1. Understanding and
Implementation of Open
Source Ecosystems
AMOD GOKHALE
DIRECTOR, RACHIT TECHNOLOGY

2. Agenda
 Open Source Facts
 History of Open Source
 What is Open Source?
 Why Open Source?
 Types of Open Source Licenses
 Popular Open Source Packages
 Popular Open Source Standards
 Benefits and Limitations
 Real Life Examples of Open Source
 Open Source in a Student’s Life
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3. What do they have in common?!
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4. Open Source Facts

5. Open
Source
Facts
 Today More than 70% companies use
Open Source Software.
 Major Software giants use and promote
open source technology including
Facebook, Google, Linux, Red Hat and
more
 Twitter, Google , Facebook are built on
open source.
 As of Dec 2014, GitHub hosted more
than 10 million open source projects.
 Majority of banks used open source
software and API’s for secure service.
 It is one of fastest-growing IT Industries
today
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6. History of Open Source

7. History of Open Source
 In 1970’s UNIX operating system was developed at Bell Labs. Later AT&T enforces Intellectual
Property rights and prevents the code from public access.
 In 1970’s and early 80’s most of manufactures stopped distributing source code to prohibit
copying and redistribution.
 In 1980’s Richard Stallman a software freedom activist and computer programmer, was working
on Xerox 9700 printer. Frustrated as he was not able to fix a printer issue as he didn’t had source
code available with him, leading to pursue “Free software foundation”, GNU (General Public
License). This experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be able to freely modify the
software they use.
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8. History of Open Source
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 In 1983 Stallman published GNU Manifesto and launched GNU project to write a complete
operating system free from constraints on use of its source code.
 In 1993 Linus Torvalds released Linux Kernel as freely modifiable code. Later Torvalds relicensed
project under GNU license. In 1990’s and early 2000’s various customized Linux Operating
systems were created, Ubuntu the most adaptive one.
 In 1997 Eric Raymond published the “The Cathedral and the Bazaar” a paper on hacker
community and free-software principle. This was one of major contributing factor in making
Netscape Internet suite as free software. Which is a code base for today’s Mozilla Firefox and
Thunderbird.
 In August 1999 Sun Microsystems released the StarOffice ( office suite ) as free software under
GNU license. The free software version was renamed OpenOffice.org later.

9. What is Open Source

10. What is Open Source?
Open source software is software that can be freely used, changed, and shared (in modified or
unmodified form) by anyone. Open source software is made by many people, and distributed
under licenses that comply with the Open Source Definition.
 Free to use ( no warranty, no limits on usage )
 Free to Change ( Can modify, change, remove keeping original owners rights )
 Free to distribute
 Follow various Licenses standards
 Visit http://www.opensource.org
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11. What is Open source?
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 Open source is type of software license that makes code available to public without any
restriction.
 Open Source as Development Model
Developer
Core
Developer
•Source
Code
Authorized
Build User

12. What is Open source?
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 Open source allows users to run software for any purpose
 Users can view software code and are allowed to examine and modify software to fulfill their
needs.
 Users can redistribute the copies of software to other people
 Allows user to use software which are tested and written by group of developer communities.
 Open source need not be necessary FREE.
 No Discrimination against Persons or Groups.

13. Why Open Source?

14. Why Open Source?
 Open Source Technology helps Users validate program code and hence increasing confident in
using program.
 It’s collaborative implementation of software program, with millions of users as well as developers
work together to implement world class software.
 With open source technology you need not reinvent the wheel. Reuse already created and
tested module successfully.
 Sometimes fixing a problem might not be possible with resource limitation, with open source you
can have volunteers fix the bug with faster speed.
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15. Why Open Source?
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 Removes dependency on single resources. E.g. if you are creating a building and hire a
engineer to complete work. Tomorrow if engineer leaves the project, with open source you will
have a diagram ready which other engineer and view and take project further.
 Saves lot of time as you use existing software and build a customized product as per your
requirement.
 It saves lot of money
 Being open source helps to stop hacking and cyberattacks.

16. Types of Open Source
Licenses

17. Types of Open Source Licenses
What is License?
 It grants permission to use a copyrighted work
 Can impose other restrictions such as type, duration, place etc
 Does not transfer ownership of license.
Several Types of Open Source Licenses
 The GPL
 BSD
 The Mozilla Public License
 IBM Public License
 Apache Software License
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18. Types of Open Source Licenses
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 GPL ( GNU General Public License GNU GPL or GPL)
 This is the most widely used “free software license” which guarantees end users the freedoms to use,
study, copy and modify the software.
 If the software is copylefted, it requires those rights to be retained.
 Software is provided with No warranty – Disclaimer required.
 There are various derivatives of GPL.
 The most famous one is GPL Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ).
 Similar to GPL
 Easier for licensees to combine LGPL code with a separate program and distribute combination
under separate licenses.
 Many of LGPL programs are open source libraries.

19. Types of Open Source Licenses
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 BSD family of licenses (Berkeley Software Distribution)
 Gives user same basic rights as the GPL.
 There are no copyleft provisions, so code can be derived as private.
 More permissive license compare to GPL, allows users to re-release software under a different license.
 Many commercial developers prefer BSD license
 The Mozilla public License (MPL)
 It combines distinct features from both BSD and GPL.
 No Copyleft provision provided in this release.
 Drafted more perfectly to consider commercial licenses.

20. Types of Open Source Licenses
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 IBM Public License ( IPL )
 Its approved by “open source initiative” and sometimes used by IBM.
 It differs from GPL as it places the liability on the publisher of the licensed software code. According to
IBM this is to facilitate commercial use of open-source software.
 IPL also contains many restrictions that are not included in GPL.
 Apache Software License
 Apache License is free software license written by Apache Software Foundation ( ASF ).
 Apache license requires preservation of copyright notice and a disclaimer. It allows user to modify ,
distribute , modify with concern for royalties.
 Android Operating System were using Apache License.

21. Popular Open Source
Packages

22. Popular Open Source Packages
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23. Popular Open Source Development Tools
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24. Popular Open Source
Standards

25. Most Popular Open Source
Standards
Typical Open Source Project does not follow SDLC model. It uses Scrum/Agile, extreme
programming, Internet-speed development.
Eric Raymond’s essay “The Cathedral and the Bazaar” outlines a model for developing OSS known
as bazaar model. It works with collaboration, project management, QC, reviews,
 Every good work of software starts by scratching a developer’s personal itch.
 Good programmers know what to write. Great ones know what to rewrite and reuse
 “Plan to throw one away; you will, anyhow.” (Fred Brooks, “The Mythical Man-Month”, Chapter
11)
 if you have the right attitude, interesting problems will find you.
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26. Most Popular Open Source
Standards
 When you lose interest in a program, your last duty to it is to hand it off to a competent successor.
 Treating your users as co-developers is your least-hassle route to rapid code improvement and
effective debugging.
 Release early, Release often. And Listen to your customers.
 Given a large enough beta-tester and co-developer base, almost every problem will be
characterized quickly and the fix obvious to someone.
 Smart data structures and dumb code works a lot better than the other way around.
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27. Most Popular Open Source
Standards
 The next best thing to having good ideas is recognizing good ideas from your users. Sometimes
the latter is better.
 Often, the most striking and innovative solutions come from realizing that your concept of the
problem was wrong.
 “Perfection (in design) is achieved not when there is nothing more to add, but rather when there
is nothing more to take away.”
 To solve an interesting problem, start by finding a problem that is interesting to you.
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28. Benefits and Limitations

29. Benefits
 Save Cost
 Increased user base
 Scalability
 Longer Software Life
 Innovation
 Adaptability
 Stable
 Innovation
 User Customization
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 Transparency
 The competitive edge
 Continues Real time improvement

30. Limitations
 No Warranty
 Intellectual property infringement
 Several Forks creates several incompatible projects
 Security Issues
 Lack of professional tech support
 Lack of direction in product development
 Higher indirect cost ( e.g. deployment , maintenance with various vendors)
 Not Entirely Free
 Learning curve is higher
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31. Real Life examples of Open Source
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32. Open Source in a Student’s Life
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33. Thank You and All The Best!
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