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D e f i n i t i o n o f P r o c e s s o f C o m m u n i c a t i o n

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Whales

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• Whales are very social creatures that travel in groups called “pods.” They
use a variety of noises to communicate and socialize with each other. The
three main types of sounds made by whales are clicks, whistles, and
pulsed calls.
• Clicks are believed to be for navigation and identifying physical
surroundings. When the sound waves bounce off of an object, they return
to the whale, allowing the whale to identify the shape of the object. Clicks
can even help to differentiate between friendly creatures and predators.
Clicks have also been observed during social interactions, suggesting
they may also have a communicative function.

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• Whistles and pulsed calls are used during social activities. Pulsed calls
are more frequent and sound like squeaks, screams, and squawks to the
human ear. Differing vocal “dialects” have been found to exist between
different pods within the same whale population. This is most likely so
that whales can differentiate between whales within their pods and
strangers.
• Whales also use their tails and fins to make loud slapping noises on the
surface of the water to communicate nonverbally. The sound can be
heard for hundreds of meters below the surface and may be a warning
sign of aggression or a tool to scare schools of fish together, making them
an easier meal.

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Ants

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• The ant antennas are the keys to the mystery of their
communication. With the help of an advanced system of
pheromones they can “smell” a wide range of topics, ranging from
colony activity to territorial conquest. Through millions of years the
ants have developed specific pheromone-cocktails to communicate
different things to fellow ants. To receive the messages they use
their antennas, much the same way we would use our nose if blind
and deaf.

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• Myrmecologists Bert Hölldobler and Edward O. Wilson gives an account
of observations of weaver ant communication (Oecophylla longinoda) in
their book Journey to the Ants. It is clear that it is all actually quite
advanced. For example, the ants tend to lay out scent trails to food
sources, like breadcrumbs, for other workers to find and follow. When a
single worker has found something she will run back to the colony whilst
sprinkling small drops of pheromones on the ground for other workers to
follow. The myrmecologists explains that there are five different ways the
ants can mix and vary these signals. When a worker ant meets a member
of the colony, she can tell it things by moving her body in a specific
manner, or simply by the touching of antennas. The other ant is then
provided with a relatively clear image of what it should look for at the end
of the trail. If the first ant has found something edible, she will most likely
give the other ant a taste of it from a sample out of her mouth.

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• Just as humans, the ants use body language to communicate
things. They can tell the other ants things by lightly touching or
stroking the receiver in different ways. This way, they can combine
signals of pheromones with that of touch and body language,
providing an advanced form of communication. One example of a
peculiar dialogue is when the ants, by lightly pressing a section of
another ant’s head, can produce a jaw reflex, giving the first ant the
opportunity to taste the diet of the other ant. It is not uncommon for
ants to save some of their food for later or for members of the
colony. This dialogue might seem strange to us, but there is no
reluctance involved in this from any of the two ants.

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Myrmecologists have mapped out twelve different
categories of how ants communicate.
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• Alert/Warn
• Entice
• Recruit (to food sources or new nest
locations)
• Grooming (the cleaning and tending to
other ants)
• Trophallaxis (the exchange of liquids,
orally/anally)
• Exchange of solid food
• Peer pressure
• Recognition (members of the colony,
determine caste, telling apart dead or
living ants)
• Influencing castes (stimulating or
preventing the development of different
castes)
• Controlling rivals (other fertile females of
the same nest)
• Marking territories (distance to the colony,
marking of territorial borders)
• Sexual communication (determining
species and genders as well as
synchronising the nuptial flight)

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Cats

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• When your cat feels threatened, she may display aggressive
behavior. Showing aggression is one way of increasing distance from
something your cat perceives as threatening. Cats who are hissing or
growling with their backs and tails arched, their ears flattened
against their heads, and their forelimbs close to their hind limbs may
be on the verge of attacking. When agitated, many cats will also lash
their tails from side to side.

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• Cats may use a meow or trill sound in greeting each other, but research has shown
that cats tend to meow more when interacting with humans and do not use it often
when they are interacting with each other. The meow appears to be a care-soliciting
vocalization when directed towards people.
• Purring is produced during inhalation and exhalation. Cats can purr when they are
in contact with other cats, but also when they are contact with humans and objects.
They purr when they are kneading blankets or rolling on the ground or rubbing on
items.

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• When a cat is feeling fearful, she may growl or hiss to tell the other
cat to stay away or leave her alone. If the other cat does not listen
and continues to approach, the first cat may escalate their
vocalization to a snarl, spit or yowl prior to an attack. Cats can also
howl when they are in distress.
• Cats can be very social. They greet each other through nose
touches. They show affection by rubbing their heads against each
other and along the sides of their bodies. Sometimes cats may even
hook their tails and rub them together.

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• Cats typically do not rub against each other’s backs. This is why
some cats do not tolerate long strokes along their backs. Their
preferred contact areas are typically their head and along the sides
of their bodies.
• When cats rub on each other and objects, they deposit pheromones
and oils from the scent glands located on their foreheads, cheeks
and chins. They also exchange scents when their bodies and tails
rub against each other. Cats will also rub on prominent objects in the
house to leave a scent trail and mark their territory.

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• Cats can also spray urine to mark their territory. It is not uncommon
to see this behavior in cats who live outside or have access to the
outdoors. However, spraying can sometimes occur inside the house.
When this occurs, it may be in response to an outside cat being on
the property or another stressor in your cat’s life.

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Links:
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Whales
• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/whalesounds.html
• https://dosits.org/animals/sound-production/how-do-marine-
mammals-produce-sounds/
Ants
• https://www.antkeepers.com/facts/ants/communication/
Cats
• https://www.petmd.com/news/view/cat-language-101-how-do-cats-
talk-each-other-37620

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Thank You
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Charles Renzer P. Saborboro
11 - Joseph