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CHAPTER – 9:
“STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION”
Food: “Any substance that is provided in order to meet the body nutritional requirement. Food
contains proteins, carbohydrates and fats or Lipids etc, called “Food”.
 Due to increase in population number, enhancement of food production becomes a
primary issue of the world.
Biological principles are, Plant Breeding & Animal Husbandry are major efforts for
enhancement of food production.
Animal Husbandry: -
“An agriculture practice which deals with the care & breeding of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs,
horses, cattle, sheep, camel goat etc, known as Animal Husbandry”.
❑ It includes poultry farming and fisheries. Fisheries include rearing, catching,
selling, etc., of fish, molluscs (shell-fish) & crustaceans (prawns, crabs, etc.).
Management of Farms and Farm Animals: There managements
increased the production of food in many folds. Basically, there are two main managements are
including, Poultry farm management & Dairy Farm Management etc.
[01]. Poultry Farm Management: - “The rearing of domestical fowls (like common birds,
chicken, ducks, sometime turkey and other birds too) for food and eggs for human consumption.
❑ Poultry is the class of domesticated birds used for food or their eggs.
Important Components of Poultry farm Management include-
➢ Proper feed of food and water & Selection of disease free, suitable breeds.
➢ Farm is maintained and safe or clean condition, Hygiene & Health care.
➢ Brooding temperature also important, regular visits of veterinary doctor.
Bird Flu*: - It is a viral disease of poultry caused by Bird flu virus, which reduce egg, chicken
consumption in our country.

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[02]. Dairy Farm Management: - “Dairying is the management of animals for milk and its
product for human consumption. In which, we deal with processes and systems that increase yield and
improve quality of milk.”
Some key points in dairy farm management: -
a) Proper care to the cattle, well house, well feed (Clean water, fodder with quality and
quantity) and maintenance disease free environmental.
b) Strict cleanliness and hygiene are importance while milking, storage and transport of the
milk and its products.
c) Guidelines Objectives: Animal health, milking hygiene, animal feeding and water &
animal welfare.
Important characteristics of a good breeds: High milk yield (Climatic condition of the area), resistance
to disease.
Bees Keeping: - (Apiculture*)
- Commonly reared species- ‘Apis Indica’.
“The rearing of honeybees for the production of honey & other products (Beeswaxes), called
Apiculture”.
Products of Honey Bees-
Honey*: It is a food with high nutritive value, also have medicinal values.
Beeswax*: It’s commercially used in preparation of cosmetics & polishes of various types.
- Bee pastures (like wild shrubs & cultivated crops) are used for beekeeping.
Beekeeping relatively easy (require a specialized knowledge) & also it is not labor-intensive.
Important key points for successful Bee-keeping*: - knowledge about bees, location suitable
for bee keeping, rearing od group of bees, management of bees in changing season, handling and
collection of products
❑. Bees perform pollination of plants like sunflower, brassica, apple & pear etc.

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Fisheries: (Aquaculture/Pisciculture*)
“It is concerned with rearing, catching, and selling of fishes like shell fish, crabs, known as Fisheries”.
 A large number of our population is dependent on fishes & other aquatic animals such
crab, prawn, lobster etc for food.
Common edible freshwater fishes Catla, Common crap, Rohu.
Common edible marine fishes Hilsa, Sardines, Pomfrets & Mackerel etc.
Blue Revolution: - “It is the development of the fishery industry which has resulted in increase in
income to the famers related to it, called Blue revolution.”

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Animal Breeding: Aim: - Increasing yields of animals and improving the desirable qualities
of the product.
Breeds: “A Group of animals related by descent and similar in characters like general appearance,
features, size, configuration etc., known as Breed.”
There are two kinds of breeding
❑ Inbreeding – Breeding between animals of same breeds.
❑ Outbreeding- Crosses between different breeds.
Breeding of animal is important except of animal husbandry.
Inbreeding:-
“It refers to the breeding between closely related individual with in the same breeds of 4-6th
generation.”
➢ Increase homozygosity in progeny, so it is important for developing a pure line of
any animals.
➢ It expresses the harmful recessive genes.
Inbreeding Depression: The Continued inbreeding leads to inbreeding depression.
“The loss in desired traits due to successive inbreeding, called Inbreeding Depression”. This affects
both productivity and fertility.
Out-Breeding: “The breeding of unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of
same breed but, having no common ancestors or between different breeds (cross breeding) or different species
(interspecific hybridization)”.
Out-Crossing- This is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed but having no
common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generation. The offspring are called out-
cross.
• It is the best breeding methods for animal that are poor in milk yield, growth rate
in cattle.

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Cross Breeding- “The breeding of animals of different breeds of same species called Cross
Breeding”.
Method: - Superior male of one breed is mated with superior female of other females of another breed.
Cross breeding allows the desirable qualities of two breeds to be combined.
 Such hybrid animals used as-
Commercial production, inbreeding and selection to develop the new stable breeds.
Example: - Hisardale new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by Crossing of Bikaneri Ewes &
Marino rams.
Interspecific Hybridization- Breeding of animals of different animals.
Method: - Male and female animals of two different species are mated  Few of the progeny may have
desirable feature of both the parent  Such progeny is used human use.
Ex- Mule. (Male donkey X Female horse)
Control Breeding Experiment- Carried out by using Artificial
Insemination, Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET).
[A]. Artificial Insemination: - The semen is collected from the male that is chosen as a parent and
injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female by the breeder.
o The success rate of crossing mature male and female animals is fairly low even though
artificial insemination is carried out.
[B]. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET):
Such a herd improvement programmed.
Method: - A cow having injected FSH like activity hormone  Induces follicular maturation and
super ovulation-instead of one egg  6-8 eggs are released in normal cycle  Artificial insemination
(mating with bull) Fertilization of eggs  Non-surgical recovery of egg (zygote) at 8-32 cell stages 
The transfer of surrogate mothers & use of genetic mother for next round of super ovulation.
o MOET is used for cattle, rabbit, buffaloes & sheep etc.
Due to the use of this technique the females with high milk yield, males with high quality of meat due to
larger in size.

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Plant Breeding*
“The purposeful manipulation of plants species in order to create desired plant types that are better
suited for cultivation, give better yield & disease resistance, known as Plant Breeding”.
 Recorder evidence of plant breeding dates back to 9,000-11,000 year ago.
 Our most of the present-day major food crops are derived from the domesticated
varieties.
Classical Plant Breeding: The crossing or hybridization of pure lines is done which is followed by
artificial selection to produce plants with desirable traits like following-
I. Higher yield & nutrition.
II. Increased tolerance to environmental stresses ex. Drought, extreme temperature etc.
III. Resistance to pathogens ex. Viruses, Bacteria & fungi etc.
Now days advancement fields of genetics, molecular biology, tissue culture, plant breeding now
increase by using there tools specially.
Main steps in breeding a new Genetic variety of a Crop:
Collection of
variability
“The collection and preservation of all the different wild verities, species and relatives of the
cultivated species.”
- “The process of entire collection (plant, seed) having all the diverse alleles for all genes in
a particular crop, known as Germplasm Collection.
Evaluation &
selection of
parents
The identification of plants with desirable combination of characters. The selected plants are
multiplied and used in the process of hybridization.
- Creation of pure line if possible.
Cross
hybridization
among the
selected parents
It is very time taking it includes, Collection of pollen grains from male plant, placing of pollen on
stigma of flower of selected female plant.
Example: high protein quality to one parent is combined with disease resistance from other parents
by cross hybridization them.
- Selection of hybrid with desired characters.
- The desired characters require to be combined from 2 different plant.
Selection &
testing of superior
recombinants
The selection process is crucial to the success of the breeding objective and requires careful
scientific evaluation of the progeny.
- This step yields plants that are superior to both of the parents.
Testing, release &
commercialization
of new cultivars
The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease
resistance, etc.