The document discusses various methods for preparing hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It describes 6 methods for preparing alkynes including from calcium carbide, by dehalogenation of tetrahalides, and by chloroform and silver powder. It also summarizes techniques for preparing alkanes and alkenes including reduction, Wurtz reaction, dehydration of alcohols, and Kolbe's electrolysis. Key reactions covered are Birch reduction, Lindlar's catalyst, hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-demercuration and their mechanisms.
3. Preparation of alkyne
1. From calcium carbide
2. By dehalogenation of tetrahalides (zn
/ )
3. By chloroform & silver powder
4. From vicinal dihalides (alcoholic
KOH + KNH2) OR (alcoholic NaOH +
NaNH2 Sodamide)
5. From germinal dihalides
6. By kolbe’s electrolysis fumaric or
maleic acid
13. Preparation of alkene: complete
reduction
From alkyne
C = C C = C
Reduction or hydrogenation
R-C=CH R-CH=CH2
R-CH2-CH3
CATALYST : Ni / H2 or Pd / H2
If we use normal strong reducing
agents we get alkanes not alkenes.
28. Na / liq NH3
Q) CH3-C=C-CH3 (A)
Pd / CaCO3
(B)
(CH3COO)2Pb
The minimum heat of hydrogenation is
in
A. (A)
B. (B)
C. Both have equal
D. Cannot predict
29. Na / liq NH3
Q) CH3-C=C-CH3 (A)
Pd / CaCO3
(B)
(CH3COO)2Pb
The minimum heat of hydrogenation is
in
A. (A)
B. (B)
C. Both have equal
D. Cannot predict
31. A) is birch reduction. It gives trans
alkene.
B) is lindlar’s catalyst . It gives cis
alkene.
32. cis-alkene is more stable than trans-
alkene.
Since stability is inversely proportional
to stability.
More the stability , less will be the heat
of hydrogenation.
33. Na / liq NH3
Q) CH3-C=C-CH3 (A)
Pd / CaCO3
(B)
(CH3COO)2Pb
The minimum heat of hydrogenation is
in
A. (A)
B. (B)
C. Both have equal
D. Cannot predict
34. Kolbe ‘ s electrolysis :
By electrolysis of aq. sodium or
potassium salt of dicarboxylic acids.
CH3-COOH K CH3-COOK
H2 +
CH3-COOH CH3-COOK
Butane 1,4 dioic acid di-
potassium
( succinic acid ) succcinate
45. IMPORTANT POINTS OF
HYDROBORATION REACTION
Water addition in double bond (H+ &
OH-).
This is syn-addition (on the same
side).
Always anti-markonikoff’s product.
47. MECHANISM OF
HYDROBORATION
1. B2H6 2 BH3 ( unstable ) (e-def)
H
B H
H e- deficient (incomplete octet )
2. THF ------------- It prevents BH3 to dimerize.
FURAN THF
48. THF forms a coordinate bond
with BH3 . Since BH3 is highly
unstable.
BH3
53. 2. SECOND STEP IS
OXIDATION WITH H2O2/OH-
1. H2O2 + OH- H2O + O-O-H
H-O-O-H + OH-
2. R3B + O-O-H R3B O-O-H
+ I EFFECT
Due to +I effect of the boron, e- repel
so somebody has to leave. O-H is a good
leaving group than o-o-H. so it leaves.
54. -ve charge on oxygen is highly
unstable
R2B-O-R
again O-O-H attacks
R2 B-OR
O-O-H R-B-OR
O
58. RATE
RATE OF HYDROBORATION
REACTION DEPENDS ON THE
STABILITY OF TRANSITION
STATE(ring structure)
Stability 1
sterric hindrance
59. Q) Which will give more rate
towards hydroboration?
a) CH3-CH=CH2
b) CH3-CH=CH-CH3
CH3 CH3
c) C=C
CH3 CH3
ANS ; a )>b)>c)
Reason : becoz in b) & c) there is more
sterric hindrance.
If sterric hindrance is more, stability will
be less. Hence the rate will be slow.
64. IMPORTANT POINTS OF
OxyMercuration - DeMercuration
reaction REACTION
Water addition in double bond (H+ &
OH-).
This is anti-addition (on the same
side).
Always markonikoff’s product.