1. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
SUBMITTED BY
U.RAVI TEJA
14121A04N0
IV-B. Tech(ECE-D)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Miss C. MAHESWARI, M. Tech. ,
Asst. professor,
Department of ECE .
SVEC .

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Definition
 Need for HEV
 HEV objectives
 HEV advantages over conventional engines
 HEV design
 HEV types and levels
 Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
 At present, we have two types of vehicles exist in nature.
They are: 1. FUEL ENGINE BASEDVEHICLES
2. ELECTRICENGINE BASEDVEHICLES
 FUELENGINEBASED VEHICLES
 Fuel based vehicles means vehicles which depends on fuels like gasoline and
diesel.
 Around 93% of today automobiles run on petroleum based product which
are estimated to be depleted by 2050.
 Moreover, current automobiles utilizes only 25% of energy released from
petroleum and rest is wasted into atmosphere.
 Due to this reason, the atmosphere get polluted and it proves its efficiency
at higher speeds in highways and waste a lot of energy in urban areas.

4.  ELECTRICENGINEBASEDVEHICLES
 Electric vehicles can be a breakthrough after fuel vehicles and it means vehicles
which uses one or more electric motors for propulsion.
 An electric vehicle is a pollution free and is efficient at low speed conditions
mainly in high traffic areas.
 It may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle
sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels or a generator to
convert fuel to electricity.
EXAMPLE: Rail vehicles, Electric aircraft and Electric space aircraft.
 Battery charging is time consuming in electric vehicles.

5. DEFINITION
 Any vehicle which combines two or more sources of power can be called as HYBRID
VEHICLE.
Ex: 1. Diesel - Electric
2. Nuclear - Electric
3. Gasoline - Electric
 Any vehicle that uses two sources of power - gasoline and battery can be called as
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE.
 A hybrid electric vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which relies
not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a
generator to provide electricity.
 The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature over
conventional automobiles.

6. NEEDFORHEV
 Depletion of fossil fuel
 Rising price of fuel – Extraction , Distillation , Purifying & Distribution
 Problems due to pollution
 Stringent automotive norms
 A change needed
 Rise of automotive field
 Rise of new technology – EV & HEV
 Promising growth in near future

7. HEVOBJECTIVES
ObjectivesthatHEVwantsto obtain:
 Maximize fuel economy
 Minimize fuel emissions
 Minimize propulsion system cost to keep affordable
 Maintain acceptable performance with a reasonable cost
 Reduce the conventional car weight

8. HEV advantages over conventional engines
 Regenerative braking
 Reduction in engine and vehicle weight
 Fuel efficiency is increased
 Emissions are decreased
 Reduce the dependency on fossil fuels
 More efficient than conventional engines

9. HEVDESIGN
Designing of HEV depends on the following points:
 Load
 Type of combination (power sources)
 Use of the vehicle :- frequency
 Technology available
 Degree of hybridization

10. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

11.  Batteries
 Controllers
 Electric motor
 Energy storage system
 Prime mover
 Transmission system
 DC/DC Converter
 DC/AC Inverter
COMPONENTS :

12. LITHIUM ION BATTERY
NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERY
ELECTRIC MOTOR
HYBRID INVERTER

13. HEV DESIGN
ENERGYSTORAGESYSTEM:
 Energy storage systems usually batteries, are essential for electric drive vehicles like
HEVs, EVs & Plug-in HEVs(PHEVs).
TYPES OF BATTERIES:
1. Lithium– ionbatteries( mostly preferred in HEVs and PHEVs ) :-
Because of high power to weight ratio, high energy efficiency, good high temperature
performance and low self discharge.
2. Nickelmetalhybrid batteries(widely used in HEVs) :-
Because of high cost, high self discharge and heat generation of high temperature.
3. Lead – acidbatteries(used in commercially available EVs) :-
Because they can be designed to power & are inexpensive, safe and reliable.

14. MOTORAND CONTROLLERS:
 Motor and its control technology are one of the main components of HEV.
 To meet HEVs speed specifications and to control speed of vehicle we use
controllers.
TYPESOF MOTORAND DRIVESFORHEV :
1. AC Induction Motor and their Drives
2. Permanent Magnet Motors and Drives
3. Switch Reluctance Motors and Drives
4. Brushless DC Motor and Drives

15. HEV TYPES AND LEVELS
 HEVTYPES:
Many configurations are possible for HEVs. The two power sources found in hybrid vehicles
may be combined in :
1. SERIES
2. PARALLEL
 HEVLEVELS:
1. MICRO
2. MILD
3. FULL(STRONG)
4. PLUGIN (PHEV)

16. HEV TYPES
 SERIES HYBRID :
 Gasoline motor turns
a generator
 Generator may either
charge the batteries
or power an electric
motor that drives the
transmission at low speeds is
powered only by the
electric motor

17.  PARALLEL HYBRID :
 Gasoline motor
 Batteries can also powers an
electric motor.
 Both can power the
transmission at the same
time.
 Electric motor supplements
the gasoline engine.

18. HEV LEVELS
 MICRO:
 A micro HEV is a vehicle with an integrated alternator/starter that uses start/stop
technology.
 During cruising, the vehicle is propelled only by the internal combustion engine.
 Typical fuel efficiency is increase around 10% compared to non-hybrid.
EXAMPLES: BMW 1 and 3 series, Fiat 500, SMART car, Ford Focus and Transit, and
Mercedes-Benz A-class etc.
 MILD:
 A mild HEV is very similar to a micro HEV with the exception that the integrated
alternator/starter is upgraded with electric components that assist in propulsion.
 Compared to micro HEV, the electric motor, alternator, and battery pack are larger plays
a greater role in the operation of the vehicle.
 Typical fuel efficiency is increase around 20-25% compared to non-hybrid.
EXAMPLES: BMW 7 Series Active Hybrid, Honda Civic and Insight Hybrid.

19. HEV LEVELS
 FULL(STRONG):
 A full HEV is similar to mild HEV because it utilizes same electric components but they
are much larger in size.
 It uses a smaller engine, has the ability to propel the vehicle solely off the electric motor
and utilizes a more sophisticated control system to optimize efficiency than mild HEV.
 Typical fuel efficiency increase is around 40-45% compared to a non-hybrid.
EXAMPLES: Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid, Ford C-Max, Honda CR-Z etc.
 PLUG-IN(PHEV):
 A PHEV is essentially the same configuration as a full HEV, but utilizes a more
downsized engine and even larger electric components capable of charging off the
electrical grid through a plug.
 PHEVs are ideal in urban commuting where trips are short, but are also equipped for
long trips.
EXAMPLES: Chevy Volt, Frisker Karma, Toyota Prius Plug-in etc.

20. CONCLUSION
 Hence, by all the above advantages and objectives of HEV we can say that HEVs can be a
breakthrough and promising technology in automobiles production in future.

21. ANY QUERIES