This assignment discusses the transition of male centered leadership to the female centered leadership in corporate world.

1. 1. INTRODUCTION
This assignment discusses the transition of male centered leadership to the
female centered leadership in corporate world. Several researchers have
conducted research on the argument that women in business require a different
range of leadership skills from men.
Women have similar set of managerial, leadership and interpersonal skills as
men do however, most of them lose it before reaching the top. Leadership skills
are not personalized spheres of either gender; these can be more effective for
any person regardless of gender or vice versa. At times, the leadership style of
women differ from men, but as mentioned earlier, these can be adopted my
men as well.
Researchers have classified four different thoughts to discuss the gender based
leadership concept (Appelbaum, Audet, & Miller, 2003), these are as follows:
 Biology and sex believe that leadership is related to gender and is
biologically determined and inherent for men (Oakley, 2000).
 Gender role acknowledges the role of mixing with people and considers
the gender to be determinant of leadership (Kolb, 1999).
 Casual factors discuss various factors other than gender deciding upon
the effectiveness of leadership, being influential on it. These include
feminist attitude, self-confidence, and work environment (Cassirer &
Reskin, 2000).
 Attitudinal drivers accept that women may have different set of skills of
leadership than men and they practice these in different manners (Claes,
1999).

2. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Researchers have found out that women may succeed as an effective leader but
they usually achieve the success by behaving and performing like men. They
separate themselves by their own feminine group and mix with their male
colleagues to match their style of leadership and management (Simpson, 2000).
Some of the leadership qualities maybe innate in the individuals but most of
these can be acquired and learned by experience (Andolsen, 2008). This
definition supports the research that leadership is not based on gender but it is
based on skill sets an individual has.
Another approach stating significant qualities of an effective leader discusses it
with every alphabet of the word leader (Porterfield & Kleiner, 2005).
L – Listening the ideas and thoughts of others and learning from those,
E – Energizing the colleagues with own commitment and fueling the whole
organization with energy,
A – Acting in the way that benefit everyone in the organization,
D – Developing their own skills as well as others,
E – Empowering the team to take risk and make decisions, and
R – Recognizing the achievement of the team.
This approach also doesn’t talk about gender, it discusses the qualities as a
person.
2.1 McKINSEY CENTERED LEADERSHIP MODEL
McKinsey & Company started a project called McKinsey Leadership
Project almost 8 years ago, to help women in corporate world navigate
the paths to effective leadership along with the learning about the factors
that help women reach the top and sustain there. The research resulted
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3. in finding five interrelated dimensions of a leadership model called
‘Centered Leadership Model’.
These dimensions include meaning, managing energy, positive framing,
connecting, and engaging (as shown in figure 2.1 below). Every one of
these is important for a leader to possess and more the engagement of
the dimension is, more would be the effectiveness of leadership.
Fig 2.1 Centered Leadership Model (Barsh, Cranston, & Craske, 2008)
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4. a) Meaning
This dimension of centered leadership model discusses the importance
of having meaning of whatever the leader believe and practice. Once
they find the meaning in their aims and goals, they enjoy the pursuit of
these aims and goals. They personally feel it worthwhile and engage
with the achievement of these goals. A goal with meaning is a goal with
purpose. It is easy to convey to the followers and sharing the meaning
actually inspire them to follow (Barsh, Cranston, & Craske, 2008). This
is the most important dimension for leaders. The leaders can convince
others very well if they themselves are clear in their objectives.
b) Managing Energy
Once the leaders find meaning to their goals, they need to manage their
energy to achieve those effectively. They need to know about
themselves in more details so that they can find their strengths and
weaknesses. The things that deplete their energy should be countered
with accordingly as well as the things that enhance their energy should
be practiced more often. When they replicate energy, it helps them to
become a role model for the people in organization to sustain their own
energy and commitment towards the goals. The art of minimizing
depletion, restoring the energy and necessary flow of it is essential for
effective leadership (Barsh, Cranston, & Craske, 2008).
c) Positive Framing
Taking things as they are helps in believing that we can do it. Optimism
enables the leaders to frame the facts and situations as they are. Having
found the meaning and managed the energy, positive framing is another
important dimension of leadership. It recognizes the facts of adversity
and responds to those with appropriate actions. A meaningful goal with
appropriate energy and motivation would lead to the positive framing
of the path for achieving the goal. Self-awareness is another important
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5. thing that leads to positive framing and enables leaders to coup with
unfavorable situations effectively and moving on with the best solution
(Seligman, 2004).
d) Connecting
Connecting with colleagues as well as other corporate professionals is
another dimension of effective leadership. The personal touch that
communication gives for achieving the goals is unmatchable. It ensures
the colleagues about personal commitment of their leader. Networking
is really important for a leader. They need to grow the network and
sponsorship to enhance their credibility as well. They also need to
reciprocate with the situations they deal with (Barsh, Cranston, &
Craske, 2008). The attitude ‘WE’ is better than ‘I’ and it is the key to
success.
e) Engaging
Engagement is related to risk taking, taking ownership for the outcome
of the goal. This includes opportunities as well as risks associated with
the goal and its outcomes. When the achievement of goal become the
personal voice of the leader, the team gets the confidence to take risks
and getting things done more effectively and sometimes differently.
Leaders who choose risk and work with it are more likely to be satisfied
with their decisions than the others who didn’t opt for risks (Gilbert,
2006). Discussing the means and methods to achieve the goals or to
solve a problem often results in coming up with better opportunities.
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6. 3. CRITICAL EVALUATION
The involvement of women in business and their success as effective leaders in
the past decades has triggered the research in this field. The gender differences
in leadership style have been studied thoroughly as women have begun to take
over more leadership positions. The research studies impact of sex
stereotyping, organizational effects of various types of leadership, and
acceptance of a diversity of non gender linked leadership styles as the main
interest.
Women used to look after their homes and families while men used to work for
living. This changed during the World War II. Despite the hazards that the war
proclaimed on us, a positive change was the involvement of women in
businesses, production and other organizations. Countries like France,
Germany, Australia, Canada, England and America focused on recruiting women
workers in order to release the men for national defense. The industrial
revolution in USA also helped this change to prosper (Cardinali, 2002).
Since then, slowly and gradually women are making their mark in national
economies with their engagement and participation in businesses. Their sense
of ownership in the organizations has made them successful in their careers.
This increasing trend is continuing in twentieth century with more female
leaders serving at the top of organizations. Though they face and have to
overcome stereotypes and gender discrimination at work (Rees & Miazhevich,
2005).
Our critical evaluation on the assertion that women in business require a
different range of leadership skills from men is supported by various
researchers as well as the Centered Leadership Model which is interlinked with
each other, overlapping with the other dimensions. Though the McKinsey’s
model was meant to be for women, men also follow it to be an effective leader.
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7. The five dimensions of leadership discussed above are essential for any leader.
The level of competency in each dimension differs for men and women. The
leadership style of men is more towards being ‘autocratic’ while for women it is
more towards being ‘democratic’.
Understanding and finding the meaning is equally important for both genders.
Women need to struggle more for sustaining energy for work and change as
they are the ones who look after their homes along with work. The passion
towards work leads to the incredible energy that helps in being effective. Zia
Mody is a successful litigator in India; she enjoys winning the cases in court.
Her passion to win excites her and restores the energy needed. She used to
work sixteen hours a day to prepare for cases along with managing three young
daughters at home (Barsh, Cranston, & Craske, 2008).
Women are stereotyped, to be more pessimists, and maybe they actually are,
rather than optimists. To become a successful leader, they need to teach
themselves optimism. Seeing things as they are help in finding better solutions
and opportunities out of any situation. They face exceptional confrontation in
affirming and developing a distinguished leadership style. The scarcity of role
models for women creates hurdles for them to look up to one. However,
framing things positively to counter their adverse effects require more efforts
by women (Seligman, 2004).
Participating in the presentations herself promotes the work done by women
rather than just working on the projects and let others present the ideas.
Displaying engagement with work portrays the confidence and strength of
women as effective leaders. Engaging colleagues and mentors to share and
discuss ideas is also an effective way of displaying leadership qualities. Shona
Brown is the senior vice president in Google Inc. She handles opportunities and
the risks associated with those opportunities quite efficiently. She is a risk
taker. She dives into the situation to find the opportunities and analyze the
risks that usually gives her success (Barsh, Cranston, & Craske, 2008).
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8. Leadership experts suggest that women should have mentors and they should
continuously ask for feedback from them. The network within or outside the
organization is also helpful in discussing the progress and issues faced in the
organization. Discussing how the meeting went with the mentor really helps in
minimizing the mistakes happened and also results in enhanced self
confidence. Membership of professional forums or organizations is an effective
way of finding female role models because observing is one of the best ways of
learning leadership styles.
Networking helps the leaders to understand the environment of any
organization. Networks act as the hub of power and social capital (Perriton,
2006). Women networks are relatively smaller than those of men but with
stronger ties and higher degree of similarity (O'Neil, Hopkins, & Sullivan,
2011). Researchers have found that social networks created by women are less
influential as well as not well developed. This results in fewer opportunities
within the organization and corporate world (Forret, 2006). Women need to
concentrate on the development of an influential network that will help them
grow and reach to the top in corporate world. Studies prove that networking
strategies that provides success to men are not equally practicable for women
in their success.
4. CONCLUSION
The Centered Leadership Model was initially designed for young women leaders
to learn and develop leadership qualities and styles to excel in corporate world.
The literature on leadership qualities and styles reflects that women need
different level of competency in the set of skills for effective leadership.
Women need to concentrate more on networking, connecting well to their
colleagues and getting good sponsorship. They need to negate the stereotypes
about themselves that they cannot be a good leader.
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9. The different attributes in female vs. male styles of leadership have been
described as follows (Appelbaum, Audet, & Miller, 2003):
Female Male
Consideration Structure
Transformational Transactional
Participative Autocratic
Socio-expressive Instruction giving
People-oriented Business oriented
Women tend to follow interpersonally oriented leadership style that focuses on
helping and doing favors for colleagues, hearing their problems, having
concerns about their well-being, explaining procedures and being friendly with
them. This style is also known as consideration (Eagly & Johannesen-Schmidt,
2001). This style focuses on connection and engagement dimensions of
centered leadership model. The attribute of women to listen to others
distinguish themselves from men, and hence is a difference between their style
of leadership and that of men.
Networking effectively and carefully for the success in their leadership roles in
also important as discussed above. Women need to develop more influential
networks to sustain the effectiveness of their leadership.
A collaborative team approach empowering employees as well as customers is
also an important attribute of women leaders. The whole team is connected to
the leader as a rim of wheel. This results in better communication with the
team as well as confidence of the team into their leader’s abilities to lead
(Appelbaum, Audet, & Miller, 2003).
Women leaders should not portray feminine orientation towards management
that is believed to be poor in leadership. This would minimize the perception or
stereotype of women being incompetent from the minds of decision makers in
any organization (Kirchmeyer, 1998).
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10. The advantages and opportunities for women in leadership style may
sometimes be countered. However, it’s often that social and organizational
changes place women in the position of new entrants into higher level
managerial roles. These women may reflect contemporary trends in
management emphasizing on transformational leadership, threatening older
and more established managers (Fondas, 1997). Nonetheless, on the whole,
research on leadership style has very favorable implications for women’s
increasing representation in the ranks of leaders.
Concluding the discussion with an example of a successful woman leader, that
had the positive growing impact on sales and revenue of PepsiCo, Indra Nooyi.
She started her career at a lower management level from Johnson & Johnson,
making her way through different positions and organizations to becoming the
CEO of PepsiCo. Her commitment and passion towards work and leadership
skills helped her in reaching at the top of world’s second largest beverages
business (PesiCo Our Leadership). Her continuous growth is the result of her
well developed and influential network throughout her career. Forbes has
ranked her as number fourth in the world’s hundred powerful women (Indra
Nooyi - Forbes). She is a role model for every woman in world to look up to for
being a successful leader.
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