1) The document provides guidance on high-performance energy-efficient buildings in India, outlining the problem of rising building energy use and need for innovation. 2) It establishes principles for evaluating buildings on a triple bottom line of financial, social and environmental impacts over the lifecycle. 3) The guidance examines case studies, building energy simulations, and expert opinions to identify best practices for the building envelope, systems, and operation to reduce typical commercial building energy use by over 50%.

1. Building Innovation
Guide to High-Performance Energy-Efficient Buildings in India
“BIG Guide”
Reshma Singh
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), USA
12th Dec 2018. Berkeley, CA
1

2. 1 Context for BIG
1 The Problem
2 High-performance building (green, smart, healthy X TBL)
3 Stakeholders
2 Principles
1 Triple bottom-line
2 Lifecycle Approach
3 Sequential Methodology
3 Process
1 Case Studies
2 Energy Simulations
3 Expert Opinion
4 Deep Dive into BIG
1 Whole building
2 Envelope, plugs, and lighting
3 Low energy cooling and controls
4 Energy data and decision-making
5 Conclusions
1 Primary drivers
2 8 Key metrics
3 MoScoW matrix
4 Design, Build, Operate, Procure
2
Outline
“BIG” DOWNLOAD:
BIT.LY/BUILDINGINNOVATIONGUIDE

3. 3
Part I: Context

4. CONTEXT
4
SOURCES: EIA (2012), ECO-III (2011)
Explosive growth in building footprint in emerging economies like India
Context

5. 5
India U.S.
~38 quads
~8 quads
Total energy use= ~24 Quads
8% annual growth in building energy
Buildings consume ~30% of total energy
Total energy use= ~97 Quads (EIA 2018)
Buildings consume ~40% of total energy
298
202
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
US India
Average EUI (kWh/m2-yr)
(100 kBtu/
sqft-yr)
(70
kBtu/
sqft-yr)
SO WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?
SOURCES: EIA (2018), IEA (2015), MOSPI (2017), CBERD (2018)
Skyrocketing building energy use

6. SO WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?
6
Increased space use intensity
BAU-1 BAU-2 BAU-2
Context
BAU: Business-As-Usual

7. What are the consequences if we don’t change the status quo?
7
Building
energy
use and
waste
Environmental impact
Urban heat, carbon emissions, SOx, NOx,
PM 2.5, methane
Polluted,
unhealthy,
expensive
built
environment
=
A high toll
Human comfort impact
Task performance, absenteeism,
health symptoms, and productivity
Financial impact
High facilities management, waste, churn
and vacancy cost
Context

8. 8
Context: US & Indian offices

9. 9
floor space
Gme
CHARACTERIZING THE COMMERCIAL BUILDING STOCK:
OFFICE TYPOLOGY
Context

10. 10
1. Indigenous 2. BAU: RCC, punched windows 3. BAU: RCC, high glazed 4. TARGET: High performance
UncondiEoned Decentralized cooling Centralized cooling InnovaEve cooling
Low energy Medium energy use High energy use Low energy use
Low service level Low-medium service level High service level High service levels
Arguable comfort Low-medium comfort Medium comfort AdapEve comfort
Low cost Medium cost High cost Medium cost
1
floor space
Gme
Context

11. 11
1. Indigenous 2. BAU1: RCC, punched windows 3. BAU: RCC, high glazed 4. TARGET: High performance
UncondiEoned Decentralized cooling Centralized cooling InnovaEve cooling
Low energy Medium energy use High energy use Low energy use
Low service level Low-medium service level High service level High service levels
Arguable comfort Low-medium comfort Medium comfort AdapEve comfort
Low cost Medium cost High cost Medium cost
1 2
BAU: Business as Usual BAU: Business as Usual
floor space
Gme
Context
11

12. 1. Indigenous 2. BAU1: RCC, punched windows 3. BAU2: RCC, high glazed 4. TARGET: High performance
UncondiEoned Decentralized cooling Centralized cooling InnovaEve cooling
Low energy Medium energy use High energy use Low energy use
Low service level Low-medium service level High service level High service levels
Arguable comfort Low-medium comfort Medium comfort AdapEve comfort
Low cost Medium cost High cost Medium cost
1 2 3
BAU: Business as Usual 12
floor space
Gme
Context

13. 13
Context
1. Indigenous 2. BAU1: RCC, punched windows 3. BAU2: RCC, high glazed 4. TARGET: High performance
UncondiEoned Decentralized cooling Centralized cooling InnovaEve cooling
Low energy Medium energy use High energy use Low energy use
Low service level Low-medium service level High service level High service levels
Arguable comfort Low-medium comfort Medium comfort AdapEve comfort
Low cost Medium cost High cost Medium cost
1 2 3 4
BAU: Business as Usual
floor space
Gme

14. 14

15. 15
BUILDING INNOVATION FOR INDIA
(And other warm-climate regions with similar construction and developmental contexts)
Codes & Standards
RaGng system CerGficaGon
Context

16. 16
Transformative tools,
technologies and
approaches to
accelerate high-
performance buildings
A shared set of values and
metrics that resonate across
buildings stakeholders
Based on a triple-
bottom-line framework
for the building
lifecycle
Inventive combinations of
building wisdom and
technology innovation
validated through building
energy simulation, case
studies, and expert opinion.
DEMOCRATIZE, DIGITIZE, DECARBONIZE

17. 17

18. 18
Acknowledging the contribution of our collaborators whose pursuit for creation of high-performance and
low-energy buildings led us to an integrated methodology for the creation of this book.
Metro Valley
Infosys
Wipro Ecoenergy
AB Lall Architects
Development Alternatives
Environmental Design Solutions
Paharpur Building Center
Godrej, Sears, Nirlon
Integrative Design Solutions
Kukreja Associates
Kalpakrit Sustainable Environments
Paharpur Building Center
PS Collective
Sterling India Ltd.
Synefra
Thank you also to our allies
USGBC- GBCI, IGBC, USIBC, CSIS, AEEE, TERI, NRDC, CA Governors Office
CBERD partners
CEPT University, IIIT- Hyderabad, MNIT Jaipur, IIT Bombay, Auroville CSR
Carnegie Mellon University, UC Berkeley, RPI, ORNL
And to our funder the U.S. Department of Energy, and it’s collaborator agency USAID

19. 19
Part 2: Principles

20. 20
1. Establish a Triple Bottom Line Framework for
Building Investment Decisions
Schedule
Scope Cost
PROFIT
Financial
Capital
PEOPLE
Human
Capital
PLANET
Natural
Capital
Quality
and
Performance
Principles

21. 21
Principles
SOURCE: CBERD.ORG

22. 22
2. Develop a Whole-Building Life-cycle Performance Framework
Principles
SOURCE: CBERD.ORG

23. 23
Principles
3. Implement a Sequential Approach

24. 24
Part 3: Process

25. 25
60%
20%
20%
HVAC
Plugs
Lights
45%
40%
15%
Electricity end-use consumption for
a typical commercial office (left) and an IT office (right) in India
Process: Examine end- uses
TYPICAL OFFICE IT/ITES OFFICE

26. 26
1. CASE STUDIES
• 15, across 4
climate zones
• Mix of owner-
occupied and
tenanted
• Site visits, with
access to typ.
operational
data and/or
drawings
Process

27. 27
176 runs, 2 baselines, 4 passive
and 4 active strategies
• 4 climate zones X 4 orientaEons X 2
base cases, 7+2 best pracEce suites*
= parametric analysis using min. 176
simulaGon runs, with iteraGons
• ConstrucEon basis specifically from the
Indian context
• 4 major passive strategies: form,
envelope, natural venElaEon, night
flush
• 4 HVAC operaGon types: mixed mode,
VAV, VRF, radiant
2. BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATIONSProcess

28. 28
• Squint tests, state of art, state of practice insights from India experts
• Rationalization and prioritization by leveraging Berkeley Lab’s R&D expertise
3. EXPERT OPINIONS
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
BAU ECBC BP1 BP1 BP2 BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7
OpEmal
FenestraEon
OpEmal Shadings Low Energy Plugs Daylight Control Night Flush Mixed-Mode Radiant Cooling Radiant (COP7) VRF Systems
Business-as-Usual Code-Compliant OpEmized Envelope Reduced Internal Loads Passive Cooling Strategies Improved Cooling System
Whole Building Energy [kWh/m²/year]
Process

29. Common practice Envelope and Systems
Bldg. Dimension: 50 x 33m | Shell ComposiGon: Brick | Wall: U
= 2.18 W/m²K | Roof: U = 2.18 W/m²K | Solar ReflecGon: 30% |
Thermal emicance: 90%
Windows: Simple Glazing, Aluminum Frame | WWR: 80% | U =
5.62 W/m²K | SHGC: 0.48 | VLT = 48%
HVAC System: PTAC VAV MulE-Zone with Water Cooling Coil |
Chiller: COP = 5.1 | VAV Terminal with Electric Reheat
Occupancy: 10 m²/pers | LPD: 10 W/m² | Plug Loads Density:
10.8 W/m² | VenGlaGon: 8.5 m³/h/pers + 1 m³/h/m²
BAU
SIMULATION MODEL:
Assumptions and Parameters
Process

30. 30
Common pracGce Envelope and Systems
Bldg. Dimension: 50 x 33m | Shell ComposiEon: Brick | Wall: U = 2.18 W/m²K | Roof: U = 2.18 W/m²K | Solar ReflecEon: 30% | Thermal emiqance: 90%
Windows: Simple Glazing, Aluminum Frame | WWR = 80% | U = 5.62 W/m²K | SHGC = 0.48 | VLT = 48%
HVAC System: PTAC VAV MulE-Zone with Water Cooling Coil | Chiller: COP = 5.1 | VAV Terminal with Electric Reheat
Occupancy: 10 m²/pers | LPD = 10 W/m² | Plug Loads Density = 10.8 W/m² | VenElaEon = 8.5 m³/h/pers + 1 m³/h/m²
BAU
ECBC-compliant Envelope and Systems
Shell ComposiEon: Brick, GlassWool | Wall: U = 0.44 W/m²K | Cool Roof: U = 0.41 W/m²K | Solar ReflecEon: 70% | Thermal emiqance: 90%
Windows: Double Glazing, Vinyl/Wood Frame | WWR = 50% | U = 3.30 W/m²K | SHGC = 0.22 | VLT = 50% | Overhangs depth: 0.6 m
LPD = 10 W/m²K | Plug Loads Density = 10 W/m²K
ECBC
OpGmized Envelope
Building Dimension: 80 x 20m
Window-to-Wall RaEo: North = 40% / South = 30% / East and West = 0%
Fins on North Façade and Overhangs on South (depth depending on locaEon)
BP1
Reduced Internal Loads
LPD = 5 W/m² | Plug Loads = 7.5 W/m²
DaylighEng Control: Two sensors (3m and 6m away from window) | Setpoint: 300 lux
BP2
Night Flush
Purge Flow Rate: 5 ACH
Trigger: Tout < Tins
Minimum Tins = 25°C
BP3
Radiant System
Loop: 12°C – 16°C
Heat Pump: COP = 5
BP5
VRF System
CAV VenElaEon
Cooling System COP = 4
One Evaporator per Zone
BP7
Mixed Mode
Natural VenElaEon: 5 ACH
Control: Maintaining 80% adapEve comfort
BP4
HVAC Suite
Radiant Ceiling + passive cooling strategies
Chiller COP = 7
BP6
BaselinesBestPracticesCases

31. 31
Modeled data using parametric analysis in the EnergyPlus modeling platform
280
146
138
136
104
90
89
83
86
82
78
268
146
138
137
106
93
92
84
88
85
80
253
144
136
134
99
82
80
72
72
69
69
232
125
115
114
79
64
61
53
62
60
61
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
BAU ECBC BP1 BP1 BP2 BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7
OpEmal
FenestraEon
OpEmal
Shadings
Low Energy
Plugs
Daylight
Control
Night Flush Mixed-Mode Radiant
Cooling
Radiant
(COP7)
VRF Systems
Business-as-
Usual
Code-
Compliant
OpEmized Envelope Reduced Internal Loads Passive Cooling Strategies Improved Cooling System
Whole Building Energy [kWh/m²/year] Hot and Dry (Jaipur) Composite (New Delhi)
Warm and Humid (Mumbai) Moderate (Bangalore)
Process

32. 32
1. Total energy consumption per unit area, or Energy Performance Index (EPI):
• To assess the energy performance of a model at the whole-building level.
• Use energy consumption by end use to determine if a particular end use needs to be improved or if potential
savings are negligible.
For Builder/Owner, lower EPI= lowered CapEx, O&M and replacement cost
2. Total heat gains and losses of the building
• To indicate potential passive measures to reduce cooling and ventilation loads.
• In hot climate zones, energy efficient envelopes promote heat losses and avoid superfluous external heat gains.
For Architect/Engineer, lower external heat gain= more flexibility in design; further
enhanced innovative, efficient cooling systems
3. Occupant thermal discomfort
• Assessed based on # hours where predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) exceeds 20%.
• In ASHRAE Standard-55, a design is considered to be comfortable when this value does not exceed 4% of the
total occupied time.
• The discomfort value is used to validate that the HVAC system is providing adequate comfort.
For Facility operator/ Tenant, better thermal comfort = fewer complaints, better
health, productivity, and tenant retention
Modeling results using three aspects:Process

33. 33
STUDY OF PROBLEM AREAS
AND SOLUTIONS
META-ANALYSIS 1: COMFORT MODEL FOR
AC AND MIXED MODE (MM) BUILDINGS
• Fanger’s model used as being efficient for air-
condiEoned spaces
• AdapEve comfort model for occupant-controlled
naturally condiEoned spaces during “changeover”
mixed-mode operaEons
• Flexible setpoint with wider band of acceptance
26-32C
• Allows system size reducGon and turndown with
lower chiller lie (capex and opex opportunity)
META-ANALYSIS 2:
NIGHT FLUSH POTENTIAL
• Hours in a day to months in a year that allow system
shut down (opex opportunity)
Thermal comfort analyses using adapEve and Fanger comfort models
Period
conducive for
night cooling
Night flush potenEal
Process

34. 34
STUDY OF PROBLEM AREAS
AND SOLUTIONS
META-ANALYSIS 3: ANALYSIS OF SOLAR
LOADS THROUGH WINDOWS)
• OrientaGon-wise external thermal loads management
opportuniGes, e.g. opGmize glazing vs. shading design
(Capex opportunity)
META-ANALYSIS 4: ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
THERMAL LOADS (LIGHTS, PLUGS)
• Important, climate-independent strategies for lighGng
and plug load reducGon: cut EPI by 40% even in a BAU
building
• Daylight sensing and controls has a significant ROI
Annual solar energy transmiqed to a verEcal surface by orientaEon (Jaipur)
Analysis of solar loads through windows by orientaEon
Analysis of internal thermal loads. ProporEon of lighEng and plug loads in energy
demand (le{) and heat gains (right)
Process

35. Baselines: BAU and ECBCProcess: Baselines
City
Climate
Bangalore
Temperate
Jaipur
Hot & Dry
Mumbai
Warm &
Humid
New Delhi
Composite
Model Name BAU ECBC BAU ECBC BAU ECBC BAU ECBC
EPI [kWh/m²] 232 125 280 146 253 144 268 146
Savings 46% 48% 43% 46%
Uncomfortable hours (Ratio of Total Occupied Time) (%)
West 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
North 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
East 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
South 1 0 2 1 4 1 2 1
Core 4 0 5 1 7 1 5 1

36. Baselines: BAU and ECBCProcess: Baselines
4287
5158
4664 4885
-1397 -1238
-843
-1284
2319
2625 2502 2553
-760 -626 -392
-670
Bangalore Jaipur Mumbai New Delhi
Gains Losses Gains Losses

37. Process: Baselines
56
28
82
42
82
46
78
41
95
28
105
32
89
28
99
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
40
37
40
37
40
37
40
37
9
0
21
3
9
0
19
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
BAU ECBC BAU ECBC BAU ECBC BAU ECBC
Bangalore Jaipur Mumbai New Delhi
EnergyConsumption[kWh/m²]
Cooling Fans Lights Plug Loads Heating
EPI
savings:
46% 48% 43% 46%
Baselines: BAU and ECBC

38. 38
Part 4: Deep-dive into
best practice strategies

39. 39
BEST PRACTICES
1. WHOLE BUILDING
2. BUILDING PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
IMPROVE ENVELOPE AND PASSIVE DESIGN
REDUCE PLUG AND PROCESS LOADS
OPTIMIZE LIGHTING DESIGN
DEVELOP LOW-ENERGY HVAC
IMPLEMENT CLIMATE CONTROLS
3. BUILDING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
INSTALL ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
DD: Best PracGces

40. DD: Whole Building Metrics

41. 41
www.pbc.net
DD: Envelope & Passive Design
Climate: Composite
Operations: Owner-occupied
Strategy: Cool envelope surface materials
Benefit: 5-10% AC load reduction on top floor
Climate: Warm-Humid
Operations: Owner-occupied
Strategy: Vegetated roof
Benefit: 10 degree reduction in surface temp; 5-10%
AC load reduction; decreased peak, retrofit system size
Decrease Solar Heat Gain

42. 42
Optimize fenestration: Window to wall(WWR) ratio & shading
2648
492
387
No Shadings No Shadings With Shadings
Overall 80% Window 40% Window North
30% Window South
Annual Solar Energy [GJ]
~80% reducEon
~20% reducEon
Climate: Composite
Operations: Owner-occupied
Strategy: WWR 40% (N), 30% (S); clever orientation +shading
Benefit:
• 7%–10% whole-building energy reduction from ECBC
• ~For a medium-sized office building, implies energy savings of 65–90
MWh,; opex savings INR 4.5–6.3 Lakh per year
DD: Envelope & Passive Design

43. 43
Maximize Daylight Autonomy Without Glare
Climate: Composite
Operations: Owner-Occupied
Strategy: Daylight autonomy without glare or thermal load gain
Benefit:
• Narrow floor plate allows WWR 15-26%, cuts thermal heat
gain and capex
• Enhances visual-thermal comfort
Pic: AB Lall Architects Pic: AB Lall Architects
DD: Envelope & Passive Design

44. 44
Orientation studies
Courtesy: AB Lall Architects
DD: Envelope & Passive Design

45. N
Courtesy: AB Lall Architects
45
18.7Meters
5.7 Meters
(Internal Courtyard)
South-West
WWR = 16.75%
North-East
WWR= 26%
South-West
WWR =
24.86%
South-East= 6%
North-East
WWR= 16.5%
12.5 Meters

46. N
Courtesy: AB Lall Architects
46
18.7Meters
5.7 Meters
(Internal Courtyard)
South-West
WWR = 16.75%
North-East
WWR= 26%
South-West
WWR =
24.86%
South-East= 6%
North-East
WWR= 16.5%
12.5 Meters

47. 47
Maximize Daylight Autonomy Without Glare
Results: Envelope Strategies
Climate: Temperate
Operations: Owner-Occupied
Strategy: Daylight autonomy without glare or thermal
load gain, through shading by building mass and
extensive louvers
Benefit:
• Capex optimized though specific targeted use of
low-E glass
• Enhanced visual-thermal comfort
Courtesy: Suzlon

48. 48
Maximize Daylight Autonomy Without Glare
Results: Envelope Strategies
Climate: Hot-dry
Operations: Owner-Occupied
Strategy: Daylight autonomy without glare or thermal load gain,
using optimized WWR (20-30%), lightshelves, vertical sectioning of
fenestration, narrow floorplate)
Benefit:
• Brighter light enters at higher wall levels and gains deeper
penetration, without adding glare at the lower vision-level work
planes
Courtesy: Infosys Green IniEaEves Team

49. 49
Results: Envelope Strategies

50. Plug and Lighting loads
50
313
432
733 767
304
429
149
583
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
People External Light Plug Loads
Annual Heat Gains [GJ]
Before After
Results: Internal Load Strategies
0.0
4.0
8.0
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00
Plug load [W/
m²]
~3:1 peak to base raEo
Power density
reduction by 55%
HVAC consumption
reduction by 44%
provides

51. Provide lighting sensors & controlsImplement a highly efficient equipment and
lighting layout
An envelope promoting natural, glare-
free daylight is a critical ECM
Courtesy: Sears Pune Team
Courtesy: ITC
Courtesy: Suzlon
Results: Internal Load Strategies

52. 52
Results: Internal Loads
Plug and Lighting loads
32
16
6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
No Daylight No Daylight With Daylight Sensors
LPD: 10 W/m² LPD: 5 W/m²
Light ConsumpEon [kWh/m²]
Climate: Hot-dry
Operations: Owner-Occupied
Strategy: Daylighting to reduce lighting power density
reduced to 5 W/m2
Benefit:
• 55% whole-building savings in lighting
consumption
• provision of daylighting sensors reduced the
remaining consumption by half
• Artificially lit hours contained to a narrow evening
band ( opex savings)
1
0.45 0.45
0.17
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Average 2007 levels SDB-1 HYD
LighGng power Density [W/
m²]
Installed LighEng Capacity
OperaEng LighEng Load
0.0
2.0
4.0
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
LighGng power Density [ W/m²]
ConvenEonal side
Radiant side
Courtesy: Infosys

53. 53
• Set aggressive power management settings
• Provide a computing infrastructure
• Pursue direct current based improvements
• Install hardware solutions such as smart
power strips that monitor and control the
loads intelligently
• Encourage responsible occupant behavior
Results: Plug, lighGng metrics
• Optimize daylighting design
• Implement efficient equipment and layout
• Provide lighting sensors and controls
Plug and Lighting loads

54. HVAC: Case studies and best practices
54
• Right-size the equipment, and build in modularity
• Consider low-energy cooling options
o Split air conditioning systems
o Displacement Ventilation
o Underfloor Air Distribution
o Radiant Cooling
o Active Chilled Beam System
o Evaporative Cooling Systems
• Provide thermal storage options
• Consider progressive and hybrid systems
• Implement component-level strategies
Results: HVAC

55. 55
Results: HVAC
Courtesy: Infosys
Climate: Hot-dry
Operations: Owner-Occupied
Strategy: Radiant cooling with ceiling fans
Benefit:
• Medium temperature chillers with lower “lift” requirement optimizes system first cost cost,
despite the separation of ducts for DOAS and pipes for chilled water
• Radiant system provides cooling at ~700 W/m2, compared to VAV at~ 1500 W/m2
• Gentler, more comfortable, draft-free cooling
• 50-60% better performance from baseline ( ECBC).
HVAC: Case studies and best practices

56. 56
Results: HVAC
Courtesy: Infosys, Pune
Climate: Temperate
Operations: Owner-Occupied
Strategy: Chilled beams with ceiling fans
Benefit:
• Medium temperature chillers with lower “lift” requirement, and hence lower opex
• Gentler, more comfortable, draft-free cooling
• Prefab unit
• The HVAC annual energy consumption is ~37 kWh/m2/yr. Normalized per occupant
consumption is 844 kWh/full-time equivalent (FTE)/year.
HVAC: Case studies and best practices

57. 57
Results: HVAC
Climate: Warm humid
Operations: Tenanted
Strategy: District cooling exploiting loads diversity, and thermal energy storage
Benefits:
• The use of TES has reduced the initial peak load requirement by 2 chillers, and it provides a
four-hour HVAC backup
• Exploits differential tariffs to save opex
• Campus tenants receive power savings benefits
Courtesy: Infosys, Pune
HVAC: Case studies and best practices

58. 58
Results: HVAC
Climate: Moderate
Operations: Tenanted
Strategy: Multiple HVAC types exploiting diversity : Under floor air distribution for offices, VAV
for gym, packaged units for server room; thermal stratification tank.
Benefits:
• Chilled water produced at off peak hours provides opex benefit
• Exploits differential tariffs to save opex
• Just in time, and just right air conditioning with a diversity of schedules
HVAC: Exploiting the Diversity

59. 59
Results: HVAC
Typical office module: Minimal false ceilings are installed
to house HVAC and fresh air ducts which supply into
cabins through openings designed into structural beams
Climate: Composite
Operations: Owner occupied
Strategy: Multiple HVAC types exploiting diversity : Under floor air
distribution for auditorium, radiant for offices with ceiling fans, VRF
for guest houses
Benefits:
• 16 deg C medium temperature water has significant
operational benefits
• Extremely comfortable AC spaces
HVAC: Exploiting the Diversity

60. 60
Results: HVAC
Dedicated Outdoor Air System, DOAS - 100% Fresh Air: no
recirculation of air for cooling
• Improved indoor air quality
• Increases productivity and mental agility
• Increased moisture control and oxygen infusion
• Decrease IAQ related health risks from exposure
to indoor pollutants
• Reduce environmental triggers of asthma
HVAC: A Healthier System

61. 61
Results: HVAC
61
HVAC: Strategies

62. 62
Results: Modeling results
EnergyConsumption[kWh/m²]
0
13
25
38
50
VAV RADIANT VAV RADIANT VAV RADIANT VAV RADIANT
5
9
5
8
5
9
5
6
9
20
10
16
8
20
6
14
10
18
11
22
10
19
3
8
Cooling
Fans
Pumps
TEMPERATE HOT & DRY WARM &
HUMID
COMPOSITE

63. 63
Results: HVAC metrics

64. 64
Results: Climate Controls • Integrate fully or partially naturally ventilated and mixed-mode cooling
• Educated choice of sensor type and location
• Demand controlled ventilation
• Monitor and control operable shadings and windows
• Simple rule-based control: Night setback , night ventilation, economizer
• Adopt a flexible setpoint and lifestyle changes

65. 65
Results: Energy InformaGon Systems

66. 66
Facility Daily Dashboard: Building Pulse at a Glance
How much energy (by fuel) and cost is my building consuming, where and when?
1. Energy Use Area Chart
Showing daily energy consumpEon for electricity
or gas
2. Power Demand Trendlines
Showing hourly power demand to expose daily
trends of electrical or gas consumpEon
3. Fuel Cost and ConsumpEon
Showing a quick look of the building performance
over a day/week
EIS Visualization
Results: Energy InformaGon Systems

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Monthly/Annual Dashboard
1. Annual Consumption 2. Annual Cost Trends 3. Average Hourly Loads
4. Monthly Energy Use 5. Cross-sec. Benchmarking 6. Whole Building Heat Map
Facility managerExecutive level charts
Results: Energy InformaGon Systems EIS Visualization

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Building automation system
Energy data-driven insights for all through energy information system,
and provision of feedback loops to the BAS (ideally)
Results: Energy InformaGon Systems
EIS enbales data-driven action

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Results: Energy InformaGon Systems

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Part 5: Conclusions

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Conclusions
Primary drivers and stakeholders

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Environmental Metrics
1. Whole-building and systems energy use [kWh/m2/ year]
2. Annual energy use per occupant [kWh/ year / person]
3. Whole-building and systems peak load [W/m2]
4. HVAC plant efficiency [kW/TR]
5. Cooling load efficiency [m2/TR]
Financial Metrics
6. Cost [INR/sqft]
7. Payback period [years]
Comfort Metrics
8. Ratio of uncomfortable hours to total occupied hours
8 Key MetricsConclusions

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Conclusions A MoScoW matrix for prioritization of strategies

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Conclusions: Design, build, operate

75. 75
Conclusions: Procure

76. 76

77. Questions?
GReshmaSingh@Gmail.com
77
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