This presentation will cover pipe support design, 3D modeling, Finite Element Analysis, special stress and thermal cases, along with the unique cases that brought on new pipe support designs. Increase your understanding of the value-added services that are offered by PT&P, and rest assured that your Engineering and Design needs can be covered by our 24x7 web-based emergency services, providing field service, and quick-turn around time when you need it most. We look forward to having you join us for this complimentary presentation on Engineering and Design of Pipe Supports.
4. PT&P Subsidiaries Fronek Anchor Darling Ent., Inc. ASME Nuclear Qualified Pipe Shields, Inc. ISO 9001-2000 Certified Sweco Fab, Inc . ASME U-Stamp R-Stamp PIPING TECHNOLOGY & PRODUCTS, INC. Member of MSS, SPED, APFA, U.S. Bellows, Inc. Member of EJMA
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9. Engineering & Manufacturing Overall Work Process Flow Model Quote Sweco Fab U.S. Bellows PT&P Anchor/Darling Pipe Shields Engineering Manufacturing Detail Planning Cut Fab Painting & Galvanizing Assembly Layout & Assembly Pack & Ship
10. Engineering & Design Engineering Work Process – Pipe Support Quote Engineering Manufacturing Isometric Drawings Empirical Calculations and STAAD Analysis Load & Displacement Tables In-House Developed Software PT&P U.S. Bellows Sweco Fab Pipe Shields Anchor/Darling 3D Modeling, Stress Analysis and FEA Field Testing AutoCAD Drawing and Electronic Data Interchange
12. Engineering & Design Technical Capabilities – 3D Modeling 3D Models Designed and Generated for Electronic Interference Check Variable Springs Pipe Clamp Guides Constant Springs
15. Early Design of the Variable Spring Engineering & Design Case Studies – New Spring Hanger “Bolted Design” Solution : New “bolted design” made it possible to finish all welding prior to galvanizing Case : How to increase the life span of a spring support
16. Engineering & Design Case Studies: Corrosion Prevention Hot Dip Galvanizing Combination of the Three Four Methods of Corrosion Prevention Painting Zinc Coatings
17. Engineering & Design Case Studies – “Mini” Big Ton Springs Solution : Use a multiple spring coil arrangement with smaller, shorter coils used in parallel. Case : A standard variable spring using a single coil could not be used due to height restrictions. 2 Coils 4 Coils
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21. Engineering & Design Technical Capabilities – FEA Finite Element Analysis ProEngineer, PT/Modeler, Cosmos/M, ANSYS, etc.
22. Engineering & Design Technical Capabilities – FEA Finite Element Analysis of 27' x 16' x 21 ' Structural Frame Frame in Preparation for Fit-up FEA of Lifting Lug Base in Fabrication Process Structure Base in Painting Phase
23. Engineering & Design Case Studies – Transition Piece FEA (continued) Case : To determine the need for stiffeners in highest stress area
24. Engineering & Design Case Studies – Transition Piece FEA (continued) Case : To determine the need for stiffeners in highest stress area (continued) Figure 1 Illustration of Pressures and Displacements Internal Pressure = 18.7 PSI Figure 2 Stress Plot #1 Internal Pressure = 18.7 PSI Figure 3 Stress Plot #2 Internal Pressure = 18.7 PSI Figure 4 Displacement Plot #1 Internal Pressure = 18.7 PSI
25. Engineering & Design Case Studies – Transition Piece FEA (continued) Case : To determine the need for stiffeners in highest stress area (continued) Figure 5 Illustration of Pressures and Displacements External Pressure = 15 PSI Figure 6 Stress Plot #1 External Pressure = 15 PSI Figure 7 Stress Plot #2 External Pressure = 15 PSI Figure 8 Displacement Plot #2 External Pressure = 15 PSI Solution : Finite Element Analysis determined that stiffeners are unnecessary and yield a savings of $30,000
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28. Engineering & Design Case Studies – Amount of Ice Formation on Un-Insulated Pipe Case : To determine the amount of ice formation on an un-insulated pipe operating at cryogenic temperatures. Perspective View of the Test Facility
29. Engineering & Design Case Studies – Amount of Ice Formation on Un-Insulated Pipe (continued) After filling the pipe with liquid Nitrogen, the pipe’s surface temperature started to fall exponentially with time. It took almost 20 hours to reach a steady state with small variations following a trend similar to that of the ambient temperature variations during day and night.
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31. Engineering & Design Case Studies – Pipe Shoes vs. Spring Supports Case : The type of supports used on this line were not effective and needed service often Solution : Changed to a combination of hanging supports and clamp-on shoes
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33. Engineering & Design Case Studies – New Patent for High Temperature Supports (continued) Solution : PT&P designed special clamp shoes that would dissipate heat and preserve the integrity of the PTFE, 25% glass filled slide plates from thermal damage. - The line temperatures ranged from 650°F to 1100°F. - PT&P performed full EPC services and manufactured all of the supports for this project. - Finite Element Analysis was also performed. Finite Element Analysis
34. Engineering & Design Case Studies – New Patent for High Temperature Supports (continued) Restoration of insulation after installation of new shoes Steam lines after installation of PT&P’s newly designed shoes
38. www.pipingtech.com Fatigue Testing Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints FEA: Plate Thickness and Pipe Stress Inspection and Maintenance of Supports Value-added Services Technical Information
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40. Thank You for Joining PT&P’s Engineering & Design Webinar Please forward any additional questions or inquiries to us at [email_address] and please visit our website at www.pipingtech.com
Editor's Notes
Display this slide before the presentation begins, while viewers are joining…. Do not say what is on slide…. Switch to next slide before welcoming
Hello everyone, I would like to welcome you to our Webinar on Engineering & Design. The Webinar today is hosted by Piping Technology & Products. I am Jerry Godina and I will be your presenter. If you would like to join in on the audio portion of the presentation, please make sure you select speakers/headphones in the audio choice box and double check that your volume is turned up. You can also listen to us by telephone, 9:00 am for the United States, just dial: (1) 516-453-0014, for countries other than the US, please refer to the list of numbers in your confirmation e-mail. The access code for this presentation is 489-001-753 2:00 pm for the United States, just dial: (1) 323-417-4600, for countries other than the US, please refer to the list of numbers in your confirmation e-mail. The access code for this presentation is 254-294-474 Also, if you have a question during the presentation, please feel free to type a question into the text box you see to the right of the presentation, or if you prefer, you can ask questions after the presentation during our “Questions and Answers Session.”
For those of you who are unfamiliar with PT&P, I want to quickly go over some background information. If you would like to know more, please visit our “About Us” section at pipingtech.com. Our parent company, Piping Technology & Products, Inc., also known as PT&P, is a member of MSS, SPED, and APFA In business since 1975, Piping Technology & Products, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (US Bellows, Sweco Fab, Pipe Shields, and Anchor Darling) offer a wide range of engineered products and services for various industries and applications. Our product line is extensive… From engineered pipe supports, expansion joints, pre-insulated pipe supports, and miscellaneous fabrication to various engineering and technical services, PT&P has decades of experience providing products and services for all your engineering and construction needs.
We have achieved various certifications in the past 30 years: PT&P is a member of MSS, SPED, and APFA. We are also a Minority Business Enterprise, as well as, a member of the Houston Minority Business Council. Our U.S. Bellows division is a member of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers’ Association We have the ASME U-Stamp, R-Stamp and N-Stamp for our Sweco Fab division Pipe Shields is ISO 9001-2000 certified for the manufacture of hot and cold supports And we are ASME Nuclear Qualified in our Fronek Anchor Darling division
Our engineering and design department is involved in the following processes: -Piping, Pipe Support and Structural Design -3D Modeling Technology -Pipe Stress Analysis, in which we use Caesar II -For Structural Analysis, we use STAAD II -Our engineering and design department uses Finite Element Analysis for many projects: -FEA is used for Special Stress and/or Thermal Problems -It is used in 3D Part Design -They use ANSYS for Mesh Generation and Analysis and Results Analysis -Our Engineering and Design department is also involved in Field Testing. PT&P also executes PDS Collaboration to minimize risks by making responsibilities clear.
Overall work process flow model for engineering and manufacturing After a quote is received, it is dispersed to the proper divisions of engineering which we will go into more detail on the next slide. After engineering, the project is sent to manufacturing Detailing Planning Cut Shop Fabrication Painting & Galvanizing Assembly Layout & Final Assembly Pack & Ship
This is the Engineering Work Process of a Pipe Support. Each division under PT&P has an engineering and design department that is involved in all projects even if the engineering is not done with us. They interpret the Isometric Drawings, Empirical Calculations and STAAD Analysis. 3D Models are created to check space available. If movement is present, review of the load and displacement tables is necessary. If it is a non-standard pipe clamp, the Clamp Calculator is utilized, which is an in-house developed software. Design development sketches of the support configuration are created. The preliminary 3D support model is refined and placed in the main 3D model and visual interference checks are made. Detailed AutoCAD drawings are prepared and Material take-off is made. Our Engineering and Design Departments handle all Finite Element Analysis and the information inputted into our EDI system which helps control accuracy and improves the processing time.
Our Engineering and Design department uses Structural Analysis and Design Software which encompasses concrete and steel design. Shown here is the Structural Analysis output for a detailed design of a complex hot support. Simple hot supports are mostly done using empirical methods and/or hand calculations.
3D models can be designed and generated for electronic interference check This helps check that the pipe support is clear of interferences of piping, other pipe supports and structural steel. This check is only visual due to limited access to the master model. The first 3D model on the left shows two variable springs. Next you see Pipe Clamp Guides and the last image is a 3D model of a more complex support arrangement with a constant spring support. Maybe say which 3D Modeling programs we use here at PT&P: ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________
We have an in-house software development team that designed our Electronic Data Interchange system. Our EDI system helps to increase accuracy of information, reduces human error and significantly reduces the time required to process an order. EDI improves our work flow by: ?tagging, listing quantities, pricing Packing Lists, attaching drawings (Electronic Transmittal) and Scheduling/Shipping Updates?
Shown here is the design deliverable for the support from the last slides’ STAAD Analysis. 2D detailed drawings are checked for compliance with locational data supplied by the engineer, load and displacement tables, specifications and isometric drawings. PT&P’s detailed drawings are completed with bill of material, locational data, load and temperature calculations, and welding information. The pipe support detail contains sufficient data for both fabrication and installation. Drawing used ofr all facets of production including: 1.) Procurement of Materials 2.) Fabrication Details 3.) Erection Plan/Location Details 4.) Installed/Operating Loads and Movement
Spring Production Case: How can we increase the life span of a pipe support? Across the board, spring hangers used to take painfully longer to manufacture. Everything had to be custom ordered, sent off for corrosion protection and then return to the shop for final assembly. To install the coil spring inside the can, the spring had to be compressed and a welder would actually weld the end of the can shut while the spring coil was held compressed. Although it was not apparent during assembly, by welding the pieces after they had been galvanized, the galvanizing would actually burn off. The neoprene coating on the springs inside the canisters would also be subject to melting during the welding process. Solution: The new “bolted design” made it possible to finish all the welding prior to galvanizing This substantially improved the quality and durability of the spring hanger. It also opened up the opportunity to use interchangeable parts and mass production techniques.
There are four methods of protecting carbon steel pipe supports components from corrosion. Painting has an advantage when appearance and choice of color are important. Modern painting systems may be appropriate protection in certain environments. Paint provides “barrier” protection to a metal surface. A properly painted surface will provide a barrier, but it is subject to scratching from contact with hard objects. The figure above illustrates how rust can grow and damage a painted surface when corrosion begins because the paint barrier is broken by a scratch. Zinc has a greater tendency to give up electrons than carbon steel, so when both are present, zinc becomes the anode and protects the carbon steel. The figure above indicates corrosion with the zinc giving up the electrons and becoming pitted while the carbon steel remains undamaged. From this we see that a zinc coating will protect carbon steel by “sacrificing” itself until the zinc is depleted. The rate of zinc depletion is relatively slow when the pH of the electrolyte is between 4 and 13, Hot dip galvanizing has two advantages over a zinc coating. During galvanizing, the molten zinc reacts with the carbon steel to form layers of zinc/iron alloys. The figure above shows a galvanized surface with 5 layers, the top layer is 100% zinc and the bottom layer is carbon steel. The alloy layers between have increased hardness to provide mechanical (barrier) protection and because of their zinc content they are also anodic relative to carbon steel. The hardness of these alloy layers provides much more protection from scratches than paint can provide. This is important for most pipe supports applications. Combination: Duplex Systems usually require painting over galvanizing. Some of our customers have specified a duplex system. This is more expensive but it can be justified for certain corrosive environments or for appearance. The American Galvanizing Association suggests the following “rule of thumb” to estimate the service life of a duplex system. (Duplex System Service Life) = 1.5* (Service Life: HDG Only) + (Service Life: Paint Only) *The synergistic multiplier of 1.5 is based on the barrier protection the paint provides for the galvanized surface. At Piping Technology and Products Inc., many customers have returned painted variable and constant spring supports which could no longer function due to corrosion. Costs must be considered during the specification of coatings for pipe supports. The owner and operator of a facility should consider life-cycle costs. Pipe supports are usually a relatively small percentage of the total cost of installing and operating a power plant, petrochemical plant, paper mill or other major facility. The small additional cost of hot dip galvanizing the carbon steel components of pipe supports is most always a wise investment.
Case: A standard variable spring using a single coil could not be used due to height restrictions. Solution: Use a multiple spring coil arrangement with smaller, shorter coils used in parallel. “ mini” big ton where loads/movement matched standard spring, but overall height was restricted Standard variable spring could not fit; solution was to use combination of smaller (shorter) coils which matched load carrying capability; short overall height could be maintained. - Operating Loads: ____________________________ - Standard variable spring height exceeded: ________________________ - Because site conditions allowed, non-standard multi-coil arrangement could be developed - Standard components could be utilized in combination with custom pieces to produce overall custom assembly (Once developed for variable spring, natural progression to use in constant spring assembly)
Case: A customer needed a support for a vessel, but had very limited space available for the support. We custom designed four Big Ton D Upthrust Constants shown in the first picture and two pairs of Big Ton T Upthrust Constants shown in the second picture. Due to space limitation, the Big Ton D Constants were designed with a total travel of 4 " and the Big Ton T Constants with 5 " in total travel. The Big Ton D constants were designed with a 50 thousand pound load capacity and the Big Ton T constants were designed with 75 and 67 thousand pound load capacity. http://www.pipingtech.com/news/arc_pw_2001/engps2001_07.htm
Support Component Production Example of In-House Software Development We developed a software called clamp calculator to streamline repetitive calculations. This helps us to speed up the work process, as well as, eliminate any miscues. - Operating conditions require use of clamp with load carrying capability greater than largest standard assembly. - Empirical calculations method developed to correctly size custom clamp including: stock size, bolt size and plate length - Use of clamp calculation sheets could be standardized with curve-fitting algorithms to process data quickly Continued on Next Page
- Development of “Clamp Calculator” required minimum data entry: Pipe Size, Operating Load and Operating Temperature - Renders clamp design with drawing/B.O.M. - Output utilized by various factors of production staff (linked to all aspects of manufacturing: Procurement, Cut Shop, Machine Shop, Hardware and Inspection/Q.C.) - Helps to eliminate data entry/transaction errors associated with manual calculation methodology.
Where complicated design configurations exist… Piping Technology & Products, Inc. has extensive in-house finite element analysis capabilities using ProEngineer, ANSYS, and a variety of other software packages. FEA software is used to simulate the loads and resulting stresses which a particular design might experience in the field. These time and money-saving computer simulations are used to select designs for prototypes. We later use these prototypes to test products with actual loads to confirm our design loads and safety features. FEA provides very realistic and accurate analysis of mechanical parts that undergo specified thermal and mechanical loads. Performing and FEA is time-effective and a cost-effective complement to physical testing -- following a preliminary finite analysis with a physical load test significantly reduces the design cycle time. Interpreting and understanding FEA's proves useful to explaining stress and strain conditions to customers in a highly visual manner. The use of FEA significantly improves PT&P's engineering, research, and design capabilities. http://www.pipingtech.com/tour/cad.htm - Conceptual design developed - FEA performed to 1.) confirm design capabilities and 2.) Optimize overall design regarding Materials/Fab. Processes
Example of SWECO Fab Division design capabilities 27'x16'x21' Structural Frame for an Offshore Site in West Africa This structural frame was designed to be placed on the sea-bed for an offshore rig and will be used as an undersea cable support frame. It is constructed of 8” tube-steel, a 10” channel, and a steel plate. It is capable of withstanding a load of 600 Kilonewtons (68,000 lb. for each pad). The frame will remain stationary on the sea-bed and is designed to endure heavy wave action when lowered to or raised from the sea-bed. Finite element analysis of the lifting lug on the structure was performed to verify load conditions. A trial fit-up of bolted sections was also conducted to ensure the structural frame will assemble easily before being placed in position. http://www.pipingtech.com/news/arc_pw_2003/asme2003_05.htm - Review of the static loading conducted, also… - Review of the dynamic loading which would be seen as the structure is raised and lowered - Of particular interest where the lifting lug elements – as these would be taking the brunt of the load during assembly and installation - FEA performed to verify lug capability
Sweco Fab Example This transition piece uses a standard flange at the top, but has been modified to include the extra length of pipe and to eliminate two flanges. The rectangular flange is fabricated of 1.25 x 5 inch. stock and is made of A36 steel. The whole transition and pipe are fabricated of 3/8 " thick A516 Grade 70 steel. The model has a temperature condition of 105° C/221° F. - Transition piece of ductwork - Developed to transfer from round flange attachment to rectangular lower attachment - Of particular questioning was the necessity to incorporate stiffeners into the overall design - If stiffeners were required, what size? Location? - Because the overall shape is complicated, FEA was utilized to stimulate the operating conditions Continued on Next Slide
Two cases were modeled in which all references to pressure, PSI, refers to PISIG (PSI gage). The first was at operating condition when the transition piece experiences 18.7 PSI internal pressure. The second was at full vacuum when the transition piece experiences 15 PSI external pressure. The first figure shown here is an illustration of the pressures and displacements. Figures 2 & 3 show the stresses and Figure 4 shows the displacement at every point. The color coding system represents the inches of displacement.
Figure 5 is an illustration of the pressures and displacements with an external pressure of 15 PSI Figure 6 and 7 models have an external pressure of 15 PSI on every external surface and show the stresses at every point. Figure 8 shows the displacement at every point in the model. Solution: FEA analysis determined stiffeners unnecessary and yielded a saving of $30 thousand dollars
Case: It was necessary to increase the lifespan of an expansion joint for a coal-fired power plant. The solution was to design a self-cleaning slip-type expansion joint. Several special requirements where met by a combination of design features and material specifications including an aluminum bronze bearing sleeve. The inner barrel (which is directly in the vision of the operator) is uniquely plated to be corrosion resistant. This operator is using a load cell to measure the force required to move the joint. Pressure tests were used to check the six packing seals. This joint is to be installed in a horizontal position in the mid-span of 40" between guided supports. The design conditions are 12 " of movement, 650 ° F, and 50 PSI of internal pressure. http://www.pipingtech.com/news/arc_pw_1994/expjt1994_09.htm
Field Testing Example of Insulated Supports A customer was experiencing melting of the caulking compound selected for an application. We set up a test facility with the original caulking compound which was 5800 and the suggested compound which is 5800C. Over a period of time, we determined the temperature at which each compound began to melt. Taking into consideration the high temperatures of this application, we determined that 5800C will be sufficient enough. Need to find Sergio’s report for the exact temp. of application.
2 nd Example of Field Test Stimulation… Case: To determine the amount of ice formation on an un-insulated pipe operating at cryogenic temperatures employing a small scale model. Test Facility: A perspective view of the facility is shown here. The test facility consists of a 36 " long stainless steel pipe with a 4 ½ " outside diameter and 4 " inside diameter. The pipe ends are closed by ¾ " x 5 ½ " x 21 " plates. The pipe is suspended from top using two pipe clamps. To simulate cryogenic condition for an extended period of time, liquid nitrogen from a tank is supplied through a control valve into the pipe at one end and the nitrogen vapor is allowed to escape through a 1/2’’ tube from the other end. The test facility is set in our workshop area where large size doors allow cross ventilation maintaining atmospheric conditions. A type “K” thermocouple is set between the pipe and the clamp near the liquid nitrogen inlet to measure the pipe’s outer surface temperature history. Simultaneously, the ambient room temperature, relative humidity, and dew points were measured. Continued on next slide
Test procedure: Liquid nitrogen was allowed to fill completely the stainless steel pipe first, followed by a steady flow of liquid Nitrogen. By adjusting the control valve to a point when the liquid Nitrogen ceases to exit through the vertical outlet tube, the pipe remained completely full of liquid Nitrogen throughout the test. This flow process caused a small fraction of the flowing liquid nitrogen in the pipe to change phase to vapor by gaining latent heat of evaporation from the ambient air and exited through the outlet tube. This maintained almost a constant pipe surface temperature over an extended period of time. Metering scales were fixed radically outward at three locations (near the two ends and at the middle) along the pipe to measure the ice deposition depth as a function of time. After filling up the pipe with liquid Nitrogen, the pipe’s surface temperature started falling exponentially with time and it took almost 20 hours to reach an almost steady state with small variations following a trend similar to that of the ambient temperature variations during day and night. Conclusion: Ice build-up reached a cap at -295 ° F.
Case: Limited use of graphite and temperature limits of PTFE, 25% Glass Filled for use in merchant plants Solution: Development of stainless steel encased Marinite to reduce heat gradient & withstand transients PTFE, 25% glass filled material was not protected from high temperatures Graphite was not strong enough to withstand water hammer in this application The Marinite insulator assembly allows the use of PTFE, 25% glass filled, as the sliding surface for lines with high operating temperatures and high dynamic loading - Maximum operating temperature for PTFE ≈ 325F –after which the glue could become dis-bonded - Using soli8d sheet of graphite proved unacceptable because of dynamic loading conditions Bronzphite® can also be used for high temperatures and high loads
Need labels and description **** I don’t know the background on this one Original slide said: Case: Switched from bottom supports to hanging supports. Avoidance of welded attachments. Solution: Enhanced design for clamp-on shoes.
Insulated Supports Case… Case: Over 116 hot shoes for various sizes of large bore high energy steam lines failed. This caused the Energy Center to completely shut down due to safety concerns and the potential for pipe and/or equipment failure. The original vendor replaced the supports with the same type of supports, and they failed once again. PT&P was called in to survey the site and found that the type of pipe support used was not suited for the service conditions. http://www.pipingtech.com/news/enews/2005/090705.htm W:\\digital_camera\\Digital Album\\images\\Product Photos\\Competitor Products (field service survey and suggested replacement)
Because the elevations of all the piping were fixed, PT&P had to develop a pipe support design that would dissipate heat, in order to protect the PTFE, 25% glass filled slide plates from thermal damage. Natural Draft Air Cooling has several advantages over previous designs: 1. Since the insulation does not carry any mechanical load, it can be chosen solely on the basis of its thermal properties. In particular, cyclic loading, which has caused insulation failure, is not a problem. 2. The support provides effective restraint for all six possible components of loads, X, Y, Z-Rotational and Translational. In particular, axial and Torsional loads are readily accommodated. These represent difficulties for supports which rely on the insulation. 3. It is easily installed in the field and is attached to the pipe with a standard bolted pipe clamp. Thus, there is no field welding. The line temperatures ranged from 650°F to 1100°F. PT&P performed full EPC services and manufactured all of the supports for this project. Finite Element Analysis was also performed.
The top two pictures show the restoration of insulation after installation of new shoes The bottom two pictures show the steam lines after installation PT&P designed the solution needed for this dilemma and acquired a new patent for a pipe support with two clamps that are similar to the Figure 50 light two bolt pipe clamp. Each shoe is attached to a steel plate which is designed to carry the design load, and is shape optimized to minimize heat flow from the pipe.
PT&P offers on-site installation guidance, inspection and/or maintenance of pipe supports and snubber inspection. We carry a system of stock standard items and have an “on-call” engineering team available 24x7.
Since we don’t have much time this evening, you may want to check out our website; there you will find a plethora of technical information, including different Tests we carry out, FEA Analysis, and much more.
We also have a newsletter sent out weekly by email. Our Enews features a special product for the week along with details on our upcoming Webinars. The newsletter is also a beneficial link source to our Online Quote System, Emergency Service, Online Catalogs and Downloadable Software.
In conclusion, our Engineering and Design Departments have improved tremendously over the last 30 years. With new designs and new technologies, we continue to grow and expand with new challenges. Thank You for Joining Our Webinar on Engineering & Design… We are open to take your questions; however, if you have any additional questions or inquiries after that, you can send us an email at info@pipingtech.com Thank you again, this is Jerry Godina on behalf of everyone here at PT&P, I bid you a good day.
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