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~ by Ranjan Shaw
Basic concepts of
Immunology
2
Immunology
The study of the immune system, the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune
responses is known as immunology.
• Immunity : Thie ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms, conferred by the immune
system is called immunity.
• Immunity is of two types:
• (i) Innate immunity and
• (ii) Acquired immunity.
Immunity
3
Immunity
: Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at thetime of birth. This
is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our body.
Barriers of Innate Immunity
4
Immunity
Skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry of the micro-organisms.
Mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts also help in
trapping microbes entering our body.
Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears from eyes–all prevent
microbial growth.
Certain types of leukocytes (WBC) of our body like polymorpho-nuclear
leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as
well as macrophages in tissues can phagocytose and destroy microbes.
Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protect non-infected
cells from further viral infection.
5
Immunity
6
Immunity
Acquired immunity, on the other hand is pathogen specific. It is characterised by
memory. This means when our body encounters a pathogen for the first time it produces a response
called primary response which is of low intensity. Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicits a
highly intensified secondary or anamnestic response.This is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to
have memory of the first encounter.
The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two special types of
lymphocytes present in our blood, i.e., B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes (T- cell).
Figure: Electron micrograph of an immunological synapse between a B and T lymphocyte
(http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/U/Uhr.gif).
Immunity
• The B-lymphocytes produce anarmy of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with
them. These proteins are called antibodies.
• TheT-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells to produce them.
• Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains,two small called light chains and two longer called
heavy chains.Hence, an antibody is represented as H2 L2
• Different types of antibodies are produced in our body. IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG are some of them.
• Because these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is also called as humoral immune
response.
• This is one of the two types of our acquired immune response – antibody mediated. The second type is
called cell-mediated immune response or cell-mediated immunity (CMI).
• The T-lymphocytes mediate CMI. Very often, when some human organs like heart, eye, liver, kidney
fail to function satisfactorily, transplantation is the only remedy to enable the patient to live a normal life.
7
and Immunity
Attribute Innate immunity Acquired immunity
Response time Minutes/hours Days
Specificity Specific for molecules and molecular patterns
associated with pathogens and molecules produced by
dead/damaged cells
Highly specific; discriminates between even minor diff
erences in molecular structure of microbial or
nonmicrobial molecules
Diversity A limited number of conserved, germ line– encoded
receptors
Highly diverse; a very large number of receptors arising
from genetic recombination of receptor genes in each
individual
Memory
responses
Some (observed in invertebrate innate responses and
mouse/human NK cells)
Persistent memory, with faster response of greater
magnitude on subsequent exposure
Self/nonself
discrimination
Perfect; no microbe-specifi c self/nonself patterns in
host
Very good; occasional failures of discrimination result in
autoimmune disease
Soluble
components of
blood
Many antimicrobial peptides, proteins, and other
mediators
Antibodies and cytokines
Major cell types Phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils),
natural killer (NK) cells, other leukocytes, epithelial and
endothelial cells
T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells
8
- Ranjan Shaw
Thank You

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Basic Concepts of Immunology - by Ranjan Shaw

  • 1. ~ by Ranjan Shaw Basic concepts of Immunology
  • 2. 2 Immunology The study of the immune system, the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune responses is known as immunology. • Immunity : Thie ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms, conferred by the immune system is called immunity. • Immunity is of two types: • (i) Innate immunity and • (ii) Acquired immunity. Immunity
  • 3. 3 Immunity : Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at thetime of birth. This is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our body. Barriers of Innate Immunity
  • 4. 4 Immunity Skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry of the micro-organisms. Mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts also help in trapping microbes entering our body. Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears from eyes–all prevent microbial growth. Certain types of leukocytes (WBC) of our body like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in tissues can phagocytose and destroy microbes. Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
  • 6. 6 Immunity Acquired immunity, on the other hand is pathogen specific. It is characterised by memory. This means when our body encounters a pathogen for the first time it produces a response called primary response which is of low intensity. Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary or anamnestic response.This is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have memory of the first encounter. The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, i.e., B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes (T- cell). Figure: Electron micrograph of an immunological synapse between a B and T lymphocyte (http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/U/Uhr.gif).
  • 7. Immunity • The B-lymphocytes produce anarmy of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them. These proteins are called antibodies. • TheT-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells to produce them. • Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains,two small called light chains and two longer called heavy chains.Hence, an antibody is represented as H2 L2 • Different types of antibodies are produced in our body. IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG are some of them. • Because these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is also called as humoral immune response. • This is one of the two types of our acquired immune response – antibody mediated. The second type is called cell-mediated immune response or cell-mediated immunity (CMI). • The T-lymphocytes mediate CMI. Very often, when some human organs like heart, eye, liver, kidney fail to function satisfactorily, transplantation is the only remedy to enable the patient to live a normal life. 7
  • 8. and Immunity Attribute Innate immunity Acquired immunity Response time Minutes/hours Days Specificity Specific for molecules and molecular patterns associated with pathogens and molecules produced by dead/damaged cells Highly specific; discriminates between even minor diff erences in molecular structure of microbial or nonmicrobial molecules Diversity A limited number of conserved, germ line– encoded receptors Highly diverse; a very large number of receptors arising from genetic recombination of receptor genes in each individual Memory responses Some (observed in invertebrate innate responses and mouse/human NK cells) Persistent memory, with faster response of greater magnitude on subsequent exposure Self/nonself discrimination Perfect; no microbe-specifi c self/nonself patterns in host Very good; occasional failures of discrimination result in autoimmune disease Soluble components of blood Many antimicrobial peptides, proteins, and other mediators Antibodies and cytokines Major cell types Phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils), natural killer (NK) cells, other leukocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells 8