volatile oil extraction

1. Extraction method of Volatile oils
Pimpan Chatchinarat
M.Sc. Student
College of public health sciences, Chulalonglorn university

2. Volatile oils
Volatile oil (or Essential oil) is a pure oil
Extracted from plants. It can extracted from the seeds,
flowers,leaves, fruits, bark, wood, roots which is a liquid
with a complex chemical composition and varies in each
species. It has low boiling point and evaporate at room
temperature. Chemical composition of the essential oils
that are many hundreds of different species. But the
bulk can be separated and each group can be effective
in the treatment of different.
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3. History
The volatile oil have been used for more than 5,000
years, using evidence from the ancient civilization such as
Egypt, Greek, Roman, and China. They uses essential oils
from plants such as the added fragrance to the body, the
food preservation, the preservation of the body or
Mummy ,using aromatherapy embellishments emotions
and physical symptoms known today as “Aromatherapy”
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4. THE FATHER OFAROMATHERAPY
Rene-Maurice Gattefossé
He is a famous French chemist and scholar, in 1910 he discovered
the virtues of the essential oil of lavender. Gattefossé was working
in the laboratories of the cosmetics firm owned and named after
his family. He accident burned his hand during an experiment and
plunged his hand into the nearest tub of water which just happened
to be lavender essential oil. He was later amazed at how quickly his
burn healed and with very little scarring. This started a fascination with essential
oils and inspired him to experiment with them during the First World War on
soldiers in the military hospitals. He used oils of lavender, thyme, lemon and clove
for their antiseptic properties. Gattefossé noted an increase in the rate of healing
in wounds treated with essential oils and that the oils seemed to be free from the
disadvantages present with other antiseptic agents in use at that time.
Rene-Maurice Gattefossé advanced the new science of aromatherapy and
opened the door for thousands of peer-reviewed studies of these marvelous oils.
Gattefossé is credited with coining the word “aromatherapy”.
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5. 1. Classification by chemical structure
2. Classification by basic structure of aromatic
substance
3. Classification by source
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6. o Alcohol
in the structure of the molecule the name often end in
–ol,substances in this group is qualified antibacterial
and antiviral.
exsamples:linalool,citronellol,geraniol,boneol,menthol,ner
ol
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7. Clary sage oil Lemon Grass oil
borneo camphor Galangal oil
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8. o Aldehydes
names often end with-al. Substances in this group has
the effect of sedative ,reduce inflammation ,reduce
obesity ,expand blood vessels and has the effect of
disinfection.
examples : citral, citronellal.
Lemon Grass oil
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9. o Esters
Substances in this group has the effect of sedative,
reduce inflammation ,calm relieve muscle and antifungal
examples:linalyl acetate,geranyl acetate,
lavendulyl acetate.
jasmine oil Ylang-ylang oil
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10. o Ketone
helps to dissolve phlegm and reduce
inflammation
exsamples:jasmone ,camphor,carvone
Jasmine oil
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11. oOxides group
substance in this group can help dissolve phlegm
and nervous system stimulant
example: cineole(eucalyptol)
Eucalyptus oil
(Other group)
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12. oHydrocarbon
substances in this group has the effect of anti-infection
and reduce inflammation
exsamples:camphene,dipentene,caryophllene,
terpinene
Caraway
Turmeric
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13. Called the number of C (carbon) in a molecule.
C5 =hemiterpene
C10 =monoterpene (geraniol, myrcene,
nerol, cineol, terpineol, menthol, carvone,
menthone, thujone, camphor)
C15 =sesquiterpene (farnesol, neolidol,
bisabolene,caryophyllene)
C20 = diterpene(resin ) Clove oil
Clove oil
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14. oIsolates
isolate is a substance derived from the aromatic
essential oils or from natural fragrances through
the process to be pure single aroma substance
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15. o Semi synthetic (identical)
substance derived from Isolates to the through
chemical processes to create a new of an aroma
compounds.
oSynthetic
made from the fundamental chemical processes such
as coal or petroleum, chemical compounds that have a
structure similar to that found in natural substances or
substances that are not the same structure, but with the
same fragrance.
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16. volatile oils can be done from plants in several ways. but either
way, it is appropriate to plant depends on the amount of oil that
was stored in plants the stability of the oil to heat, oil
accumulation in the organs of the plant, etc. oil production can be
divided into 3 major ways.
1.Distillation
2.Solvent Extraction
3.Mechanical expression
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17. -Distillation
-Water distillation
is an ancient technique for extraction of volatile oils. It is use
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worldwide for its simplicity but requires high energy consumption for
heating and cooling, this method can be used for such still ,condenser and
receiver. packed plant in a pot and fill with water to flood and then boil until
the water boil. When water evaporates the steam will help bring in the
essential oils of the plant tissue out simultaneously on the condenser steam
and vapor is condensed into liquid oil. the separation of oil and water
together. Distillation plant for small amounts in the laboratory we can do it
refined using a set made of glass called a refined kind “Clevenger type
apparatus”.

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19. Stream distillation
steam distillation require the boiler for vapor increase.
the principles are similar to water distillation, but to place
the plant on the grid in still and connect pipe with a boiler.
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20. Steam-water distillation
This method is applicable to all
plants. Especially those that may
be destroyed when it is boil. Done
by placing wet plants (B)on the grid
(C) boiling water (D) steam through
the plant with volatile oils
evaporates to go to (A)and (H) until
the condensation and separation
of the water and oil.
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21. Destructive distillation
-Destructive distillation
This method is used for certain types of oils such as
turpentine(Pine oil) using wood chopped into small pieces and
put in a steel container and burned with high temperature oil
will flow out of wood but the color is dark- black suited to use
in various industries, or used in the manufacture of antiseptic
disinfection.
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22. Extraction of essential oils from plants have 2 type is extraction
with solvent and extraction with fat.
-solvent extraction
Principles extracted using solvents uncomplicated. By soaking
the plant to extract the pure solvent. Which often be volatile
solvent, a polar low. Filter the solvent soaked the plant out.
Evaporative distillation at low temperatures under pressure. The
rest of the concrete washed with alcohol several times to remove
other contaminants out. Called the absolute.
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23. Solvent extraction
-Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
is the process of separating one component (the extract) from
another (the matrix) use supercritical fluids as the extracting
solvent. Extraction is usually from a solid matrix, and can also be
from liquids. SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for
analytical purposes or on a larger scale to either strip unwanted
material from a product or collect a desired product (e.g. essential
oils). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most used supercritical fluid,
sometimes modified by co-solvents such as ethanol or methanol.
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24. Start from the pump to suck out the carbon dioxide contained in the tank slowly
until the pressure change from a gas to a liquid at supercritical ,Molecules of
carbon dioxide are in supercritical condition due to interaction with the material
extracted. Extract is through the micrometer valve for compressed carbon
dioxide ,the pressure drop and the separation of the solvent from the solute.
Extract is passed through a tube to keep it in a small glass tube.
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25. -Enfleurage
The extraction of essential oils from flower petals. The essential oil
is stored in parenchyma cells, such as rose, jasmine, etc. has like the
most natural aroma through. using oil or fatty odorless absorbing the
oils from evaporating cells. (Mostly pork fat cattle or sheep) by the
sorbent spread thin on a tray. Then remove the petals are arranged
on the adsorbent. Stored in a closed container and leave it for 24
hours, then change the new petal. Do this until sorbents absorb oil
until saturated (pomade) brought to absorbent the essential oils are
extracted with alcohol (extrait or absolute de pomade).
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26. -Expression
expression can be used with plants such as orange peel,
lemon oil glands. This method does not require heat. Not cause
disintegration But loss to the waste oil.
-Acuelle
Extraction of essential oils from the orange. By providing of the
Orange rolled to a container with many needle piercing is stabbed
makes it bubbles burst. Oil flow will gather at the rail into the
container to support below.
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28. Cupressus sempervirens.
• Science name:Cupressus sempervirens var. Stricta
• Family: CUPRESSACEAE
• Other names: Italian Cypress,Pencil Pine,
The tree is a perennial tree, conical-shaped,evergreen
tree tall about 28 meters (80 feet) high and originated
from the East, now mostly found in the Mediterranean
region. It is an evergreen tree with dark green foliage,
small flowers and round brown-gray cones with seed
nuts inside.Can use Cypress essential oil
as.., Antibacterial,Anti-infection,Anti-microbial,
Anti-septic,Refreshing and relaxing
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29. Cupressus sempervirens. 28

30. Water distillation (hydrodistillation) 29

31. Supercritical fluid extraction 30

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33. Hydrodistillation are popular and easiest method. But has the
disadvantage is the high power consumption and take long
exposition but it has few oil.
Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils has volume and
quality better and takes less time than hydrodistillation method
and carbon dioxide in the system can be reused again. The
disadvantage is expensive tools.
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Acuelle

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