1. Migration
India People and Economy
Geography 12th
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2. Chapter Overview
• Meaning of Migration
• Types of Migration
• Causes of Migration and
• Consequences of Migration
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3. BACKGROUND
• Migration is an integral part and very important factor in redistribution population over time and
space.
• India has witnessed the waves of Migrants coming to country from Central and West Asia and also
from South-East Asia.
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• In fact, the history of India is a history of waves of Migrants coming and settling one after another in
different parts of the country.
• Similarly a large number of people of India too have been migration in search of better opportunities
specially to the countries of Middle East, Western Europe, America etc..

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First Wave- During colonial period (British period) millions of the indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius,
Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Tobago and Guyana), Fiji and South Africa by British from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; to
Reunion Island, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Surinam by French and Dutch and by Portuguese from Goa, Daman and
Diu to Angola, Mozambique to work as plantation workers. All such migrations were covered under the time-bound
contract known as Girmit Act (Indian Emigration Act). However, the living conditions of these indentured labourers
were not better than the slaves.
The second wave of migrants ventured out into the neighbouring countries in recent times as professionals, artisans,
traders and factory workers, in search of economic opportunities to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei
and African countries, etc. and the trend still continues.
Third wave, of migrant was comprised professionals like doctors, engineers (1960s onwards), software engineers,
management consultants, financial experts, media persons (1980s onwards), and others migrated to countries such as
USA, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Germany,
etc. These professional enjoy the distinction of being one of highly educated, the highest earning and prospering
groups.
Three waves of Migration

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What is Migration?
It is the movement of a person or a group of people, to settle in another place, often across a political or
administrative boundary. Migration can be temporal or permanent, and it may be voluntary or forced.
In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases :
(A) place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as
life-time migrant);
(B) place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration
(known as migrant by place of last residence).
As per 2001 census, out of 1,029 million people in the country, 307 million (30 per cent) were
reported as migrants by place of birth. However, this figure was 315 million (31 per cent) in case of
place of last residence.

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Streams of Migration
Under the internal Migration four streams are identified
I) Rural to Rural (R- R)
II) Rural to Urban (R-U)
III) Urban to Urban (U-U)
IX) Urban to Rural (U-R)

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Spatial variation in Migration
Some states like
Maharashtra, Delhi,
Gujarat and Haryana
attracts migrants from
Bihar, UP
, etc..
Maharashtra occupied 1st
place in list with 2.3 million
net in-migrants followed by
Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana.
On the other hand UP and
Bihar had largest no. of out
migrants.
Among Urban
Agglomeration, Greater
Mumbai received the higher
number of in-migrants.

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Causes of Migration
Push factors, These cause
people to leave their place
of residence or origin.
E.g. Flood, drought, poor
heath care, education, etc..
Pull Factors, which attracts
the people from different
places.
E.g. Better opportunities for
education, better health
facilities, sources of
entertainment, job, etc

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Consequence of Migration
Consequence of
Migration
Economic
Demographic
Social &
Cultural
Environmental
Others
consequence:-
Migration affects
status of women,
Brain Drain

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Which one of the following
streams is dominated by male
migrants in India?
(a) Rural-rural (c) Rural-urban
(b) Urban-rural (d) Urban-Urban