff.rr.h--"qrr*sli.c:lL*H** ngaii:, F"*ss n:rel-*,La-T*r-'sv*aria.ti*];1w&$
t* drrtp:r*lepe.e-{r:tnsft:rr.irati*s:.q*esti*tr ancl*.urL.fic as}ef}"c e*:jir,lt* c*:i-l.p;rre'l:,* i."ffilr'1r"s
af*er &e trens"fbrEn"ati.*r:.-ai::il?:-*flu,vlr{:'whi,*hh.n"*"a sigtrit*rcran"teff,*ci; c.ftailCr*nwhe:
{ailedlthi*tt'adirtr:ns-{task r:f"t*:;rsu*q::eed.aef'wh"*ri#i:.flq"riesti-*:::.*::iy' rrva,nastrqed"
-,ilh*
result sr-r"ggesisttia.t /sri"ng clrJd.r*n e::knr:.{eill ih"ntraditi*mm-i.task jt'm"r:n ::*;r'S*;rr
r,rh:.r.:his etrujtcqiiff*rent tmih.* q}ir.fl$rjgggesitcd]:y j-]lag*L,Insreau*.,'fiLr.**i:'ilct"{i1}nyt'}:ir:'l*-
LhaLrltr: r.:;pnri.:::.err'{.*;.'asksi}r* r1'*restinntJ:e s*c*r:.d "tim* bccau.sc,he"*,urani:sam*thc.r:
r"{ls?rf;ff'.{f th.is },ss* ,ft.* *flilc{'$ *r::*r rn tF:-*(:*r:.sfl-r1,rati.*r:.tlast*-inn.snr:{:hl*.;gt* dr::
"v,,ritleLhe t::ansfr:r:rrnt;.q:niand. tlh.*r*f*i'r: with. 'ilh"*
;nr:-r.*ipi* *.f i.nu,.ari*n*-r.)brr"i"is
sii::.i:.liua ini.s+iu'lcr-#r*[eli*n*.[.,,rh.a[th* r;:-q:eri;xr*nt*:i'$tan"[st* ]rear.
Thus th,: e:,:-p'::i.ffie::tis en sliti-err1'lfi1;iru:npc:.[arr::,t{Jne-Eu'eit is ats* 3rn:it*d: it riea-{"s
*nly ,ovj.i;h,*"trnoh,:r,anri it inore:1"*res*idy *nf; frgc S:*u1]-fi-y:r-*1.* *hilci:ren.,
'""#*
L:aleJ-ly
r;rcp*i:* i*r:r*,,,arwhethq:r'f*ung{:1-anrj m'i#-crch"il"dxenalrr:#.i:f'ec'i:*:qf:*:.th.e,$ai?"r*'Yra}Ii}}/
hrurg as]{f,{i*rl{: rJLrflsti*nc.*f1,,'*"nd;risr:-'n",ihr,{h.fi::r:th*r ,rr:isiu:tts*f t-i:"c(:#ll.$*i}"'atl*g:.
i i;-u1.;ivlll pl r:r-lu * * lh * $;iirflic.,*ai:l er:.t *f ;:*s'i"ti?-s"
i:{eqr-r*sisf,*rrepr;i}ts N*:Fr:cfess*r.F,}L Iirj;xri, Li':-rrur*rsityci L}xt^*rd,{Jepa;:titcrtii:i-.d;<pei'i;:r*nia,?
!i',rycholi*.y;,{Jxi*rC Ciii,t SLII},"(.i.t{ "
A.r;* piti. nu:.nart;rit';t iec*'zr*eil1.7,'fs.nutt,'rytr$S3
'.::tii;.ti:.ii:ri:ii!,i:,it::t.:t:.i.::il;.!.:ii
{11 fl

2. "tr"
SAiriLiHL/r.iS1fF. BRYANT
" IVTHTFTO}}
, S e l & 3 e e r s
" " d . f f i i l r r-
f51ain p*5thoys an"d girls hcrween 5 anlcl8l'r yrs t*ole part in this'exp*rim:"*nt, Threy were all rm
scirccltrs;unclplaygroup]$ln asrdarou-nettreditcn, Derrcn" Thi*y lqlerediviCed int* 4 agfr sriiups nf,63
*hitretrenwhCse*'e*"Lg*uwereSyrSn-1cnlhs,S),r3:nonths,?yrSmonthsane{&yrSmnnttrs.Each
grsup was diicied intc S sul:paup* whiclt xirfltrec.1*seLyr.natehectr.in aae
llesr;grzundtrsrasrd-ure
,Sil&grsepsnizdmrcd{.g;rsees"-Tke groups vrerfi di',ri.e{eeii-:etc}3 suhgrr*u.psof .?.1.chi.ldi"enuf equrmi}5iesi?&"Sfl'
*td uleh suhgr*up r-,-r:"d.*nvent* d.i"flf*r*ur"rc*nciiti.*ir" Ttre th.ree cnnclitions were (1) standarct: nla*
rraditicnal twc question conservaticn task; {2} cne;u.clgernent: the con$ervation tasrlewith. only crre
qr-lestionaskerluanaj th.ar afteythe transf'ergn-rati*n;*"* q51.,Lxeetai'ray e*ntrcl: whe::ethe clei-le{$a'Yno
.sransforrnati"cnbelng giv*n; all rhat 1va.s$een was Lhepost-ir*:rsfcmnation dlsplay. A judgement.was
req.uireclabr:ut th.at.-fhe Xlrirpeser:f th-isthird eond.itir:nwas tc check that chltrdrenwlt* answered {-L!e
pnut-tn**sftlrmaticnal q.uestionccrreettryii"lthe *ther'to.,v*c*nctiti*n^sdid.n* by hringirlg dlvesl-nfb'rmaticn
'ft'ornthe pre-tranufsr:xnaticndisplay.
fvCste:r;ftJ"Tlrree Sdmdscf :.:nateriC
'were useel in differe:nt tris-ls. Th.ese wfx"*: (li mass, i-u -'o;h"ich
ecuditions L and ? nhe r.laildrenwere stror*rnfi.n'sttrro equa] el:d identica"{SPiaydctrrey'lirtCe:rsq:r tvrqr
similar hut unequatr*rv}indcr shapas,sne longer *ran *re *ther-","iltre cransfCIrrnation11rastc squash one
oflthreseint* a $aLt$aNSecr a Filurake " ^*Lf,'r.ertih!.st"?"rsci:"ildr:env'/ereasked tc eom:pa:"etft.e*yli'sder: a"*dthe
pancake {or the cyl#rui*r **d u*r***ge}" Th,* ecnd.iticn 3 chiteiren alsc made 'il:is coniparlscn wi'&-r:ut
seeing 'd:efirst drsplay *r the tnansfonma-ti"cn;{?} mo;mrb*r,in vshici'lthe e"hildren in *und.i.'ci's}n"si nnd ?
were *i.*r*rn two rn,.orsof *qerallength ewranged.side-hy-side in $ne-t**on€ corre$[ionrlerEee"-l{jh*rows
contairied eiti:er S anri 6 c*'ri:ntersmr # serl"ei5 e*unie::s" "I,.lhe'n*ne rrf,wwes $Fr*acl*u.t *r: bulataheelu"p"
The eondition S aleilds.ensaw only the prst-{:::ansforrna.ti.c:eelispial's; anel.{S} *,,m}"um:*,in 'whi'ch fh*
ehilelrci: in eenditi*r:s I anC 1lw*re fust sh*wil" tr,o,r#iclerttic;L].glass*seither onith the l;asnem"rvvittr c{if't'ererit
ErTlsrJsrtliof tiqriic{. li--i:.enl}r* ilquiC. fr*,n-ron* c*;rL;.a-Lacr.-.rraspar.rreetkto a .{iarrower firrfi or" a s"ha.l[,:pr
wicl.eronc,
7'ris15"Hach ch,iieiwas giv*n fl*ur tri;rls ,,...rith*aeh kiriC r:i materia.l, tr'"rcv,oith-*quad a.ncltvs* vri'rir
tmequ;rl quantities. -Thr *od*r of tFres*trials and the *rdsrl in ,,ry'hichthe three type,s*r1,ima.tei:"!aLw*rc
rntrod.u.cr:dlt'e.resvsteffirtilicail1,.varir:il'h etvu*ei:chilelren .
RN$ULTS
itu,i* f*'*.t:cl n* fiystem&aia Ciffe]:*ft{:fl hetwcer:- *rlt;:n-L a.nd uivl-r.rq"J"alL-11-iff;l'tit}'[l"i'a]n
nftd. i$il 1,'r*i3r){r""$.*citllc r*$ult$ for i.!::*
'to'i'r*
tHFfis {r:flt:mp,i.
Tih.nresil].ls *r;il*pg*r$ieni*fi.in |tah}*n -Land ?l lLll::"*i,dc;:':,*nstl.nte tj:re,::*.l.ia."bili4i*i:l.c{
?:lleger:*ra-li-t'1r*.t i-i-.r:seanr"l -BJ.n"rtk-'ry*Jiper:iirr"r:*r#. r;fir;Lrl"ls,
'l'iJ:r*
*nc{uc1$e13l"{:lrl tari,k-
{"[4"*sr:anrl J*lru:k:'n tas]t] was fiyFlcail"i' fle$i.{:rt!'r"an'iJ":csts-:,:.da"ra{*fii.ts*,rvnti*n t"ar;kail'cl-
t-fu.q:{ixcej.*Brra}.-r{:*irir":*i. lr"lh.isa'fip,na^rst* }:* Sfiffiflral$.]ri,:nn**fl sLtl'L]rrnn*g]es *"fl;:n;rteri"al
anC *f'al.l fr:*,: age 3*r5ris
'TEl:te
.l sh.*r/r's
,r}:.ettlr.i:.,.'*#.rej.ffivrr*:.icc5:t.it:*.i:i-* il:r* 5q*ffic.t:a[
,Faetfl;.ri:l;l;.tcir:r:::lsta'ti"*fi*$FLigg.t{Eithr-s* l}I"*fl}.la-nilflVai:i^fi,tin::ls.
',t,.le
*alrieC 6;;L('f?i,nl}i*ri r:li**rgr,rp...31;1ly'si.suf irgrtn".clfl*in wJ:,icl: i;he :r:ra:hlt*iJr3]s1,'^'.,rfii"*:
a?"gtrSr*:up$ {5, S, ? rin-clfi }r*}r c:*ll.Clti*ns {sta;.ic1.ai'C,e-ln*juc}.gu:t::fl-rut,.fi'xrrd' 'i':ray-}r
rli*t'rlat*r'irjl {ln*ss. t-l.l.l-lnhd;r",v*luril"::}; i"hc ias[,,tn,,:ia.bl*"4,.vrl$fi. ]:fipLlili*d.':n*n$i"li:*.
'L'l-:.is
annilr5is i"]i:*{.it-LcnC-srg::if;i{l{,iltt.ngc d-ri{crflr}Cf,siiC,i 3, t4,t, .F'* 44.5i}, l;' -{ fi'{.}*1r,
ili)lr{:{,iti#r:.r;d:.fii:;i'*ilciiriid.f," ?u ?q!*,-r:l=.8,Sli, i! ':i *,f,,1t}i}r::#, .*::atcl::'alscJiif*ini:if;e::;
{,,.s..1.:1,4[1il,-i;",-ll5,3-1,"1-dt] {i*"1}."il}r"e.rc,,vei^*r'r*,*igirifi.tanti:r:.i.q:raciir",*;c.
i.:}u.1-:sr:cii:,*irt.'.,'{*E',,rttril;*..i{..*rr]st*.sti*r{ernr::::.sNi:a.{:i.:d.;j:n"i*}1*r,'ri}.}.il,s,f"aetn
.'-1.j'lie.,r'"*l,i{.]t::ij:{.i};rgr::i-h.q::-l:t=1,1lijl'i.lsiilnl.ii{:Bnt.rjti{fi:'r*.rii:r.,hi:!"'*n::l
w

3. I
. ;
,ri t
il
fi1l
$TJ
iii
i{fit
$
ii
il
ii:!i
ii
Iri
:t
{,i
il
ii
W
ffi
ffi
ffi
W
W
W
W
ffi
ffi
,ffi
W
,ffi
W
W
W
ASKIIiIGONLV CNEQUESTIONiN TI-{EflQht$$RrirTION E.}{-PfiRIMHTTT
Taaln 1. h4naruERR{-.R$(our oF 4:)rni"FHn3 conqurri*Ns AI{$ WITF{"rHE
$Yrr,NSffFhdATERtrAL
*ge
ty,,) hdaterial Standahd {}ne judgem.ent Fi-":eeiarray
2"|}?4 {0.s06}
?"{its {1.4s3}
s.tss {0.8s5}
?.143 (t "*E?)
.x""+7&{1"367}
?"76? {1.230}
1,?frS(t]"SES)
1.4?E(n"63*)
?"2S8{1"15li
0.e0s i0,8$ffi)
fi.618 {fi"S4.4}
1,71+{r".St4}
i .7j"+ {1 1Sil}
:i.$36it,5s1)
?.sfi# {1"tSS}
3 i 7
rn"a$5
5 number
r,'ol.u-rfi*
Jr"lfi"S$
6 ffiu'ca:ber
v*]"u.rEre
1133"$S
7 ilulrnb*x'
rrCIk-rme
IT}B,SE
fi s:.umher
u.rcluetre
2"7&2(r,10$)"
?"5?4{h6?2}
3.s38 {r"1$r}
r.5?1ir"?+?)
1"8fis (1"4.6S)
?.?s6{i"{;s4}
*.s5H{r"+3il}
1"r"*3 {1.42+}
tr"1,r13tt "58:l)
ft"s67{1"Sf;i"}
0.4?s{il.7si}
s,571.{1"318}
I naE 11 d,d.A& r V J V
?"0e5 {1"540}
s.*48 {1.?$*}
1"286 {i "350}
1,3St (i.75s)
1"667 (1,5??)
L.fifi* {l "414}
{}"s81 {fi"844}
1,0*s {.1"41+}
ft.3e1 i0.844)
*"2S8 {tr"6lil}
*"sfr? {1.3?ti
:ri:t::t) I
tffii:.
tffii
ll?Wni l
iI
l
'i'T'ha firr-rrreei* r:ar*nt.he.ge*qarc S"-D"i . s u n r 5 r ^ 6 L U a a , L F
T.rr.BLFi3" iVrgrhrERR0IL$$trrr{hrlEnACIrcs$ hrrA'J:HRrAr,s{Ai A$x}
!"GE{B}
Standard f}** ittJ*ei-na** Tlr-,'*.* "r?'T^!iar J l i . u
J
u u S L : i i L L i ( . i l / i . u u 4 { t G l '
{4.} T'he 3 cq:nditionsanC 4 age gr*ca".p$surr:ineclafrc}$s
. Imaterial.s{neea::cri:Grsou"tt:f 3?}
5 yr: F3.5?4i?,S*5)- 7,S.3S {3"4?i} *"li?i {t"ft83}
$ y' 5.7i4 (s.*i14) 4"3S3 {4"*7s} $.s81 {1,"1/4.$i
?:" $"?3s{3.76s} ?"s71 {3"fi+fi} 4.s57 {?.$6s}
#).r i"fis? i?.4$4) i,3s3 ti.?$5i .T.33sit.{isi}}
i-S) Th"e 5 cr:nCitinns ;urC iriasn :;ir-rixi:er anri o,"q:J.u.l.ne
,gr-tmr:redfr"cfrlssnr;c {ra.lail *iril:i:i *i.ri *f l::}
$,{*"-os 1"51? {1^5tS} f ,i$S {i.+. 7}
Ldl'urnher:t.&ffr {t "5?il :t"fi24 {1.48S}
lr'*i"uit*:1.S:1.fi{1.?fiS} 1.5$5 i1"66$}
"j'Figu"resi* i:;rrent-le€sec{&reS"*"
{.Lr"c*rei*-n.i1g'.ri1Fi-,se,Jrt* i"*$lLiier',ihe r:Lier $ril{-tp.$rtcr::rg flfiTlsi$tflntfu [:n{L"*ri;i.:.a*fhr
"1iilr"it1gftr';
{?} **n"ri-ilr*ris:
'i}ii: e-rrLc"ju.C,g*n1fi"ftt'iaskrrra$sig:.:i.hczu:tiy *a*int'#"ait ttlc
*f}:"b:riwn tasks {-*-*s,: nncl F,].anJr:'sr'*$"i"lit},T',h.*ntEndard" tesk "',.,rfi.saJs* *i.gr:lif:icenfili'
,*asiel'C:an tiln fi:iqr:i-i.&r.ila.yLask;fx"{i {:*}:rnaic.*l;r3s;[he infl*i:l[asJr'r'Ii*s sip5ni:f:-c;anrl;r
i1ff.siflj:t"h.ru.:1.}:.q:.i-{rf;i"s$;*i:jdt-h* v*irrTftfi 1fi",:.Eij;$.
Tlj-lus cl*:si:it.* {}*."{:i:#11ditfer"enilas ffi glta s.l+:LJ.s'::f th"e i*lu" ;eg{{:ffr*Llps el:cl :";: Lh,e
'.iiiie'uli}p{r5iutci:.,tr,t""Lr"n.*:rei:'{'.;,.pi::snf.rn.atc:,-'l.ai,.ri]t.**,:m.nd
illh.iJ.rlre,,::.wh"* iailflr-i lh.* iraclitiunal fi*rsL:i"-r,ratr*ni:::.sii.i1fl',rflrrlk'ie,lcssst-i*c*,*rfu*eJ,u:.qrq:rt.i
i-rj:1"*r.rtrltt.r:r.:-*Jy illr-i: tlt-t*i-sti,Ti1'4I4.l*irl{lE*d"

4. 3 1 8 .
J. SAi',,iUnLANn F. EF"Y,qiqT ffi
W
ffi
ff
,,
W
w
ff
W
III$fiU$t}I(}tq
'f'he
ecErsister:.tsupc*riu:rityof th"etrne"'q-u"esticnuc:ad.ttic.plegds_rmexms"a?:3'yt* *:;ee
cc::ctrusion.flJ5:"t"drenvrhc faiLuheiraditicnd- ecns*rvntt*r:"'Lask*ften d'c understaxld
ehe pr:"nciple mf tnvrlriaslce asadi:.rak* th.r;Lrn:3.s'eakesflo,:"u q-r-lit*extnamssll$s'flfr'$$$'"
'Th+
pro.{r**u t-leewrctns ans}ver heca"urset-i-r,ee:;**erir.*rs.u:lteros:;cpetiti"on*f the saKr*
g.ru*,nihu,afu*t.1t*le sarr'* xl.ateriai malies {-hcx"r::#-iok"[h-sJthe"y mnst chang* t]rei'r
ffiJ-1$^r.r'.rertJe*s*c*r:rd tim.c
Any *eher expLa:ra,flmns,eemrsfar feteJeed"Tl:r* ehit*Jsenm.urruthp"vehe*n utnlmgtheir
k:-n*#cdgc cf;,*ur*r*-net: rnrh*n"l-h.*y'sn3.ve*tLh"**:-re-jmd*gc.rn*:mttask he*ails* *iey eliet
cerr' *o'6.rr::fmr-r"m.et'lonfr*iu th* 3:r*-trslft$fo.rrsr*fi**^r-e[isp]-ay,"?*d'tudc s* Lh'e1tmtast
Jaavcreallsectrh.ar[,*cr]rrmg*':-ad"c]:nsrged".
"qFfu
l.q:-r"c=.,v'd:at rhey c]JrJcarq/ &"is ll1f*rnr'a#'mrt
*rf;r }*ecause"*:.*1,Ci* n:ich b*Ntcs:thun th-efi;icd *ar::a1tehiid.ren- r+'Li*}:1fr1rersaw th"e
first dispiay l+tl im ell :l"feL*esscnrrr'*hai th-*::*petitive q"uest:"*nim.g*'i ti:"et-raCiti*nal
nou*,g*:rroati*r:"e:''pcrim:"ertta*iL'ie).;'rml *Iead.sth"**f iLd,
*ne* agni"n,is lulrna.nyutJ:er**gnitiv* etrp*ru'm.*n-ts{i*r"y-'a::'t,:i"9S?e,l*}'w9:musi
**mq:lucle111ntflfu.cisnr:)*rtru:tqu"*sti,Jnis.t:"*t"q.',ihcth*ra.ch.l[d"p#$$flssffsan'fu:Ite1]-ectu#'
slct-]lJ:ut !r*r,r,ar:d.,,,q,-heRhe d"eciciest* appl"ytlaruLmtr#l,Y*ring cleild"ren,i-Lstenrs, *f,'Ln::"
d,ousc tI:* prun*rp).*s*l inr,'ariar:.r:*uuoju**"*pr#c:r$:m.er:"t*rnt;*vritti::g:[1tpcrsu"nci*'{:hen:
n*t N*"
llUtvi"i"viAF".Y
ii-t-n;geamCi3.taclkhsiu,,s'sh**r''nt-irat S-W'"ntC*lalldscn #.* a g,r:*attei*a-!"hccter ln' fr-
fi*r*r,$*trtati.*r.r.*f,-u-r*.n:hertas'kl.f fuhe.:ynre"e:.1-niyagi$.*#.tm .lna].*;.effifl*rl1paris*i:. aff'er d:"c
Lrans.["*r:rnati.*:l::ath.nrti:.er:i:*t]:?:cf*rc a"ndp.:ftnr,xr:eirlg"uh.e*qu-''r.mfi"qrilra;':s{bre-neC'
*ur fixpfirtlmq::t shc,r,.,1nt-l:.ai:',}j1sj.rnportzu:t"::esuJ.tei5:pli*sn.,qlor*,11"f"nmri:r*'i:xnar*terlaJs
{rr:as*rand..r*l"i-r":;r::r,*}:ar:"tii-*a l.r."icLeag/d}:#.r:ge{5^fi
'y.:r}'
ItF-b':il3ArEI{trK'S
RI3.'r*.i'{:',3J.iJ. {i $f3'la}
-tia.g*t's
qucrlri*,:rr. iir.j. Fsj;5fi6;"'fli, 157-'i"#i.
BRI rl.r,i"r.F " -{i"q:.**:aUiThi, rcl* cf cr:nfiici r::r^Cof ;rtr**,uo.errib*:Fi,,ren"Ln.teJLectualsirategies-''n*hjlqlr':rrig
itlee.*ahc}l'lt}:.n*tr,1lr"r"firn*ri.l".Br",f. "l:ts':trfwl,,rSr ?4'?""?5-l'"
Fl{:-$lA.L*5cru,
'llti.
{1$7S} #Jiadn'rrti's.MinC;"-iJ'*::.'la*4,Giange,it'"
lfi*iorlrlr:s*r,i, j,{. ql**ti f,*nseruai.ron;wh.ariintire qllesti,e:x:?S,""J" i'sgffi*{":/S' l$$*?"tl7'
"raL+.t]]i..l.,.|.eme.lf1:;nr";tlg'-*,l'E.A*.ri,.'ti$5?}-}}w#hifd''s#girerutltt-*fll{trnx{;ar,--$.cut.1edge#rKegi':n
l,{.c"Jgn,ii. /'. ru,'"d.Bu,i,tn., .iC. {f *;43
-ilh.s:
p*telr.*.1,if. cr:nier,t i,n *iii-klr*n's ccg*iti*n; ;rn i-U'u$tl"il'tr'c:r
tFrr*ugh *fiIls*rx/ilti* r.. #l:;frii.,")':.ri,{i:*, +pS*5jft?.