2. INTRODUCTION
Laminate veneers have evolved over the last
several decades to become one of aesthetic
dentistry most popular restorations .
The laminate veneer is a conservative alteration
to full coverage for improving the appearance of
an anterior tooth .
3. DEFINITIONS
PORCELAIN LAMINATE VENEER
A thin bonded ceramic restoration that restore the
facial surface and part of the proximal surface of the teeth
requiring aesthetic restoration.
VENEER
A thin sheet of material usually used as a finish
LAMINATING
Constructing a veneer and bonding it to etched tooth
structure
it is the prosthetic treatment that consists of replacing
the visible portion of the dental enamel with a ceramic
substitute ,intimately bonded to the tooth surface ,yielding
optical ,mechanical and biological properties closely
resembling those of the natural enamel.
4. HISTORY
In 1930’s Dr Charles Pinus first used thin resin
facings and then air fired porcelain facings to create
the Hollywood Mile for American actors .He used
denture adhesive to sold the veneer in place .
In the 1970’s performed plastic laminate were
bonded to the teeth using composite resin , but
bonding to the plastic was poor along with colour
instability .
The evolution of the modern ceramic laminate was
assisted by the following discoveries:
Etching of enamel by Buonocore(1955)
Bowens BIS-GMA resin (1960)
Ceramic etching and bonding by Rochette(1973)
5. INDICATIONS
Extreme discolorations
Enamel defects
Diastema
Attrition and root exposure
Malpositioned teeth and abnormalities of shape
Repair of functionally-sound metal ceramic or all
ceramic restoration with unsatisfactory colour
Tooth fracture
Restoring anterior guidance in worn mandibular
incisors
6. CONTRAINDICATION
Insufficient coronal tooth structure :Fractured
teeth with more than 1/3 loss of tooth structure
,grossly carious or extensively restored tooth
.Full coverage restorations are preferred .
Actively erupting teeth
Parafunctional habits like bruxism
severe periodontal involvement and crowding
Endodontically treated teeth :Present a poorly
receptive surface for bonding and full coverage
restorations are indicated.
7. ADVANTAGES
minimally invasive conservative
Excellent colour and light
Transmission-good aesthetic
High colour stability
Good tissue response
Excellent durability –good strength,wear
resistance and no fluid absorption .
Speed and simplicity
8. Disadvantages
Tooth preparation ,however minimal is required
Cemention is time consuming and technique
sensitive
Fragile –may fracture if improperly handled
during try in or cementation
Proper selection of underlying cement is critical
for success
Difficult to repair
Cost`
9. SHADE SELECTION
This should be done at the beginning ,during the
consultation or treatment appoinment .
It has to be done when the teeth have not been
dried out for any period of time .
It is done under a colour corrected light and
outside in daylight .
The conventional shade guide such as vita
porcelain shade guide ,are not ideal for veneers
because their porcelain thickness is high .
It is best for ceramist to make an individualized
shade guide .
10. TOOTH PREPARATION
PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATION
Conservation of tooth structure :The
preparation should be conservative which is the
main principle governing the fabrication of the
ceramic laminate .
Retention is solely by adhesion :adhesive
luting or bonding using resin cements is the main
contributors to retention rather than tooth
preparation .
11. RATIONALE
To provide adequate space for porcelain
opaquing and composite resin luting materials.
To removes convexities in the surface and
provide a definite path for insertion.
To assist veneer seating during placement and
bonding
To provide a receptive enamel surface for etching
and bonding the laminate
To facilitate margin placement
To provide adequate contour and colour without
over contouring .
12. TYPE OF PREPARATION
Classified as :
TYPE 1 :Contact lens
type : Does not cover
the incisal edges
Type 2 :Classic or
conventional type
:most commonly used
.covers the incisal
edges and terminates
lingually ..
13. thickness to tooth ,need for increasing
tooth length and occlusion determine
whether type 1 OR 2 is used .
TYPE 3 : Wrap around or ¾ type
:almost similar to full coverage
preparation .Indicated for extensive
changes and colour and contour
14. ARMAMENTARIUM
A diamond depth cutter with three 2mm
diameter wheels mounted on a 1.0mm diameter
non cutting shaft .The radius of wheels from the
non cutting shaft is .5mm .Procedure a depth cut
of .5mm
A diamond depth cutter with a wheel diameter of
1.6mm ,produce a depth cut of .3mm
Round bur
Round end tapering diamond
Finishing diamond and burs
Airotor handpiece .
15. PROCEDURE
The Preparation for the conventional type is
described .it involves the following step
Labial reduction
Proximal reduction
Sulcular reduction
Incisal reduction
Lingual reduction
16. LABIAL REDUCTION
The thickness of the ceramic laminate should be
.5mm .To achieve this ,the labial preparation
should achieve a uniform reduction of .3-.5mm
,less gingivally and more incisally .this involves .
1. Depth cuts
2. Reducing remaining enamel
17. DEPTH CUT
These can be prepared
using round bur only
or a combination of
round bur and depth
cutter
DEPTH CUTS USING
ONLY ROUND BUR
Depth cuts are placed
on the labial surface
with no.1 round bur
along the gingival
margins ,and extended
proximally and incisally
18.
19. The .8mm diameter will produce a .4mm
depth of preparation
The labial surface is then divided into a
mesial and distal half by placing a depth
cut cervicoincisally in the centre of labial
surface with the round bur
20. The labial surface is
then divided into
cervical ,middle and
incisal third by placing
two depth cuts
mesiodistally with the
round burs .
21. DEPTH CUTS DIAMOND DEPTH
CUTTER
After the first depth
cut around the
gingival margin with
a round bur ,depth
cuts are placed on
the entire labial
surface by running
the diamond depth
cutter mesiodistally.
The depth of
preparation dictates
the choice of depth
cutter .
22. The cuts are placed in two planes in two
planes following the contour of the labial
surface
Also the wider depth cutter can be used
on the incisal part and the other on the
gingival part if the amount of preparation
on the gingival half is to be lesser .
23. REDUCING REMAINING ENAMEL
Whichever method is used to produce the depth
cut ,the remaining enamel on the labial surface is
reduced using a round end tapering diamond
,which will produce a chamfer finish line.
Only the direction of reduction varies depending
on direction of the cut .
24. PROXIMAL REDUCTION
Depth can often be as
great as .8-1mm ,since
the enamel layer is
thick towards proximal
surface .
It is ensured that the
diamond is parallel with
the long axis of the
tooth .
25. The facial reduction
using the round end
tapered diamond is just
continued in to the
proximal area
The proximal reduction
should stop just short
of breaking the contact
26. Reason to preserve contact area
It is a anatomical features that is extremely
difficult to reproduce .
It prevents displacement of the tooth between
the preparation and placement appointment if no
provisional restoration are planned .
Postinsertion oral care is easier
Simplifies try in no need to adjust the contact
Simplifies bonding and finishing .
27. SULCUS EXTENSION
Routinely the margin are placed supragingivally .
When discoloration is excessive ,the margin are
extened subgingivally .
A round .3 mm chamfer serves as a ideal margin for
ceramic laminate veneer
ADVANTAGES
Increased areas of enamel in the preparation .
Simplified moisture control
Visual confirmation of marginal fit
Margins are accessible for finishing and polishing
Access to margin for routine maintenance and dental
hygeine procedure .
28. ADVANTAGES OF CHAMFER FINISH LINE
Conservative ,distinct
Provide increased bulk of porcelain giving
adequate strength ,avoid over contouring
Good marginal seal
Accuracy of fit –veneer is easily inserted at try in
and final placement .
29. INCISAL REDUCTION
As porcelain is stronger
in compression than in
tension ,wrapping the
porcelain over the
incisal edge and
terminating it on the
lingual surface places
the veneer in
compression during
function .
30. It also provide a vertical stop that aids in
proper seating of the veneer and improves
translucency .
Incisal reduction should provide a ceramic
layer of at least 1mm in thickness .5mm
depth orientation grooves are placed in the
incisal edges using a depth cutter or round
end tapering diamond .
A round end tapered diamond is used to
remove the tooth structure in between the
grooves.
31. INDICATION FOR INCISAL COVERAGE
The incisal thickness is too thin to support the
veneer .
A lengthening of the incisal edge 1.0-2 mm is
desired
Facioincisal margin is visible and unaesthetic
Incisal enamel is structurally compromised
The incisal edge is subject to functional stress.
32. LINGUAL REDUCTION
The round end tapered
diamond is held parallel
to the lingual surface
with its end forming a
slight chamfer .5mm
deep
33. Beside placing the porcelain under
compression lingual extension will also
enhance the retention and increase the
surface areas for bonding
34. SOFT TISSUE MANAGEMENT
Gingival retraction can be done just prior to
tooth preparation when the finish line is placed
.5 mm subgingivally .
It can also be done prior to impression making
During cementation ,placement of retraction cord
prevents the contamination of the cervical
margins with sulcular fluid and facilitates the
finishing of the cervical margin.
35.
36. IMPRESSION PROCEDURE
A single impression
technique ,double mix
,using a combination of
putty and light body is
recommended for
laminates .
37. A double impression
technique using a
spacer is not
recommended due
to the reduced
thickness of a
laminate compared
to a crown , which
leads to greater
shrinkage of light
body .
38. The impression is normally made with a standard
fixed prosthodontic impression material such as
addition silicones as they have excellent accuracy
,remarkable mechanical properties and good
dimensional stability
39. The light body is syringed on the prepared teeth
and gently spread so that the entire preparation
is covered and no air bubbles exist .
A simultaneously mixed putty material is loaded
on a stock tray and inserted over the light body
material .
Tray is filled with putty and is kept in place.
40. PROVISIONAL RESTORATION
Provisional restoration for laminate may not be
essential as there is no exposure of dentine and
the proximal contacts are maintained
But most often it may be necessary for a patient
to maintain their social engagement and if
proximal contact is broken .
Two methods are
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
41.
42. DIRECT METHOD
The provisional restoration is fabricated
intraorally .It can be done using .
Composite resin
A few spots on the prepared tooth or a central
spot is etched with phosphoric acid and bonded .
Restorative composite is built up on prepared
tooth and light cured .
This acts as a provisional restoration as it can be
easily removed prior to try in ,as entire surface
was not etched .
43.
44.
45. Autopolymerising acrylic resin
Tooth colour acrylic can also be used similar to
routine fixed prosthodontic
A putty index of the tooth made prior to tooth
preparation ,is filled with resin following the
preparation and inserted in the mouth .
It is removed following initial set ,allowed to
polymerize, trimmed and can be luted using
provisional cements or spot etched and boned
with resin cements
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. INDIRECT METHOD
A model fabricated following tooth preparation
will allow the acrylic provisional to be made
indirectly on a cast .
51. LABORATORY PROCEDURE
Leucite and lithium disilicate reinforced ceramics
are preferred due to their excellent translucency
and aesthetics.
CEMENTATION
Following the Fabrication of the laminate in the
laboratory ,the same is cemented .this involves
the following steps ,
1. Initial veneer inspection
2. Preparation of site
3. Try in
4. Bonding
5. Finishing
52. Initial veneer inspection
The veneer is placed on the cast and assessed for
the following
Imperfections
Individual fit
Collective fit
Veneer colour
53.
54. Preparation of site
The prepared teeth are isolated, provisional removal
and cleaned with pumice .
Try in
The veneers are then tried in the patients mouth .they
checked for
Individual fit
Collective fit
Colour
Water soluble glycerine ,transparent silicones and
colour keyed try in pastes can be used to attach the
laminate to the tooth during try in .
55. Factors influencing colour
Since most often laminates are indicated to correct
discolouration ,it is important to understand the
factors influencing the same .
Original tooth colour
Porcelain shade and opacifier
Luting resin colour and opacity
Tooth not requiring major colour changes is influenced
by the factors as follows :
80% ceramic
10% cement
10% tooth
58. Preparation of veneer
Following cleaning of the veneer with a solvent such
as acetone ,it is etched with 10%-15% hydrofluoric
acid for 30 seconds to 1 minute according to the
manufacturer instruction and the ceramic used .
Some clinician tend to get the veneer etched by the
laboratory ,this is not recommended as the etched
surface may get contaminated during handling and
try in procedure .
A silane coupling agent is now applied to the fitting
surface of the veneer and is allowed to remain for one
minute .
It is then air dried .
59. The silane creates a chemical bond between
composite cement and ceramic .
A normal composite bonding agent is finally
applied to the fitting surface at the same time
when the tooth surface is also bonded .
It is not light cured .
60. Preparation of tooth
The prepared teeth are pumiced again to remove any
try in paste or cement .
They are isolated using soft metal bands or mylar
strips .
The tooth is etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15
sec .
It is thoroughly rinsed and gently air dried .surface
should appear typically frostly following the etching
procedure.
Composite bonding agent is applied on the tooth
surface and is not light cured now .
61.
62.
63. Luting
The cement of choice for luting ceramic laminate
veneers is resin cement .
The resin is adhesively cemented or bonded to
the tooth and the laminate .
Though the resin cement are available as
chemical ,light and dual cured varieties ,the light
cured cement is preferred as it gives adequate
working time and open margins allow good light
polymerization .
64. Ideal requirement of the luting cements:
1. Thin film thickness ,10-20microns
2. High compressive and tensile strength
3. Ability to tint ,opaque and characterize
4. Low viscosity
5. Low polymerization shrinkage
6. Good colour stability .
65. Several manufacturers produce resin cements in
variable shades with flowable viscosity and with
opaquers .
The cement is mixed and applied on the fitting
surface of veneer and spread uniformly
Veneer is then placed on the prepared tooth
giving finger pressure labially .
When position is verified to be correct ,veneer is
initially light cured for 5sec .
The excess material is removed with a probe and
then the light curing is continued for 45-60 sec .
66.
67. FINISHING
Fine grit diamond are used to remove any excess
cement from margins .Final finishing is
accomplished with disc and diamond polishing
paste .
Occlusion is checked only after veneer is bonded
to tooth
Proximal areas are finished with finishing strips
68.
69.
70.
71.
72. MAINTENANCE
For 72-96 hours following insertion ,patient
should avoid highly coloured foods ,tea or coffee
,hard food and extreme temperature .
Routine scaling should be done at least every 4
months ,ultrasonic scalers may be avoided .
Abrasive and highly fluoridated tooth paste
should be avoided.
Excessive biting forces and nail biting and pencil
chewing habits should be avoided .
Soft acrylic mouth guard can be used during
contact sports .
73. FAILURE OF LAMINATE VENEERS
MECHANICAL :
Fracture –poor positioning of incisal margins ,less
incisal thickness ,margin too subgingival
Debonding –use of expired cement ,faulty veneer
/tooth preparation during luting .
BIOLOGICAL :
Postoperative sensitivity-improper curing of
cement ,poor marginal adaptation
Marginal microleakage –poor fit and extension
74. AESTHETIC :
Improper shade selection
Visible margins in case of discoloured teeth
Gingival recession –over contour and improper
sub gingival placement