1. Khushboo Priyambada

3.  Garment manufacturing is an assembly- oriented activity with a great range of raw
materials, product types, production volumes, supply chains, retail markets and associated
technologies.
 Companies range from small family business to multinationals.
 The clothing industry is labour intensive industry.

4. Departments in garment manufacturing unit
Merchandising
department
Sampling
department
Fabric store
department
Trims and
accessories store
department
Spreading &
Cutting
department
Sewing
department
Washing
department
Quality
Assurance
department
Finishing &
Packaging
department
Maintenance
Department
Finance and
Accounts
Department
HR/Admin
Department

5. Buyer- Supplier
Meeting
Production
order placed
Sampling
BOM
generation for
po
Pre production
sample
Fabric washing
Raw material
inspection
Raw material
procurement
Production
Shipment
sample
Finishing
Packing
Shipment

7. Receipt of the
techpack
BOM draft for
sampling
Pattern making
Raw material
procurement
Raw material
inspection
BOM draft for
production
Getting the fit
sample
approved
Fit sample
making
Getting
approval on
proto sample
Proto sample
development
Approval
sample
development
Order approved
for production
Getting
approvals on
size set samples
Raw material
procurement
R aw material
inspection
Send shipment
samples to the
buyer
Follow up with
the production
department
Order file
transferred to
the production
department
Approval on pre
production
sample
GPT/FPT to
conform to
standards
Follow up with
the production
department till
delivery

8. Internal & external communication
Sampling
Preparing internal order sheets
Accessories & trims
Preparing purchase orders
Merchandiser
Getting approvals on lab dips and bit looms
Advising and assisting production and quality department
Mediating production and quality departments
Helping documentation
Taking responsibility for inspections
Giving shipping instructions and following shipment
Source: http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/36/3516/merchandising-in-an-apparel-industry1.

10.  Getting clarifications about style details from merchandiser.
 Checking pattern’s workability.
 Preparation of different samples and getting the buyer’s approval.
 Informing quality related problems, encountered during preparing samples, to QC.
 Minimizing operations and consumption.

11. Design development
• This is the first sample which is made for any style by most of the buyer.
• Design development is either done by buyer or factory
• The main purpose is to take the decision to proceed with the same line or not.
Proto sample
• Proto sample is developed at very initial stage and normally order is confirmed to the factory based
on proto sample .
• Proto sample is the rough interpretation of the enquiry done to acquaint the tailors with the style.
• It is usually done on the substitute fabrics, and using accessories, what is available and then
checked on the dress form.
• The buyer may make the necessary changes pertaining to the fit, the drape, the style details etc.
Fit sample
• Fit sample is made and send to conform the fit of the garment on live models or on dummy and
for approval of construction details.
• The fabric used for fit sample production is the actual fabric which is going to be used for bulk
production or sample yardage fabric is used.
Photo shoot sample
• In order to promote the new style in the market normally buyer asks for photo shoot sample.
• Buyer uses this photo for marketing purpose either on catalogue or various media like, print, TV
or websites to see the response of the consumer.
Sales man / Marketing
/Showroom sample
• The main purpose of salesman sample is to collect the order from the retailers.
• In Sales man sample actual accessory, actual fabric is used or sample yardage need to be used.
• This sample also very important stage of sampling as the sales of buyer depends upon this sample
presentation, look, feel of fabric is important.
Source: http://www.textiletoday.com.bd/magazine/609

12. Size set sample
• The main purpose of size set sample is to check the factory's capability to make the
sample in all sizes
• 1-2 samples (or quantity specified by buyer) of each size need to send to buyer.
GPT sample (Garment
Performance Test)
• The main purpose of GPT is to perform the physical and chemical testing on garment to
ensure the performance of the garment.
• GPT Sample is sent to 3rd party inspection and results are sent to both factory as well as
buyer.
• The tests done on garments are: Shrinkage, Color Fastness, Seam performance etc.
Pre- production sample
• PP sample is considered to be a contract between the buyer and the factory.
• It has to be made in original fabric and trims
• Washing, embroidery and printing should match to actual.
• PP Sample is the standard for production and bulk production garments should be
identical to PP sample.
• The factory can start the production of bulk garment only after the approval of
preproduction sample.
Wash sample
• Wash sample is made and submitted to buyer for assessment of feel and handle of fabric
after washing.
TOP sample (Top of
Production)
• The top of production is sent to the buyer as soon initial pieces are come out of sewing
line.
• In TOP sample Buyer tries to evaluate the actual manufacturing of the style.
• Buyer check whether bulk production is as per submitted sample or not.
Shipment sample
• Few buyers may ask for the shipment samples which factory needs to pull form the actual
shipment and sent to buyer.
• The main purpose of this sample is to assure buyer about the actual shipment dispatch.
Source: http://www.textiletoday.com.bd/magazine/609

14. Functions of the fabric store department
 Receive the fabric as per BOM
 Fabric inspection (four point system)
 Conduct fabric test (e.g. Shrinkage, colour fastness etc.)
 Issue to the production department as per the requirement

15.  10% random inspection for sampling or lining or net
fabric.
 Inspection for production order fabric as per buyer’s
requirement.
 Perform GSM cutting.
 Perform shrinkage test.
 Check the fabric for the bowing or skewing.
 Check fabric roll for the defects.
 Allocate points to the defects.

17. Functions of the trims and accessories department
 To receive incoming material.
 To check material for attribute & variables.
 To arrange the incoming material in allocated racks.
 To issue trims as per BOM for sampling and production & other material
as per requirement.
 To maintain a record of incoming & outgoing material.

19. Spreading and cutting flow process
Planning
Spreading
Cutting
Preparation for
sewing

20. Spreading and cutting flow process
Spreads
Planning
Markers
Production
Manual
Spreading
Machine
Manual
Cutting
Machine
Preparation
for sewing
Ticketing
Bundles

21. Planning
Spreads
Markers
Production

22. It translates customer orders into cutting orders
 minimize total production costs
 meet deadlines
 seek most effective use of labor, equipment, fabric and space

23.  Examining incoming orders and piece goods width and availability
 Determining volume, size ratios, and sectioning procedures for marker making
 Determining whether file markers are available or new ones are needed
 Developing specifications for optimum marker making and fabric utilization
 Determine most effective use of spreading and cutting equipment and personnel
 Issuing orders for marker making, spreading and cutting

24. Cutting orders
leads to
Marker planning
Lay planning

25.  The results of cut order planning are cutting orders that direct marker planning and cut
planning.
 The purpose of marker planning is to determine the most efficient combination of sizes and
shades for each order and to produce the best fabric yield and equipment utilization.
 One cutting order may require several markers to achieve optimum efficiency.
 A lay is a stack of fabric plies that have been prepared for cutting.
 Lay planning is the basis of managing cutting room labor and table space.
 Spreading and cutting schedules are affected by:
 table length,
 type of equipment,
 spread length,
 spreading time and
 cutting time.

26. Marker
 is a diagram of a precise arrangement of pattern pieces for a specific style and the sizes
to be cut from a single spread.
Marker making
 is the process of determining the most efficient layout of pattern pieces for a specified
style, fabric, and distribution of sizes (requires time, skill and concentration)

27.  Marker making is a critical step in the manufacturing process.
 By retaining strict control over this critical step, they keep the fabric consumption as low
as possible.
 It also ensures that the issues that affect quality will be given proper attention. These
include placing patterns on grain, keeping patterns paired, and attending to details such
as drill holes and notches.
 Depending on the relative efficiency of each marker produced, the company may save
or waste thousands of dollars a year.
Source: Kahn, Cohen and Soto, “Pre-Assembly Processes – The Cutting Room Marking, Spreading, Cutting and
Bundling”, The Fashion Manufacturing Process A Product Development Approach, May 2005

28. Markers types:
 Blocks or Sections

Blocked or sectioned markers contain all of the
pattern pieces for one style in one or two sizes.
 Continuous

Block or section marker
Continuous markers contain all the pattern
pieces for all sizes included in a single cutting.
Continuous marker

29. Markers types:
 Open marker
 Marker made with full pattern pieces.
 Closed marker
 Marker made with half garment parts pieces for laying along the folds of the tube (tubular knit).
Closed marker

30. Marker making
Manually produced
Computerized marker
making (CAD)

31. Manual marker
 Created on marker paper or directly on fabric ply
 Tracing by pencil or tailor’s chalk.
 Time consuming.
 Subject to errors. (pattern overlap, grain line, poor line definition, omission of pcs.)
 Accuracy depends on individual’s skill.

32. Marker making
Computerised marker
 Accurate
 Shortest response time.
 Direct or digitized.
 Manipulate images to determine best utilization. No overlapping/no omissions
 Parameters (style #,size, etc.) for markers are entered into the computer.
 Can be printed/recalled/modified.
 Criteria can be set by technician. Can be used to determine fabric requirement.

33. Marker mode : Nap/ One/ Way
 The Nap/ One/ Way marker (abbreviated N/O/W) is
made with every pattern placed with the “down”
direction of the pattern in the same direction.
 This mode is necessary for fabrics that are
asymmetric.
 All patterns are placed on-grain, and in the “down”
direction, which is usually toward the left edge
(starting point where the legend is written).
 The Nap/One/ Way marker is the highest quality but
least efficient of the three nap directions for a
marker.
Source: Kahn, Cohen and Soto, “Pre-Assembly Processes – The Cutting Room Marking, Spreading, Cutting and
Bundling”, The Fashion Manufacturing Process A Product Development Approach, May 2005

34. Marker mode : Nap/ Either/ Way
 The Nap/ Either/ Way marker (abbreviated N/E/W) is
made where there is no restriction of which way the
pattern are oriented.
 The patterns may be oriented either “down” or “up”,
placed wherever they fit best, only making sure that
the patterns are on-grain.
 The Nap/ Either/ Way marker is usually the most
efficient mode yielding the highest fabric utilization.
Source: Kahn, Cohen and Soto, “Pre-Assembly Processes – The Cutting Room Marking, Spreading, Cutting and
Bundling”, The Fashion Manufacturing Process A Product Development Approach, May 2005

35. Marker mode : Nap/ Up/& Down
 The Nap/ Up/& Down marker (abbreviated
N/U/D) is more efficient than the Nap/ One/ Way
marker, but not as efficient as the Nap/ Either/
Way marker.
 In order to get a better fit between the patterns,
alternating sizes of patterns are oriented in
opposite directions.
 This method is yields moderately good fabric
utilization, and good quality.
Source: Kahn, Cohen and Soto, “Pre-Assembly Processes – The Cutting Room Marking, Spreading, Cutting and
Bundling”, The Fashion Manufacturing Process A Product Development Approach, May 2005

36. Marker Efficiency
Area of patterns in the marker plan X 100%
Total area of the marker plan
 It is determined for fabric utilization
 Minimum waste
Factors affecting marker efficiency
 Fabric characteristics (fabric width, length of design repeat etc.)
 Shape of Pattern pieces (large pieces – less flexibility)
 Grain requirements

37.  Spreading is the processes of superimposing lengths of fabric on a spreading table cutting
table or specially designed surface in preparation for the cutting process
 Spread or lay is the total amount of fabric prepared for a single marker
Requirement of spreading
 Shade sorting of cloth pieces
Spreading equipment
 Spreading surfaces ( table, pin
 Correct ply direction and adequate lay stability
table, vacuum table)
 Alignment of plies
 Spreading machines
 Correct ply tension
 Elimination of fabric faults
 Avoidance of distortion in the spread

38. Spreading equipment
 Spreading surfaces ( table, pin table, vacuum table)
 Spreading machines

39. Spreading
Manual
Machine

40.  In manual spreading, fabric is drawn from
its package which, if it is a roll, may be
supported by a frame and carried along the
table where the end is secured by weights
or by clamps.
 The operators work back from the end,
aligning the edges and ensuring that there
is no tension and that there are no
wrinkles.

41.  Spreading machines carry the piece of fabric from end to
end of the spread, dispensing one ply at a time on the
spread.
 Spreading machines may include:
 A motor to drive
 A platform on which the operator rides
 A ply cutting device with automatic catcher to hold the ends of
ply in place
 A ply counter
 An alignment shifter actuated by photo electric edge guides
 A turntable
 A direct drive on the fabric support, synchronized with the
speed of travel, to reduce or eliminate tension in the fabric
being spread.

42. Nap one way & face
one way spreading
Nap either way &
face to face
spreading
Spreading Mode
Nap one-way face to
face spreading
Nap either way &
face one way
spreading

43. Spreading Mode: Nap one way & face one way spreading
 Most common spreading method that can also be done manually.
 Fabric roll is kept on a roller stand and fabric end is being pulled by two spreading operators
(thus unwinding fabric from freely rotating roll) walking along both sides of cutting table.
 While using machine, the lose end of fabric is being held by catcher and machine carries
the rolls along table thus unwinding and spreading the fabric in the process.
 Every layer has to start from same end thus spreading machine has to come back to starting
position without spreading the fabric. This return movement of spreading machine is called
as “dead heading”
Nap one
way
Face one way
Source: Prabir Jana, “Spreading & Cutting of Apparel Products”, 2005

44. Spreading Mode: Nap either way & face to face spreading
 The quickest spreading method while using spreading machine.
 Difficult to achieve manually.
 The machine carry the fabric roll while the end is being held in place by catcher, at
layer end fabric is not cut just folded and held by another catcher while the fabric
is being laid by the machine during it’s return movement also.
Face to
face
Nap either
way
Source: Prabir Jana, “Spreading & Cutting of Apparel Products”, 2005

45. Spreading Mode: Nap one-way face to face spreading
 Most time consuming method of spreading.
 The lose end of fabric is being held by catcher and machine carries the rolls along table
thus unwinding and spreading the fabric in the process.
 At layer end the fabric is being cut, turntable rotate the fabric roll by 180 degree and
return back to starting position without.
 Now from the starting end the second layer is being laid face to face.
Face to
face
Nap one
way
Source: Prabir Jana, “Spreading & Cutting of Apparel Products”, 2005

46. Spreading Mode: Nap either way & face one way spreading
 The lose end of fabric is being held by catcher and machine carries the rolls along table
thus unwinding and spreading the fabric in the process.
 At layer end the fabric is being cut, turntable rotate the fabric roll by 180 degree and start
spreading the second layer from the opposite end face one way. There is no dead heading
by the machine in this spreading mode.
Face one way
Nap either
way
Source: Prabir Jana, “Spreading & Cutting of Apparel Products”, 2005

47. Spreading costs

Labour cost

Fabric waste

Splicing loss

End loss

Width loss

49. Cutting
Cutting
Manual
Scissors
Machine
Portable cutting
knives
Straight
knife
Round
knife
Stationary
cutters
Band
knife
Die
cutting
Servo
cutting
Plasma
cutting
Water jet
cutting
Laser
cutting
Position
markers
Notchers
Drills and
thread
markers

50. Scissors

51. Portable cutting knives
Power system
Handle
Sharpening
Cutting blade
Blade guard
Up and down movement
One way thrust as the circular
blade makes contact with the
fabric
Round knife
Base plate
Straight knife

54. Portable cutting knives
Straight knife
Round knife
 Vertical blade
 Popular, light and fast.
 Reciprocates up and down
 Suitable only for cutting in straight lines
 Corners and curves can be cut accurately
or very gradual curves, in depths of
 Most versatile and commonly used
about 15cm
 Blades length - 6 to 14 inches
 Spread depth depends on blade length &
adjustable height of the blade guard
 Larger blade cuts up to 2" of soft or
bulky material, or lower lays of harder
material such as shirts
 All of the pieces cut from a lay are
 Small blade cuts single layer
identical
 A round blade contacts the spread at
an angle; thus, the top ply is cut before
the bottom ply

55. Stationary cutters: Band knife
 Contains a narrow, sharpened, endless steel band
 Fabric layers are guided by hand against the blade
 Air cushion is provided below the fabric layers
 Plies are stapled together to prevent slippage
 Used for precision cutting to a depth of up to 300mm
 Corners, tight curves and pointed incisions are cut
precisely
 Band knives are more accurate for small blocks or for
shaving small amounts off pre-cut blocks

56. Stationary cutters: Servo cutting
 Overhead servo motor
 Adjustable speed
 Suspension system that
supports the knife perpendicular
to the cutting table
 Knife is mounted on a swivel arm
 It combines vertical cutting and
band knife cutting into one
machine

57. Cutting
Stationary cutters: Die cutting
 Dies are pre – shaped metal outlines
 Most accurate
 Die cutting operation involves
 Placement of fabric
 Positioning the die on the fabric
 Engaging the machine to press the die
into the fabric
 Used mainly for leather, coated and laminated
materials
 Areas where the same patterns are used over
a long period, e.g. collar, pocket flaps

58. Cutting
Stationary cutters: Plasma cutting
 Cutting is achieved by means of a high velocity jet of high temperature ionized gas (argon)
 Faster cutter of single plies
 High engineering and cost issues
 Problems – same as for laser cutting
 Cutting is achieved by means of a high velocity jet of high temperature ionized gas (argon)
 Faster cutter of single plies
 High engineering and cost issues

59. Cutting
Stationary cutters: Water jet cutting
 Very high velocity, fine stream of water
 High pressure jet acts as a solid tool, tears the fibers on impact
 As the jet penetrates successive plies in a spread, the momentum decreases and cutting
ability is reduced frayed edges
 Wet edges, water spots, inconsistent cutting quality
 Leather, plastic, vinyl
 High equipment costs

60. Cutting
Position markers: Notchers
 Notches can be cut by straight knife too but
accuracy is required
 Specialized notching equipment provides
greater accuracy because a guide lines up the
notcher with the cut edge
 Hot notcher consists of a heating element
(blade) that slightly scorches the fibers adjacent
to the notch (thermoplastic fibers)
 Two types of notches:

Straight notch and V-notch

61. Cutting
Position markers: Drills and thread markers
 Drill mount consists of motor, base plate with a hole and spirit
level
 Used for reference markers needed away from the edge of a
garment part, e.g. position of pockets, darts, etc.
 A hole is drilled through the lay
 Normally, drill is used cold, hole remains visible until the sewing
operator comes to use it
 Loose weave – hot drill is used which slightly scorches or fuse
the edges of the hole
 Hypodermic (or dye spot) drill – leaves small deposit of paint on each ply of fabric
 ALL drill holes must eventually be concealed by the construction of the garment

62. Preparation
for sewing
Ticketing
Bundles

63. Preparation for sewing
Ticketing
 Tickets carry details : style no, size,
ply no, bundle no., date issued
 Operations may be incorporated for
payment purposes, control of work
and facilitating quality control

64. Preparation for sewing
Bundling
 Small batches of garments move from one work station to another in a
controlled way
 Tens, dozens, 2 dozens, etc.
 If ticketing is not done, a top ply labeling system is done
Bundle ticket consists of :
 Order no. 6015
 Bundle no. 1430
 Quantity 12
 Style no. 3145
 Size 12
 Section collar

66. Cut parts
received from
the cutting
room
Bulk
production
begins
In line
inspection
Ironing
Rough checking
Button-button
hole/ bartack
End line
checking
Final checking
Measurement
checking
Tagging
Packing
Ex - factory
QA audit by the
buying house
Production
continues

67. Sewing department
Production system
Seams and stitches

68. Make through system
Conventional bundle
system
Clump system
Progressive bundle system
Production system
Flexible flow system
Straight line system
Synchro flow system
Unit production system
Modular manufacturing
system

69. Production system: Make through system
 It is the traditional method of manufacture in which an operator makes right through
one garment at a time.
Source: ApparelKey.com

70. Production system: Conventional bundle system
 Sewing machines are arranged in lines.
 The work flows from the central (store) area to the first
machine, from the first machine back to the store, and
then on to the next machine, and so forth.
 A distributor stationed at the store is responsible for
receiving and dispatching the work.
 The work in progress is in the form of bundles.
 These bundles may be put on to a tray, a box, or a bag,
or the garment parts may be wrapped and tied.
Source: ApparelKey.com

71. Production system: Clump system
 A worker collects a clump of materials from the
worktable and carries out the first operation.
 After he has completed his part of the work, he
returns it to the table.
 A worker for the second operation then continues the
work and so on.
 The process is ' collection - work -return' continues
until the whole garment has been assembled.
Source: ApparelKey.com

72. Production system: Progressive bundle system
 Sewing operations are laid out in sequence.
 Each operator receives a bundle, does his work, reties
the bundle and passes it to the next operator.
 There is a storage facility such as rack, bin or table for
storing
the
inter-process
work
between
each
operation.
 The work is routed by means of tickets.
 This system is the most widely used system in the
garment industry today. It is used in shirt factories,
jeans factories, jacket factories, etc.
Source: ApparelKey.com

73. Production system: Flexible flow system
 A section of sewing operators, each with a supply of work
in a rack at the side, work at an engineered work place.
 The machines are laid out in such a way that a flow of work
can be planned using the correct number of operators in
sequence.
 For style A garments, the work distributed after operation 1
can be distributed to the two operators performing
operation 2. On completion, the work from both workers is
then sent to operator 3. After operation 3, the work is
continued by the two operators performing operation 4
and so on.
 When a new style is to be loaded on to the system, the
number of operators needed for each operation must be
planned in detail to ensure a balanced output.
Source: ApparelKey.com

74. Production system: Straight line system
 The manufacturing process is broken down into several
operations, which take the same time to complete.
 Groups of operators are required to handle only
individual garments.
 The garment parts pass from one operator to the next,
until the garment has been completely made up by one
group of operators.
 The central distribution unit may be a fixed table or a a
conveyor belt (its speed will be set to suit the cycle
time).
Source: ApparelKey.com

75. Production system: Synchro flow system
 Garment parts of the same size and color are
processed separately.
 Different
garment
parts
can
be
processed
simultaneously for assembling.
 At the same time, collars, sleeves, cuffs, pockets, etc.,
from other lines also go down a central line.
 The different garment parts are then processed
together to form completed garments.
Source: ApparelKey.com

76. Production system: Unit production system
 A unit production system (UPS) is a computer-controlled production line.
 It is a type of line layout that uses an overhead transport system to move individual
units from work-station to work station for assembly.
 All the parts for a single garment are advanced through the production line together by
means of a hanging carrier that travels along an overhead conveyor.
 Production operations are completed without removing the parts from the carrier.
 Automated materials handling replaces the traditional system of bundling, tying and
untying, and manually moving garment parts.
 Electronic data can be collected from workstations, which provides payroll and inventory
data, immediate tracking of styles, and costing and performance data for prompt
decision.
Source: ApparelKey.com

77. Production system: Modular manufacturing
system
 Modular manufacturing groups operators into teams,
or modules.
 The team works on one/a few garment at a time
instead of a bundle of garments.
 The operators stand /sit at their stations and rotate to
different machines as they work, becoming familiar
with multiple steps in producing the garment.
Source: ApparelKey.com

78. Seams and stitches

79. Thread-guides
Thumb-nut screw
Stitch
regulator
Take-up lever
Tension discs/checkspring
Needle bar
Needle
Reversing lever
Throat plate
Needle guard
Presser foot
Machine bed

80. Needle Bar
Needle
Throat plate
Needle Eye
Presser Foot
Feed Dog

81. Stitch forming devices
Stitch
Device used
Lock stitch
Bobbin hook
Chain stitch
Looper
Over lock
Looper and spreader
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

82. The bobbin of a lock stitch machine
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

83. Machine beds
Raised bed
Flat bed
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

84. Machine beds
Cylinder bed
Feed of arm
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

85. Machine beds
Post bed
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

86.  Garments are shaped and formed in three ways:
 materials molded to a form,
 fabric pieces cut to shape and assembled by bonding, and
 pieces cut to shape and sewn.
 For the purpose of standardization of stitch and seam formations, the U.S government
developed a guide that defines stitches and seams in current use. The United States Federal
Stitch and Seam Specifications (Federal Standard 751a) were adopted in 1965.
 The British Standard BS 3870: Schedule of Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings was also
developed about the same time.
 The Federal Standard 751a have been replaced by ASTM D 6193, Standards Related to
Stitches and Seams.
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

87. ASTM D 6193 gives the following definitions:
 A stitch is the configuration of the interlacing of sewing thread in a specific repeated unit.
 A seam is a line where two or more fabrics are joined.
 A stitching consists of a series of stitches embodied in a material for ornamental purposes or
finishing an edge or both.
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

88. Seams
 The basic function of a seam is to hold pieces of fabric together.
 To perform its function correctly, the seam should have properties or characteristics closely
allied to those of the fabrics being sewn.
 The careful selection of the most appropriate seam, a suitable stitch type together with the
correct thread and machine settings for the fabric and end-product is of paramount
importance.
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

89. Physical properties of seam
 Strength: a seam must be strong. Strength is usually measured in two directions: across the
seam (lateral or transverse strength) and along the seam (longitudinal strength).
 Extensibility
 Durability: A seam must be durable, long-lasting and not abrade or wear easily during
everyday use of the garment
 Security: a seam needs to be secure and not unravel during everyday use of the garment
 Appearance properties: the ideal seam should join pieces of fabric in an unobtrusive and
efficient manner with no discontinuity in physical properties or appearance.
 Balance
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

90. Classification of seams
 Superimposed seam
 Lap seam
 Bound seam
 Flat seam
Superimposed seam
 Edge finishing
Bound seam
Lap seam
Edge finishing
Flat seam
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

91. Stitches
Stitch properties
 Stitch size has three dimensions: length, width, and depth.
 Stitch length is specified as the number of stitches per inch (spi) and can be an indicator
of quality. High spi means short stitches; low spi means long stitches. Generally, the
greater the spi, the more the holding power and seam strength.
 Stitch width refers to the horizontal span (bight) covered in the formation of one stitch or
single line of stitching. Stitches that have width dimensions require multiple needles or
lateral movement of thread carriers such as the needle bars, loopers or spreaders.
 Stitch depth is the distance between the upper and lower surface of the stitch. It is a
factor for blind stitches.

92. Stitch classification
 Stitch classification is based on structure of the stitch and method of interlacing.
Source: Glock & Kunz (Third edition)

93. Stitch classification
100 Class stitch: Single thread chain stitch
 Using one needle thread and one blind looper
Diagram
Stitch class
Thread count
Typical uses
101 Class
One thread
Basting, or light construction
103 Class
One thread
Blind stitch for hemming
104 Class
One thread
Blind stitch for hemming
Source: http://www.garmento.org/751Astitchesandseams/100cl.htm

94. Stitch classification
200 Class stitch: Single thread hand sewn stitch
 Using one needle thread
Diagram
Stitch class
Thread count
Typical uses
202 Class
One Thread
Basting, tacking or repairs
205 Class
One Thread
Pick stitch - topstitching
Source: http://www.garmento.org/751Astitchesandseams/200cl.htm

95. Stitch classification
300 Class stitch: Two or more thread lock stitch
 Using Needle Thread(s) and One Bobbin Hook Thread
Diagram
Stitch class
Thread count
Typical uses
301 Class
Two threads
Seaming multiple plies
304 Class
Two thread
Zig-zag stitch; a stretch lockstitch
306 Class
Two thread
Blind stitch
315 Class
Two threads
Three step zig-zag
Source: http://www.garmento.org/751Astitchesandseams/300cl.htm

96. Stitch classification
400 Class stitch: Multi-thread chain stitch
 Using one or more needle threads and one or more looper threads
Diagram
Stitch class
Thread count
Typical uses
401 Class
Two threads
Seaming multiple
plies with moderate
stretch
404 Class
Two threads
Topstitching or
seaming with stretch
Three threads
"Bottom cover stitch;
a (greater) stretch
chain stitch
406 Class
Source: http://www.garmento.org/751Astitchesandseams/400cl.htm

97. Stitch classification
500 Class Stitch: Multi-thread over edge chain stitch
 Using needle thread(s) and looper thread(s)
Diagram
Stitch class
Thread count
Typical uses
501 Class
One thread
One needle over edge stitch for
serging / “blanket stitch"
502 Class
Two thread
One needle over edge stitch for
serging
503 Class
Two thread
Over edge stitch for serging with
crossover on edge of fabric
504 Class
Three thread
Over edge stitch for serging and
light seaming
Source: http://www.garmento.org/751Astitchesandseams/500cl.htm

98. Stitch classification
500 Class Stitch: Multi-thread over edge chain stitch
 Using needle thread(s) and looper thread(s)
Diagram
Stitch class Thread count
Typical uses
512 Class
Four Thread
Mock safety stitch for seaming with
wide bite and greater stretch for knits
514 Class
Four Thread
Over edge stitch for seaming with wide
bite and greater stretch for knits
515 Class
Four Thread
True safety stitch for seaming with
good stretch for wovens and knits
516 Class
Five Thread
True safety stitch for seaming with
good stretch for wovens and knits
Source: http://www.garmento.org/751Astitchesandseams/500cl.htm

99. Stitch classification
600 Class Stitch: Multi-thread cover stitches
Diagram
Stitch class
Thread count
Typical uses
602 Class
Four thread
Cover stitch or
seaming knits
605 Class
Five thread
Cover stitch
607 Class
Six thread
Wide cover stitch
Source: http://www.garmento.org/751Astitchesandseams/600cl.htm

101. Responsibilities of quality department
 To impart quality in the product.
 To ensure that the product has achieved the quality parameters of buyers.
 To restrict the defects entering into the final product.
 Main function of quality department is to carry out inspection.
 Inspection can be defined as the visual examination or review of raw materials, partially
finished components of the garments and completely finished garments in relation to
some standards, specifications, or requirements, as well as measuring the garments to
check if they meet the required measurements.
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

102. Principle of inspection (inspection loop)
Inspection
Correction of
defects
Determination
of causes of
defects
Detection of
defects
Feedback of
these defects
to appropriate
personnel
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

103. How much to inspect ?
 No inspection
 100% inspection
 Spot checking- inspecting random shipments
 Arbitrary sampling-10% sampling
 Statistical sampling or acceptance sampling-flexibility with regard to the amount of
inspection to be performed
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

104. Inspection terms
 Sample: A sample consists of one or more units of a product drawn from a lot or batch, the
units of the sample being selected at random without regards to their quality. The number
of units of a product in the sample is the sample size.
 Lot or batch: Means ‘Inspection lot’ or ‘Inspection Batch’, that is a collection of units of a
product from which a sample is to be drawn and inspected.
 Lot or batch size: The lot or batch size is the number of units of a product in a lot or batch
 Percent defective =
Number of defectives
100
Number of units inspected
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

105. Identification of defects
 Major Defect: A defect that, if conspicuous on the finished product, would cause the item
to be second.
 Minor Defect: A defect that would not cause the product to be termed as a second either
because of severity or location.
 Second: A ‘Second’ is a garment with a conspicuous defect that affects the saleability or
serviceability of the item.
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

106. Spreading defects
Possible Pattern Defects:

Pattern parts missing

Skimpy marking

Mixed parts

Generous marking

Patterns not facing in the correct direction

Marker too wide
on napped fabrics

Not

Patterns not all facing in the same
enough
knife
clearance
freedom
direction on a one-way fabric


Mismatched checks and stripes
Patterns not aligned with respect to the

Notches and drill marks omitted,
fabric grain

indistinct, or misplaced
Line definition poor
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

107. Cutting defects
 Frayed edges
 Fuzzy, ragged or serrated edges
 Ply-to-ply fusion
 Single-edge fusion
 Pattern precision- Under-cut, Over-cut
 Notches
 Drills
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

108. Sewing defects
 Needle Damage
 Pleated seams
 Feed Damage
 Wrong stitch density
 Skipped stitches
 Uneven stitch density
 Thread breaks
 Staggered stitch
 Broken stitches
 Improperly formed stitches
 Seam grin
 Oil spots or stains
 Seam pucker
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

109. Seaming defects
 Incorrect or uneven width of inlay
 Irregular or incorrect shape of sewing line
 Insecure back stitching
 Twisted seam
 Mismatched checks or stripes
 Mismatched seam
 Extraneous part caught in a seam, an unrelated piece showing through the seam
 Reversed garment part
 Blind stitching showing on the face side
 Wrong seam or stitch type used
 Wrong shade of thread used
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

110. Assembly defects
 Finished components nor correct to size or shape or not symmetrical.
 Finished garment not to size
 Parts, components, closures or features omitted
 Components or features wrongly positioned or misaligned
 Interlining incorrectly positioned
 Lining too full, too tight, showing below the bottom of the garment, twisted,
 Garment parts cockling, pleated, twisted, showing bubbles and fullness
 Garment parts shaded
 Parts in one-way fabrics in wrong direction
 Mismatched trimming
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

111. Checks for final inspection
 Open seams
 Snaps, fasteners, buttons
 Skipped stitches
 Labels
 Cracked stitches
 Elastic
 Stitches/inch
 Measurements
 Uneven seams
 Mends or repairs
 Crooked, puckered, curled, pleated seams
 Stripe
 Needle and feed cuts
 Hems
 Unclipped threads and Long ends
 Trim
 Raw edge
 Broken needle
 Distortion
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

112. AQL: Accepted quality level
 The AQL is the maximum percent defective that, for the purpose of sampling inspection
can be considered satisfactory as a process average.
 The AQL is a designated value of percent defective that the customer indicates will be
accepted most of the time by the acceptance sampling procedures to be used.
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

113. AQL: Accepted quality level
Sample size code letters
Lot or Batch Size
Sample size code letter
2
to
8
A
9
to
15
B
16
to
25
C
26
to
50
D
51
to
90
E
91
to
150
F
151
to
280
G
281
to
500
H
501
to
1200
J
1201
to
3200
K
3201
to
10000
L
10001
to
35000
M

114. AQL: Accepted quality level
Sampling Plans
Sample Size Code
Letter
Sample
Size
Acceptable Quality Level
2.5
4
6.5
Ac
Re
Ac
Re
Ac
10
Re
Ac
Re
A
2
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
B
3
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
C
5
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
D
8
0
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
E
13
1
2
1
2
2
3
3
4
F
20
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
6
G
32
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
H
50
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
J
80
5
6
7
8
10
11
14
15
K
125
7
8
10
11
14
15
21
22
L
200
10
11
14
15
21
22
21
22
M
315
14
15
21
22
21
22
21
22

116.  Finishing is the last stage of garment production where garment gets its final look.
 In this department each garment undergoes different finishing processes.
 It undergoes for quality check for several number of time which sets the garment free
from defects.
 Buyer specifications and instructions are strictly maintained.
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

117. Operations performed at finishing stage
 Thread cutting: Uncut threads affect the presentation of finished and packed garments.
Therefore, it is necessary to cut and trim the loose and uncut threads.
 Stain removal: Removal of the following type of stains:
Oil, yellow, black and paint spots, stains due to color bleeding, ink, rust, tracing
marks, yellow stains, and hard stains
 Seam ironing: Ironing of garments using steam ironing tables with vacuum boards.
 Final finishing: The entire garment is finished using various finishing equipments.
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

118. Operations performed at finishing stage
 Tagging and packing: The pass pieces are brought to the tagging and packing section. It
is the responsibility of the packing supervisors to provide the tagging operators with
the appropriate price and brand tags. He also instructs the tagging operator as to
where and how the tag has to be placed. The most important thing to be kept in mind
while placing the tag is to match the size mentioned on the main label and the size on
tag. The step after the tagging is to pack the garments as per the specification of the
buyer.
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

119. Operations performed at finishing stage
Presentation checking and cartoon packing
It is very important to check the packed garments for presentation. Checkers check the
packed garments for the following things:
 Poly bags are as per specification.
 Tags and price stickers are as per specification.
 Packing is secured or not if specified.
 Poly bags should not be soiled and torn.
 Hangers are there or not if specified.
 Garment has been folded as per specification etc.
Source: P. B. Mehta and S. K. Bhardwaj, “ Managing quality in apparel products”

120. Operations performed at finishing stage
Presentation checking and cartoon packing
Once, checking is done they send the garments for the carton packing. The following things
are kept in mind during carton packing:
 Number of garments to be packed in one carton.
 Ratio asked for example S:M:L=2:1:1
 Packing the garments in the cartons as per specified.
 Closing the cartons with cello tape.
 Sealing the cartons with plastic cord.
 Writing on carton information like: Store or buyer name, buyer's address, ratio, net
weight of the carton etc.