An article discusses various types of accidents including road traffic accidents, domestic accidents, industrial accidents, and their causes and prevention methods. It describes road traffic accidents as the leading cause of death for people aged 15-29 worldwide. Domestic accidents discussed include drowning, burns, falls, poisoning, and snake bites. Industrial accidents are defined as unexpected events in the workplace involving injury. Common causes of accidents are identified as unsafe conditions, unsafe acts, and human factors. Prevention strategies aim to address engineering, legislation, education, and addressing risk factors.
3. šINTRODUCTIONš
š Accident, unexpected event,
typically sudden in nature and associated
with injury, loss, or harm. Accidents are a
common feature of the human
experience and result in injury or
permanent disability to large numbers of
people worldwide every year. Many
accidents also involve damage to or loss
of property.
6. šDEFINITIONš
š An undesirable or unfortunate happening
that occurs unintentionally and usually results
in harm, injury, damage, or loss; casualty;
mishap .
šAn unforeseen and unplanned event or
circumstance (Merriam Webster Dictionary)
8. š“ļøAGENTš“ļø
šŗ Accident can occur to anyone , anytime at any place ,
because it is the uninvited tragedy with multiple causative (
predisposing ) factors :
šOvercrowding , lack of awareness and poor implementa tion
of essential safety precautions result in an increasing number of
accidents .
šRapid increase in Vehicular Traffic.
šSemiskilled and unskilled workers in operation .
šConsumption of poisonous substance intentionally or
unintentionally .
šAge is one of the major risk factors for drowning . This
relationship is often associated with a lapse in supervision .
9. š¤·HOST FACTORš¤·
š·Accident can happen to anyone irrespective of age
accidents . E.g. , drowning in children , fire accidents in and
sex . Some age groups are closely related to certain women
who cook at kitchen.
š·People who are inexperienced in driving , teenage boys
mental status of the people ( depression , frustration anxiety
anger , sickness , alchoholics ) all add to the risk of meeting
with accident .
š·Disrespecting the safety rules while driving like not wearing
helmet , not applying safety belts as well , driving without
license etc.
10. šļøENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSšļø
šLack of familiarity about the routes , poor
lighting , huge speed breakers, narrow and
defective layouts of cross roads are the factors
relating to road that are potentially at risk for
causing accident .
šLow driving standards , old and poorly
maintained vehicles , excessive speed overloaded
buses , and large number of two wheelers are the
vehicle related factors causing accidents .
šBad weather and inadequate enforcement of law are
the weather causes for accident , mixed traffic like
fast moving pedestrians and animals .
šIlliteracy and ignorance .
11. š¤CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTSš¤
1)Road traffic Accident
2)Domestic Accident
-:Drowning,Burns,Falls,Poisoning,Injuries from sharp,Bites
and other injuries from animals .
3)Industrial Accidents
4)Aircraft crash
5)Marine Accidents
6)Violence
12. ROAD TRAFFIIC ACCIDENT{RTA}
DEFINITION -:
A Road Traffic Accident ( RTA ) can be defined as ,
an event that occurs on a way or street open to
public traffic ; resulting in one or more persons
being injured or killed , where at least one moving
vehicle is involved * . Transport Research Wing ,
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways . Road
Accidents in India 2011. New Delhi : Ministry of
Road Transport and Highways , Government of
India : 2012 .
(1)
14. š³Latest estimated records from 2007
in India tells that :
š1.25,000 deaths
š 25,00,000 serious injuries
š62,50,000 mild injuries
š³India has only 1 % of vehicles in the
world but accounts for nearly 6 % of the
total cases of unintentional injuries .
18. Other Riskfactor -:
š§¶Risk factors influencing injury severity:
šLack of in ā vehicle crash protection
šNon ā use of crash helmets by two ā wheeled
vehicle users
šNon ā use of seat ā belts and child restraints in
motor vehicles
šRoadside objects
š§¶Risk factors influencing post ā crash injury
outcome -:
š- Pre ā hospital factors
š ā Hospital care factors
19. š§¶Factors influencing exposure to risk -:
šRapid motorization
šDemographic factors
šTransport , land use and road network planning
šIncreased need for travel
šChoice of less safe forms of travel
š§¶Risk factors influencing crash involvement :
šSpeed
šPedestrians and cyclists
šYoung drivers and riders
šAlcohol
šMedicinal and recreational drugs
šDriver fatigue
šHand ā held mobile telephones
20. šSteps to be taken for preventing.š
:- Road Accidents -:
šMost important method to bring down accidents is strict enforcement
of speed limits .
š90 % of accidents can be avoided by strict enforcement of speed limits
.
šExisting speed limits should be brought down further .
šHeavy Penalty should be imposed on all those who cross speed limits .
šHeavy penalty should be imposed for those who cause accidents .
šTamper proof speed controllers should be made mandatory for all
heavy vehicles .
šTwo wheeler manufacturers should be asked to design two wheelers
with a designed maximum speed of ( say ) 50/60 kmph .
21. šNew gadgets are to be developed for collision prevention and
should be fitted on all vehicle .
šDiving tests for issue of driving license is to be made more
stringent and foolproof .
šRaising of lower age limit for two wheeler and Heavy Vehicle
license to 21 .
šResearch organizations should be asked to develop such
gadgets on a war footing .
šHelmet should be made compulsory by law in all states , OR
impose a lower speed limit for those who do not use helmet .
----Ć----
22. DOMESTIC ACCIDENT
š DROWNING -:
šExperiencing respiratory impairment from
submersion / immersion in liquid .
ā¶ļøVictim loses consciousness after approximately 2 minutes
of immersion .
ā¶ļø Irreversible brain damage can take place after 4-6
minutes.
(2)
23. RISK FACTORS-:
š³AGE- In general children under 5 years of age have
the highest drowning mortality rates worldwide .
Canada and New Zealand are the only exceptions , adult
males drown at higher rates .
š³GENDER- Males are especially at risk of drowning
with twice the overall mortality rate of females due to
increased exposure to water and riskier behaviour such
as swimming alone , drinking alcohol before swimming
and boating .
š³ACCESS TO WATER ā Commercial fisherman,children
playing near ponds or any water body .
24. š³ OTHER FACTORS-:
a)Infants left unsupervised,or with another child in a bathtub
b)Medical conditions , such as epilepsy
c)Tourists unfamiliar with local water risks and features
D)Floods and other cataclysmic events like tsunamis .
PREVENTIONS OF DROWNING -:
ā¶ļøENGINEERING:- methods which help to remove the hazard ( Most
effective strategy ) includes :
a) Development and implementation of safe water systems , such as
drainage systems piped water systems , flood control embankments in flood
prone areas .
B) Building four ā sided pool fences or barriers preventing access to standing
water .
C) Creating and maintaining safe water zones for recreation .
D) Covering of wells or open cisterns .
E) Emptying buckets and bathtubs , and storing them upside down
25. ā¶ļøLEGISLATION-: To enforce prevention and assure decreased
exposure and laws including regular safety checks of
transportation vessels , and laws on alcohol use while boating or
swimming .
ā¶ļøEDUCATION-:For individuals and communities on drowning
awareness , learning water survival skills and ensuring the
presence of lifeguards at swimming areas are promising strategy to
prevent drowning .
------------
26. š BURNāS :-
šA burn is an injury to the skin or tissue
primarily by Heat due to radiation ,
radioactivity , electricity , friction or
contact with chemicals .
27. RISK FACTORS -:
ā¶ļøGENDER:- Females suffer burns more frequently than males due to open
fire cooking , or inherently unsafe stoves , which can ignite loose clothing .
ā¶ļøAGE :- Along with adult women , children particularly 1-9yrs .
Are vulnerable to burns , because of improper adult supervision or
Maltreatment ā
ā¶ļøOTHER FACTORS-:
A ) occupations that increase exposure to fire .
B ) poverty , overcrowding and lack of proper safety measures .
C ) placement of young girls in household roles such as cooking and care of small
children .
D ) underlying medical conditions , including epilepsy , peripheral neuropathy .
E ) alcohol abuse and smoking .
F ) easy access to chemicals used for assault ( such as in acid violence attacks ) .
G ) use of kerosene ( paraffin ) as a fuel source for non ā electric domestic
appliances .
H ) inadequate safety measures for liquefied petroleum gas and electricity
28. PREVENTION OF BURNāS -:
ā¶ļøInstallation of fire and smoke alarms .
ā¶ļøReplace pressure stoves with gas stoves .
FIRST AID
29. š FALLS-:
šFalls are responsible for the largest
number of hospital visits for non ā fatal
injuries , especially for children and young
adults .
šFalls from rooftops , balconies ,
windows and stair cases are common .
30. šFactors specific to SEAR countries are falls from trees of
workers picking fruits or coconuts , children falling from
rooftops while flying kites , high incidence of falls among
construction and forestry workers .
31. RISK FACTORāS-:
ā¶ļøOccupations at elevated heights or other hazardous
working conditions .
ā¶ļø Alcohol or substance use .
ā¶ļøSocio ā economic factors including poverty ,
overcrowded housing , young maternal age .
ā¶ļøUnderlying medical conditions , such as neurological ,
cardiac or other disabling conditions .
ā¶ļøSide ā effects of medication , physical inactivity and
loss of balance , particularly among older people .
ā¶ļøUnsafe environments , particularly for those with poor
balance and limited vision .
32. PREVENTION OF FALLS-:
ā¶ļøFOR CHILDREN
a) Effective interventions include multifaceted community programmes .
B) Engineering modifications of nursery furniture , playground equipment ,
and other Products .
C) Legislation for the use of window guard .
ā¶ļøFOR OLDER INDIVIDUALS
a) Screening within living environments for risks for falls .
B) Clinical interventions to identify risk factors , such as medication review and
modification , treatment of low blood pressure , Vitamin D and calcium
supplementation , treatment of correctable visual impairment.
C)Home assessment and environmental modification for those with known risk
factors or a history of falling
d) Prescription of appropriate assistive devices to address physical and sensory
impairments .
E) Muscle strengthening and balance retraining prescribed by a trained
health professional .
34. ā¶ļøMany countries also report accidental ingestion of
kerosene as a leading cause of poisoning , especially
among children .
ā¶ļøA study from Thailand revealed that 54 percent of
cases of poisoning among pre school children involved
therapeutic drugs
35. š SNAKE BITE-:
ā¶ļøSnake bite is a neglected public health issue in many
tropical and subtropical countries .
ā¶ļøWomen , children and farmers in poor rural communities
in low and middle income countries are more often injured .
ā¶ļøOutcome of snake bite depends on numerous factors .
šSpecies of snake
šArea of the body bitten
šAmount of venom injected
šHealth condition of the victim
36. ā¶ļøFeelings of terror and panic are common after a snake bite and can
produce a characteristic set of symptoms mediated by the autonomic
nervous system , such as a tachycardia and nausea .
ā¶ļøA bite may also trigger an anaphylactic reaction , which is potentially
fatal .
Early clues that a patient has Severe Envenoming :
šSnake identified as a very dangerous one .
šRapid early extension of local swelling from the site of the bite .
šEarly tender enlargement of local lymph nodes , indicating spread of venom in
the lymphatic system .
šEarly systemic symptoms : collapse ( hypotension , shock ) , nausea , vomiting ,
diarrhoea , severe headache , ā heaviness ā of the eyelids , inappropriate (
pathological ) drowsiness or early ptosis / Ophthalmoplegia .
šEarly spontaneous systemic bleeding .
šPassage of dark brown / black urine .
37. š FIRST AID:-
ā¶ļøReassure:- the patient 70 % of all snake bites are from non ā
venomous species . Only 50 % of bites by venomous species actually
envenomate the patient .
ā¶ļøImmobilize:- in the same way as a fractured limb . Use bandages or
cloth to hold the splints , not to block the blood supply or apply pressure .
šDo not apply any compression in the form of tight ligatures , they donāt
work and can be dangerous . Do not give alcoholic beverages or stimulants
. They are known vasodilators and they speed up the absorption of venom .
šRemove any items or clothings which may constrict the bitten limb if it
swells ( rings , bracelets , watches , footwear , etc. ) .
š Do not incise or manipulate the bitten site . Do not apply ice .
šTransport the patient to a medical faculty for definitive treatment .
38. (3) šINDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTš
ā¶ļø What is anAccidential Accident ?
š It can be define as ā An accident or occupational
accident is an event of accident that suddenly occurs
when one or no . Of employees / workers placed in plant .
šFor instance , In an organization a person / labor
while working receiving an electric current , a labor
cut his finger from machine , blast in chemical
industry because of various reasons , fired in textile
section etc ..
šThese are all the example of industrial accidents .
39.
40. TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT:-
1) According to length of Recovery:-
FIRST AID ACCIDENT
Here these workers
receive
First aid at plant
hospital and
Then return to the
job .
LOST TIME ACCIDENT
Here the worker loses a
Day or shift In which accident
Occurs. Compensation is
Given to the employee By
Employer for the Severity
Of accident.
HOME CASE ACCIDENT
Worker loses remainder
of shift or turn on which
the Accident has
occurred.
43. CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT-:
šAccident do not have any single cause . These are
the result of combination of factors which may vary
from situation to situation .
šIt is possible to classify accident causes under the
headings :
PLANT-E.g-Afaulty layout , electrical and chemical hazard .
EQUIPMENT-E.g-A defective guard incorrect equipment .
ENVIRONMENT-E.g- Incorrectoise,insufficient light and Ventilation.
PEOPLE-E.g- Careless,untrained,overstressed.
SYSTEMS OF WORK-E.g-Poor procedure,Bad housekeeping .
P-
E-
E-
P-
S-
44. Unsafe condition
š Improperly guarded
equipment
šInadequate warning system
šPoor Ventilation system
šFire and Explosive hazard
šImproper plant layout
šCongestion of workplace
šHazardous atmospheric
conditions
šPoor Housekeeping
šExcessive noise and Radiation
explosure
Unsafe act
šOperating equipment at
improper speed
šOperating equipment
without authority
šUsing equipment improperly
šEngaging with gambling
šUse of alcohols by
employees
šImproper loading and
placement of equipment
šImproperlifting and taking
improper position
šUsing Defective equipment
šThrowing Material on the
floor which leads to obstacle
45. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION:-
Accident prevention may be define as ā an integrated
program , a series of coordinated activities , directed to
the control unsafe personal performance and unsafe
mechanical condition ā
46. šINDUSTRIAL HAZARDS :-
šAN HAZARD IS ANY PRACTICE , BEHAVIOUR OR
CONDITION OR COMBINATION OF THESE THAT CAN CAUSE
INJURY OR ILLNESS TO PEOPLE OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY .
HAZARDS + EXPOSURE-ā ACCIDENTS
IT AFFECTS :-
P
PEOPLE
PROPERTY
PROCESSES
-------
47. š«AIRCRAFT CRASHš«
ā¶ļø INTRODUCTION
šTravel by air is the safest mode of transportation .
However , when a plane crashes it usually results in
serious injury and death . Although airplane crashes are
extremely rare , they do happen .
šWhen a major airline disaster occurs , the federal
government provides support services to the families of
victims and to survivors .
(4)
48.
49. Most airplane crashes are caused by one or
more of the following :
šPilot error
šDefective equipment
šDefective design or structural problems with
the airplane
šFaulty maintenance or repair of the airplane ,
šFuel problems .
50. š¢MARINE ACCIDENTš¢
ā¶ļøWhat is marine accident ?
šDamage to a ship or facilities other than a
ship related to the operations of a ship death or
injury of the people concerned with the
construction , equipment or operation of a ship .
(5)
51. Causes of Marine Accidents:-
āNatural conditions
āTechnical failures
āRoute conditions
āShip ā related factors
āPiracy & Terrorism
āHuman error
52. TYPES OF MARINE ACCIDENT
āCruise Vessel Mishaps
āOffshore Oil Rig Mishaps
āCommercial Fishing Mishaps
āAccidents on Crude Oil Tankers and Cargo Ships
āGrounding of Ships
āMaritime Accident because of Drugs and alcohol
āCrane Mishaps
āAccidents in Shipyards
āMaritime Accidents on Diving Support Vessels
āAccidents on Barges
āCargo Hauling Accidents
53. Preventive Measures:-
1)Achieving a Society with No maritime Accidents
āPreventing the occurrence of maritime accidents .
ā Promoting prompt and appropriate search rescue ,
and emergency services system for passengers .
2)Objectives Set in Maritime Traffic Safety
āTo prevent the accidents that would close
waterways in congested waters and reduce the number
of such accidents to zero.
āTo strive to reduce the annual number of people
who die or go missing in maritime accidents .
54. 3)Measures for Maritime Traffic Safety
āPromoting various measures continuously to prevent
maritime accidents .
āImproving and enhancing the systems for prompt and proper
lifesaving .
āImproving the maritime traffic environment
āDisseminating knowledge on maritime safety
āSecuring safe vessel navigation
āEnsuring vessel safety
āEnhancing safety measures for small vessels
āEnforcing laws in maritime traffic
āEnhancing rescue and emergency services systems .
āPromoting victim support
55. VIOLENCE
ā¶ļøDEFINITION:-
šViolence is defined by the
āWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONā as
the intentional use of physical force
or power , threatened or actual ,
against oneself , another person , or
against a group or community , that
either results in or has a high
likelihood of resulting in injury ,
death , psychological harm , mal
development or deprivation .
(6)
56. Violence ā Types:-
ā¶ļøDomestic violence / Individual motivated violence
( Bride burning , Honor killing , Sati )
ā¶ļøInterpersonal Violence
Family dispute , family arguments , communal hatreds
ā¶ļøChild abuse violence ( Beating / hitting / kicking /
sexual violence )
ā¶ļøSocial violence ( By social groups , politics / temple
festivals / )
Religious violence , domestic violence , caste violence ,
violence against women , violence against minorities , etc
57. ā¶ļøViolence can be broadly categorized according to
characteristics of those committing the violent act :
šSelf ā directed violence
šInterpersonal violence
šCommunity violence
šCollective violence
šSocial violence
šPolitical violence
šEconomic violence
58. CAUSES OF VIOLENCE:-
ā¶ļøViolence cannot be attributed to a single
factor . Its causes are complex and occur at
different levels .
ā¶ļøThe following four ā level version of the
socio ā ecological is often used the study of
violence :
šPersonal
šFamily or friends
šCommunity
šSociety
59. Strategies to Prevent Violence
Strategy # 1 : Self ā Control Duffy and Finkel (2009)
Strategy # 2 : Yoga Bilderbeck et al (2013)
Strategy # 3 : Empathy Training Feshbach and
Feshbach (1982)
Strategy # 4 : Anti ā Bullying Programs Jeong and Lee
(2013)
Strategy # 5 : Mindfulness Franco et al (2016)
Strategy # 6 : The Metropolitan Area Child Study
Research Group (2007)
61. šCONCLUSIONš
I CONCLUDED MY TOPIC Accident
could not be completely avoided, but
its occurrence could be prevented. To
prevent accident to children, adults
should pay more attention to home
safety. They should also clear any
hidden āhazardsā at home and teach
children about safety.