1.
Obesity
Etiology and Hazards
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Pharmacy
Practice
Chitkara College of Pharmacy
Submitted By:
Ranjit Saha

2.
Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated
to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
 People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI),
a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the
person's height, is over 30 kg/m2, with the range 25–30 kg/m2 defined
as overweight.Some East Asian countries use lower values.

3.
 Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart
disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer,
and osteoarthritis.
 Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake,
lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused
primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental illness.

4.
ETIOLOGY :
 Obesity results when caloric intake exceeds untilsation .
The imbalance of these tw components can occur in the
following situations:
 Inadequate pushing of onself away from the dining table
causing overtreating .
 Insufficent pushing of onself out of the chair leading to
inactivity and sedentary life style
 Genitic predisposition to develop obesity

5.
 Diets largely derived from carbohydrates and fats than protein-rich diets
 Secondary obesity may result following a number of underlying disease
such as :
 Hypothyroidism
 Cushing disease
 Insulinomia
 Hypothalamic disorder

6.
Complications of obesity
Obesity health problem includes:
 Type 2 diabetes.
 High blood pressure.
 Stroke.
 Heart disease.
 Gallbladder disease.

7.
 Osteoarthritis.
 Poor wound healing.
 Sleep apnea,( dangerous sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops
and starts).
 High cholesterol and triglycerides.
 Metabolic syndrome.
 Cancer.
 Depression.

8.
PATHOGENESIS :
 The lipid storing cells , adipocytes comprise the adipose tissue and are presnt
in vascular and stromal compartment in the body . Besides the generally
accepted role of adipocytes for fat storage , these cells also release endocrine
regulating molecules . These molecules includes :
 Energy regulatory hormones (leptin )
 Cytokines ( TNF-α and interleukin-6
 Insulin sensitivity regulating agents ( adiponectin , resistin and RBP4 )
 Prothrombotic factor
 Blood pressure regulating agent

9.
The most important environmental factor of excess consumption of
nutrients can lead to obesity
 Recently, two obesity genes have been found Ob gene ( protein
product leptin )
 db gene ( protein product leptin receptor )

10.
Hazards Of Obesity
Hyperinsulinemia :
Increased insulin secretion is a glycaemia of frank diabetes despite
Hyperinsulinaemia . This is due to a state of insulin resistance consequent to
tissue insensitivity.
Type -2 diabetes mellitus :
There is a strong association of Type -2 diabetes mellitus with obesity. Obesity
often exacerbates the diabetes state and in many cases weight reduction often
leads to amelioration of diabetes

11.
Atherosclerosis :
Obesity predisposes to development of Atherosclerosis . As a result of
Atherosclerosis and hypertension , there is increased risk of myocardial
infarction and stroke in obese individuals .
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) :
Obesity contributes to development of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (
NAFLD ) which may progress further to cirrhosis of the liver

12.
Hypertension :
A strong association between hypertension and obesity is observed
which is perhaps due to increased blood volume . Weight reduction
leads to significant reduction in systolic blood pressure
Hyperlipoproteinaemia :
The plasma cholesterol circulates in the blood as low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
containing most of the circulating triglycerides . Obesity is strongly associated
with VLDL and midly with LDL . Total blood cholesterol levels are also
alevated in obesity .

13.
Treatment
This plan include:
 Dietary changes.
 Exercise and activity.
 Behavior change.
 Prescription medication.
 Weight-loss surgery.

14.
The Prescription medication include:
 Orlistat (Xenical).
 Lorcaserin (Belviq).
 Phentermine-topiramate (Qsymia).
 Phentermine (Adipex-P, Suprenza).

15.
Prevention
More exercise: 150 to 250
minutes of moderate intensity
activity every week is helpful to
keep you away from obesity, and
these activities such as fast
walking and swimming.

16.
Eat healthy: low calorie and fibers rich food
such as fruits, vegetables are good food to have
every day, but saturated fats and sweets and
alcohol are extremely bad , they increase your
body weight, and threaten your health.
Monitor your weight: monitoring your
weigh and calculating your body mass index
will be very helpful to know how your
prevention plan work.