Voip realities and realisations

1. VOIP realities & Realisations c o c h r a n e . o r g . u k Pr of Pe t er Cochrane OBE

2. H U M A N C O M M S A m i x o f a n a l o g u e & D i g i t a l Grunt Wave Touch Expression Gesticulation Family Groups Tribal Groups Language Creativity Survival Hunting Painting Music Dance Song Flags Horns Drums Barter Runners Roaming Pictograms Exploration Messengers Collaboration Smoke Signals Civilisations Internationalism Stone Tablets Hieroglyphs Clay Tablets Cuneiform Semaphore Heliograph Farming Pigeons Papyrus Money Paper Arts Tin Gold Silver Bronze Jewels Artisans Weavers Fabrics Design Cotton Wool Silk Wars Armys Weapons Kingdoms Innovation Manufacture Towns, Cities, City States, Countries Large scale farming and fabrication Sea, River, Canal, Road Logistics Alchemy, Experiment, Expertise Science, Engineering, Technology Populations Trade Travel Infrastructures Technologies TeleComms Telegraph Radio Computers Transistor Integrated Circuit Optical Fibre

3. Circuit - Packet deltas T h e f u n d a m e n t a l s o f t h e s t o r y s o f a r CIRCUIT Physical layer Hard connection basis C o n d i t i o n a l l y b r i t t l e Fixed physical connection P a c k e t s ( i n f o ) t r a v e l s a m e p a t h B a n d w i d t h r e s e r v e d u p f r o n t B a n d w i d t h i n e f f i c i e n t ( w a s t e f u l ) I n f o r m a t i o n i s r e c e i v e d a s s e n t S t o re a n d f o r w a rd u n u s u a l ( r a re ) Currently electro - optic platforms O r i g i n a l l y d e s i g n e d f o r v o i c e History goes back >150 years PACKET Network layer Soft connection basis Conditionally resilient No fixed Physical Connection Packets (info) travel random paths B a n d w i d t h a l l o c a t e d d y n a m i c a l l y B a n d w i d t h e f f i c i e n t ( v e r y l o w l o s s ) Information arrives at random order S t o re a n d f o r w a rd a l m o s t t h e n o r m Currently on electronic platforms Originally designed for data only History goes back <55 years

4. Circuit - Packet deltas T h e f u n d a m e n t a l s o f t h e s t o r y s o f a r CIRCUIT Physical layer Hard connection basis C o n d i t i o n a l l y b r i t t l e Fixed physical connection P a c k e t s ( i n f o ) t r a v e l s a m e p a t h B a n d w i d t h r e s e r v e d u p f r o n t B a n d w i d t h i n e f f i c i e n t ( w a s t e f u l ) I n f o r m a t i o n i s r e c e i v e d a s s e n t S t o re a n d f o r w a rd u n u s u a l ( r a re ) Currently electro - optic platforms O r i g i n a l l y d e s i g n e d f o r v o i c e History goes back >150 years PACKET Network layer Soft connection basis Conditionally resilient No fixed Physical Connection Packets (info) travel random paths B a n d w i d t h a l l o c a t e d d y n a m i c a l l y B a n d w i d t h e f f i c i e n t ( v e r y l o w l o s s ) Information arrives at random order S t o re a n d f o r w a rd a l m o s t t h e n o r m Currently on electronic platforms Originally designed for data only History goes back <55 years ✔✘

5. sanity check J u s t t o b e n c h m a r k t h e c l a s s I want to know where you sit in the span of knowledge on the internet

6. A c r o n y m S o u p A deep thick growing nightmare Impossible to remember all of them….and so here is a fast look up reference… HTTP RTP MAC UDP SMTP TCP IP PPP HTTPS ICAAS TFTP https://bit.ly/2HZ2bQY

7. P a c k e t S t r u c t u r e N a t i ve I P d o e s n o t e xe r t a n y p r i o r i t y c o n t ro l Network Host IP Internet Protocol TCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol MAC Media Access Control

8. Connectivity A N D C o m m u n i c a t i o n The orchestration of control and communication across all layers https://www.google.com/search?q=IP+5+level+packet&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiOi6_Lge_nAUUMRoKHVhZCQsQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=IP+5+level+packet&gs_l=img.3...24796.27066..27987...0.0..0.61.390.7......0....1..gws-wiz- img.9szJwfazCXE&ei=3khWXo6kOZTiaNiypVg&bih=729&biw=1440&client=ﬁrefox-b-d#imgrc=SPFLzEjGurDwSMTransmission Control Protocol Random Slow Stochastic Latency Internet Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Hyper Text Transfer Protocol RealTime Transport Protocol RTCP RealTime Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol Deterministic Fast Prioritised Lossy Packets - No Resends Applications Point-to-Point Protocol Session Initiation Protocol

9. ControL & Communication The orchestration of connectivity and communication across all layers

10. N e e d s Voice & Vision The eye and ear are incredibly sensitive to latency - fixed & variable, regular & random The eye is tolerant of real time bit (and byte) loss to a far higher degree than the ear - so different protocols a n d p a c k e t f o r m a t s a r e adopted E r r o r c o r r e c t i o n i s n o t generally possible for real time voice and video so TCPIP is not a suitable mode

11. Starting Point T h e ra n g e o f h u m a n a u d i b i l i t y Our hearing goes way b e y o n d t h e m e c h a n i c s and perceptions of what we think we hear… …there is an emotional element that is strongly influenced by bandwidth, level, content and quality! Threshold of Pain Threshold of Hearing Speech Music H e a r i n g Envelope F r e q u e n c y H z W/cm2 dB

12. Starting Point T h e ra n g e o f h u m a n a u d i b i l i t y Our hearing goes way b e y o n d t h e m e c h a n i c s and perceptions of what we think we hear… …there is an emotional element that is strongly influenced by bandwidth, level, content and quality! Threshold of Pain Threshold of Hearing Speech Music H e a r i n g Envelope F r e q u e n c y H z W/cm2 dB VOIP has to meet human need within this region The same tech is also being used for streaming music

13. Engineering Specs Established by human (anechoic) tests All telephony measures are empirical and based on thousands of hours of human subject listening and conversation testing one-on-one & in isolation Specifications/standards a re e n s h r i n e d i n I T U d o c u m e n t a t i o n h a v i n g been ratified and agreed internationally

14. Biological wonder We e n j o y ~ 1 3 0 d B o f d y n a m i c r a n g e All telephony measures are empirical and based on thousands of hours of human subject listening and conversation testing one-on-one & in isolation Specifications/standards a re e n s h r i n e d i n I T U d o c u m e n t a t i o n h a v i n g been ratified and agreed internationally The range of most voice communication between humans face-to-face and via telephones <50dB

15. S/N = 40dB DEMo 1: REFERENCE O r i g i n a l Te s t Tr a c k - G o o d Q u a l i t y Full BandWidth S / N > > 4 0 d B Comfortable/Natural Conversation N o i s e i n t ro d u c e d i n t o s y s t e m s b y m a n a n d n a t u r e l i m i t s , a n d c a n s e r i o u s l y d e g r a d e t h e s p o k e n w o r d d e t r a c t i n g f ro m t h e p l e a s u re o f l i s t e n i n g t o a m u s i c , d i a l o g u e , c o n v e r s a t i o n

16. S/N = 35dB D E M o 1 : S / N R at i o E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e Full BandWidth S / N = 3 5 d B Noticeable Noise/Natural Conversation aware of noise in background

17. S/N = 30dB D E M o 1 : S / N R at i o E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e Full BandWidth S / N = 3 0 d B Annoying Noise and an Unnatural Conversation with minor errors

18. S/N = 25dB D E M o 1 : S / N R at i o E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e Full BandWidth S / N = 2 5 d B Annoying/Distracting/Tiring Unnatural Conversation with increased errors

19. S/N = 20dB D E M o 1 : S / N R at i o E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e Full BandWidth S / N = 2 0 d B Very Irritating, Very Tiring, Unnatural Conversation, unacceptable errors

20. S/N = 15dB Full BandWidth S / N = 1 5 d B Really Stressful, Extremely Tiring, Unnatural Conversation, near unworkable D E M o 1 : S / N R at i o E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e

21. S/N = 10dB D E M o 1 : S / N R at i o E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e Full BandWidth S / N = 1 0 d B Beyond the Pale - extremely uncomfortable, unworkable, exhausting and gross errors

22. Perspective 1 Evoluti on of hu ma n voice tech The entertainment & comms sectors shared many coding and transducer technologies

23. Perspective 1 Evoluti on of hu ma n voice tech The entertainment & comms sectors shared many coding and transducer technologies E m p l o y b a n d w i d t h t o preserve all the emotional bits…it is what they sell! Constraining bandwidth to save $$ and thereby destroy all the emotional bits

24. Perspective 1 Evoluti on of hu ma n voice tech The entertainment & comms sectors shared many coding and transducer technologies E m p l o y b a n d w i d t h t o preserve all the emotional bits…it is what they sell! Constraining bandwidth to save $$ and thereby destroy all the emotional bits T h i s p h i l o s o p h y e n s u r e d that Telcos would always fail in the conferencing market This ensures great success in conferencing and turned out key for AI

25. P e r s p e c t i v e 2 A connected & accelerating world More and more for less and less year-on-year at an EXP(t) rate

26. P e r s p e c t i v e 2 A connected & accelerating world More and more for less and less year-on-year at an EXP(t) rate VOIP Dominates VOIP Roll Out VOIP Experiments

27. Perspective 3 Evoluti on of hu ma n voice tech Voice is no longer a primary means of communication in terms of data generated

28. Snapshot 1 A c t i v i t y o n 2 2 F e b 2 0 These are all the BIG creators of net t r a f f i c ; a n d i t i s where most of the money is generated a n d i n c r e a s i n g l y where the net R&D spend is focussed! Notice that voice calls no longer feature in the major internet statistics - OTT has taken over the global network!

29. Historical 1 P o w e r i n g p r o g r e s s The last 50 years has seen EXP growth become very immediate !

30. Historical 2 P o w e r i n g p r o g r e s s The last 50 years has seen EXP growth become very immediate !

31. No surprise that Asia is now the dominant force in mobile R&D manufacturing &supply Snapshot 2 I n t e r n e t U s e r s i n 2 0 1 9 D o m i n a n t u s e r s o f m o b i l e d e v i c e s C h i n a > 9 8 % m o b i l e s 4 8 . 4 %

32. P e r s p e c t i v e 4 Global migration to all IP working We simply cannot afford more than one network, and especially one that is dedicated to voice!

33. P e r s p e c t i v e 5 VOIP savings are multi- dimensional Operators and users all make huge savings - a rare win-win situation Streamlined Spares Holding Improved service delivery Fewer people & vehicles User/number portability Far greater resilience Fewer visible faults Rationalised Plant Less Real Estate Unified network Greater utility L e s s E n e r g y ++++ USER GAINS OPERATOR GAINS

34. Perspective 6 Share of WWW traffic by device

35. P e r s p e c t i v e 7 Global network information bit rate An EXP(t) rate of demand visible since the Morse key OTT Finance Cloud/Services Network Providers

36. Perspective 8 Wireless/mobile now dominates WiFi ~ 50% Wired ~ 45% 3/4G ~ 5% Traffic medium

37. Perspective 9 Where in the world is the focus

38. Shock Horror 1 When I first came into telecoms!!

39. Shock Horror 1 When I first came into telecoms!! W ithin 11 years i w as a degree qualified engineer w orking on the first digital telephone sw itch It w as triggered by the coming of the transistor and w e had to set aside much of this legacy

40. BIG CHALLENGE 1 Accelerating evolution of technology Our mobile devices are now 50x more powerful than a Cray II SuperComputer of 1985

41. BIG CHALLENGE 2 Designing/building with limited vision The best way of predicting the future is to build it ! BTLabs + Ipswich Hospital paramedics attending at an accident site operating with the aid of AR at a bit rate of 64kbit/s for vision and sound… ‘it worked’ BTLabs + NY hospital saw big problems with latency due to cable transit time and codecs… ‘it sort of worked’ but voice, hand eye coordination problematic! Today w e have bandw idth and HD displays but the latency is far more complex A R D E M O

42. BIG CHALLENGE 2 Designing/building with limited vision Already a reality for some (VR & AR) industries ! A R D E M O

43. BIG CHALLENGE 3 The users are demanding services now The future is being built by others and we have to deliver !

44. BIG CHALLENGE 3 The users are demanding services now The future is being built by others and we have to deliver ! Not just a remote surgeon on line but and assistive robot and human team too

45. BIG CHALLENGE 4 W i re l i n e l e g a c y s p e e c h s t a n d a rd s Two wire to four wire working to maintain ‘feedback’ stability Crosstalk introduced by EM coupling

46. BIG CHALLENGE 4 W i re l i n e l e g a c y s p e e c h s t a n d a rd s Two wire to four wire working to maintain ‘feedback’ stability Crosstalk introduced by EM coupling All systems w ere designed dow n to w hat w as actually possible at the time All systems w ere designed dow n to w hat w as actually possible at the time old systems of this era are still in use and voip has to interw ork w ith them

47. BIG CHALLENGE 5 W i re l i n e l e g a c y s p e e c h s t a n d a rd s The transducers and copper cable characteristics set the limits to what was possible C i rc a 1 8 7 7

48. BIG CHALLENGE 5 W i re l i n e l e g a c y s p e e c h s t a n d a rd s The transducers and copper cable characteristics set the limits to what was possible Refinement saw better magnets and lighter diaphragms but no Electronics No surprise that the voice quality w as A far cry FROM the hiFi w e experience todayC i rc a 1 8 7 7

49. B I G C H A L L E N G E 6 C o d e c a n d s e r v i c e s t a n d a rd s g a l o re Much more than telephony - broadcast, podcasts, music and conferencing +++

50. B I G C H A L L E N G E 7 C o d e c a n d s e r v i c e s t a n d a rd s g a l o re A moving feast with some s t e p p i n g o u t s i d e t h e standards framework as leaders of the pack! Huawei Spectrum Choices Au d i o D E M O

51. B I G C H A L L E N G E 7 C o d e c a n d s e r v i c e s t a n d a rd s g a l o re A moving feast with some s t e p p i n g o u t s i d e t h e standards framework as leaders of the pack! Huawei Spectrum Choices ☀ Au d i o D E M O

54. B I G C H A L L E N G E 7 C o d e c a n d s e r v i c e s t a n d a rd s g a l o re A moving feast with some s t e p p i n g o u t s i d e t h e standards framework as leaders of the pack! Huawei Spectrum Choices Au d i o D E M O

55. Hidden EXCEPTions G o ve r n m e n t a n d o t h e r s p e c i a l n e e d s Things that fall outside the n o r m a l c o m m e r c i a l framework… 500Hz 1kHz 2kHz Au d i o D E M O

56. Hidden EXCEPTions G o ve r n m e n t a n d o t h e r s p e c i a l n e e d s Things that fall outside the n o r m a l c o m m e r c i a l framework… 500Hz 1kHz 2kHz ☀ Au d i o D E M O

59. M u c h w o r s e H F S S B Simplex conversation Hidden EXCEPTions G o ve r n m e n t a n d o t h e r s p e c i a l n e e d s

60. Hidden EXCEPTions G o ve r n m e n t a n d o t h e r s p e c i a l n e e d s A very unlikely environment for VOIP - or is it? Au d i o D E M O

61. Hidden EXCEPTions N i xo n t a l k i n g t o B u z a n d N e i l A very unlikely environment for VOIP - but it looks even more likely as the internet gets into space Au d i o D E M O Notice the gross delay > 3s and high distortion plus noise level - can you decode the speaking from the moon on 20 July 1969 ? “I sat up all night to watch this and it also heralded the micro-electronic revolution!”

62. VISIBLE EXCEPTIONS W h a t d o e s a l l t h i s m e a n f o r m u s i c + A fast moving field of innovation and creativity way ahead of telecoms and net thinking…but we have to be prepared >20kHz Impossible to demo with LoFo laptop and room speakers !! AI Generated Symphony ! Au d i o D E M O

63. A POINT of Clarity W h a t d o e s a l l t h i s m e a n f o r m u s i c A moving feast with some s t e p p i n g o u t s i d e t h e standards framework as leaders of the pack!Au d i o D E M O

64. A POINT of Clarity W h a t d o e s a l l t h i s m e a n f o r m u s i c A moving feast with some s t e p p i n g o u t s i d e t h e standards framework as leaders of the pack! ☀ Au d i o D E M O

68. Analogue to Digital A f u n d a m e n t a l l y a n a l o g u e u n i v e r s e Digital is an artificial mode that we created to overcome the limitations of Nature! Analogue Systems - inherently noisy - naturally localised - conditionally unstable - very difficult to control - hard to design & engineer - uncertainty grows with scale - emergent properties the norm - economically expensive Digital Systems - inherently quiet - naturally global - conditionally stable - very easy to control - easy to design & engineer - uncertainty constant with scale - emergent properties the exception - economically effective

69. Basic digital system Fixed lines are stable but not wireless! A n a l o g u e t o D i g i t a l conversion is inherently noisy but we can control it Optical Fibre Copper Coax Copper Pairs Satellite/LEO LoS Optics Wireless Fundamentally Stable Path Fundamentally Unstable Path } } Constrains BW Reduces Noise Degradation of signal BER is linear Optical Fibre Copper Coax Copper Pairs Satellite/LEO LoS Optics Wireless Accumulation of noise in an EXP is broken up by digital repeaters Optical Fibre > 98% of all traﬃc Satellite/LEO << 0.1% of all traﬃc

70. Sampling/Quantisation I nherently constrained & controlled process A n a l o g u e t o D i g i t a l conversion is inherently noisy but can be defined and easily controlled at low cost Constrains BW Reduces Noise

71. Quantisation Noise A p p e a r s a s d i s t o r t i o n c o m p o n e n t Q Errors are inherent to process but can designed out to an acceptable degree Noise that can be ﬁltered (analogue) out in the ﬁnal stages of the receiver demodulation process

72. hidden subtlety T h e h u m a n e a r i s l o g a r i t h m i c ! Another (original?) reason for adopting the A/µ-Law coding method Dynamic range: Accurate Discernment ~ 10^13 => 130 dB Lower frequencies are perceived to be louder Line of equal loudness

73. hidden subtlety T h e h u m a n e a r i s l o g a r i t h m i c ! Dynamicrange:130dB Interestingly this ~130dB dynamic range figure also applies to the human eye! We hear a pin drop ! We cope with an explosion or a jet engine! The sun in a clear sky and a very faint star on a dark night!

74. AXIOM 1: IP Miracle One key element connecting everything It is absolutely counterintuitive that a self- organising and infinitely scaleable network could be realised with p a c k e t s w i t c h i n g u s i n g s u c h s i m p l e c o n c e p t s a s concatenated binary addressing, routers, switches and one lynchpin protocol… However, there is no free lunch, and it comes with a n u m b e r o f t r o u b l e s o m e i m p e r f e c t i o n s t h a t i n c l u d e uncontrolled latency, packet loss, addressing failures and some security vulnerabilities

75. D e t a i l R e c a p F ro m ke y b o a rd - i n t e r n e t - f i l e s

76. Reality Check F i b re o r S a t e l l i t e ?

77. Reality Check F i b re o r S a t e l l i t e ? UK - USA Latency one way transit Satellite > 200ms Fibre ~ 50ms Relative Bandwidth Satellite < 200Gbit/s Fibre > 200Tbits

78. R o g u e l a t e n c y N a t i ve I P d o e s n o t e xe r t a n y c o n t ro l

79. IP Networks in their fundamental and dominant form/ operating mode introduce unmitigated latency that is randomly distributed and of variable duration. T h i s f e a t u r e a l o n e k i l l s a l l f o r m s o f ‘ r e a l t i m e ’ communication including conversation, video conferencing, physical VR and AR, remote control, medical monitoring AXIOM 2: IP MISMATCH Latency all real-time communication

80. D E M o 2 : L at e n c y E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c D e s i g n ‘ W e ’ n e e d t o ‘ t e l e c o m m u n i c a t e ’ r e l i a b l y a n d a c c u r a t e l y o v e r t h e b e s t u t i l i t y / m o s t e c o n o m i c n e t w o r k w e c a n b u i l d L a t e n c y i s i n h e r e n t t o a l l f o r m s p a c k e t s w i t c h i n g s o l u t i o n s . I t c a n n o t b e 1 0 0 % e r a d i c a t e d b u t i t c a n b e m i n i m i s e d t o a l a r g e d e g r e e b y d e s i g n

81. D E Mo 2: ReferenCe O r i g i n a l T e s t T r a c k - G o o d Q u a l i t y P a c k e t s , a n d o r, g ro u p s o f p a c k e t s a r r i v i n g v i a s e q u e n t i a l l y d i f f e re n t , a n d r a n d o m , ro u t i n g a d d r e s s e s / p a t h s impose a r t e f a c t s i n t h e re c o v e re d s p e e c h s i g n a l F o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d e m o n s t ra t i o n a n d e a s e o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g , t h i s re c o rd i n g i s t h e ‘ G o l d S t a n d a rd ’ being noise and error/delay free

82. D E Mo 2: Random 10ms E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e P a c k e t s , a n d o r, g ro u p s o f p a c k e t s a r r i v i n g v i a s e q u e n t i a l l y d i f f e re n t , a n d r a n d o m , ro u t i n g a d d r e s s e s / p a t h s impose a r t e f a c t s i n t h e re c o v e re d s p e e c h s i g n a l Wo r ka b l e b u t i r r i t a t i n g q u a l i t y

83. DEMo 2: Random 20ms E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e P a c k e t s , a n d o r, g ro u p s o f p a c k e t s a r r i v i n g v i a s e q u e n t i a l l y d i f f e re n t , a n d r a n d o m , ro u t i n g a d d r e s s e s / p a t h s impose a r t e f a c t s i n t h e re c o v e re d s p e e c h s i g n a l O K ( i s h ) f o r a s h o r t c a l l b u t t o o s t re s s f u l f o r a l o n g c o n ve r s a t i o n

84. D E Mo 2: Random 50ms E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e P a c k e t s , a n d o r, g ro u p s o f p a c k e t s a r r i v i n g v i a s e q u e n t i a l l y d i f f e re n t , a n d r a n d o m , ro u t i n g a d d r e s s e s / p a t h s impose a r t e f a c t s i n t h e re c o v e re d s p e e c h s i g n a l M a ke s yo u wa n t t o c a l l b a c k !

85. D E Mo 2: Random 100ms E n g i n e e r i n g / E c o n o m i c C o m p r o m i s e P a c k e t s , a n d o r, g ro u p s o f p a c k e t s a r r i v i n g v i a s e q u e n t i a l l y d i f f e re n t , a n d r a n d o m , ro u t i n g a d d r e s s e s / p a t h s impose a r t e f a c t s i n t h e re c o v e re d s p e e c h s i g n a l O M G - l e t m e c a l l yo u b a c k !

86. D E Mo 2: Random MIX A r r i v a l t i m e s & d u r a t i o n 5 0 - 2 5 0 m s P a c k e t s , a n d o r, g ro u p s o f p a c k e t s a r r i v i n g v i a s e q u e n t i a l l y d i f f e re n t , a n d r a n d o m , ro u t i n g a d d r e s s e s / p a t h s impose a r t e f a c t s i n t h e re c o v e re d s p e e c h s i g n a l Yo u r wo r s t n i g h t m a re c a l l u s i n g a m o b i l e p h o n e o n t h e m o ve v i a a p a c ke t s w i t c h e d n e t wo r k w h i l s t t r y i n g t o t a l k w i t h a c u s t o m e r !

87. P a c k e t l o ss T h e re s u l t o f d i s o r g a n i s a t i o n TCIP is not perfect and network designs employ concatenation sans overall control that sees many points of overload and packet clashes that result in some losses…

88. O N E M O R E T I M E T h e n e a r c o m p l e t e p i c t u r e ! !

89. Va l u e & s tat u s W h a t w e h a v e a n d w h a t ’ s n e x t ?

90. Va l u e & s tat u s W h a t w e h a v e a n d w h a t ’ s n e x t ? biggest advantages afforded by IP nets are greater utility resilience and future proofing communication by machines now exceeds humans and they are demanding low latency too biggest disadvantages of IP nets are complexity/energy proabalistic QOS during your lifetime it is likely thaT A big rethinK w ill be needed for AI QC autonomous robots

91. V O I P n e t : S T E P 1 P N V P N L o c a l n a t i o n a l & i n t e r n a t i o n a l VPN PN VPN PN Dedicated Fibre VPN PN Dedicated Fibre VPN PN VOIP Network Service Reseller with direct routing

92. V O I P N E T : S T E P 2 L i m i t t h e t o t a l o f c o n c a t e n a t e d h o p s Country Gateway Regional Gateway Regional Gateway DedicatedFibre orWavelengths Dedicated Fibre or Wavelengths VPN PN Total end-to-end nodes to number < 10 Total end-to-end path delay to be <150 ms

93. B S A L E R T L E O s C a n D o i t A l l ! A single hop ‘Low Earth Orbit Satellite’ link introduces 50 - 100ms delay…

94. M o b i l e C O D E C D S P s p e e d a n d a l g o r i t h m d e f i n e d ~ 2 - 1 0 m m s f o r a s m a r t p h o n e t o d a y E a r l y m o b i l e p h o n e s i n t r o d u c e d d e l a y s o f 1 5 0 m s o r m o r e !

95. V O I P L at e n c y l i m i t ITYU-T G.114 Recommends <150ms one way Latency Callers usually notice roundtrip voice delays of 250ms or more (leads to double talks) 150 ms one-way latency includes the entire voice path Most network SLAs specify maximum latency •Axiowave 65ms max •Internap 45ms max •Qwest 50ms max (Measured Actual for Oct 2004: 40.86ms) •Verio 55ms max The SLA numbers above are for backbone providers, the total latency for aVOIP call may also include additional latency in theVOIP provider’s and the user’s local ISP https://www.voip-info.org

96. V O I P P a c k e t L o s s ITYU-T G.114 recommends <<1% for good quality Packet Loss 1%VOIP packet loss can “signiﬁcantly degrade” a call using a G.711 codec and other more compressing codecs can tolerate even less packet loss Cisco says: •The default G.729 codec requires <<1 % to avoid audible errors •Ideally, there should be no packet loss forVoIP Most network SLAs specify maximum packet loss •Axiowave SLA 0% packet loss •Internap SLA 0.3% max packet loss •Qwest SLA 0.5% max packet loss – (Measured Actual for Oct 2004: 0.03%) •Verio SLA 0.1% maximum packet loss The SLA numbers above are for backbone providers only https://www.voip-info.org

97. V O I P J I T T E R ITYU-T G.114 recommends <<1% for good quality Jitter MostVOIP endpoint devices (e.g.VOIP Phones and ATAs) have jitter buffers to compensate for network jitter. Quoting from Cisco: •Jitter buffers (used to compensate for varying delay) further add to the end-to-end delay, and are usually only effective on delay variations less than 100 ms Several network providers now specify maximum jitter •Axiowave SLA 0.5ms max •Internap SLA 0.5ms max •Qwest SLA 2ms max – (Measured Actual for Oct 2004: 0.10ms) •Verio SLA 0.5ms average, not to exceed 10ms maximum jitter more than 0.1% of time •Viterla SLA 1ms max https://www.voip-info.org

98. TCIP VOIP LIMITATIONS Concatenated degradation node-by-node UDP (user datagram protocol) ofﬁcially demarcated by David Reed (1980) with the RFC 768 under internet standards. The creation of UDP was revolutionary because it didn't require a connection for communication.

99. https://www.comparitech.com/net-admin/guide-udp-user-datagram-protocol/ TCIP +UDP Solution C o n c a t e n a t e d d e g r a d a t i o n n u l l i f i e d UDP datagram header has 4 x 2 bytes (16 bits) fields Data section follows header = payload data carried for the application. Checksum is optional in IPv4 (pink) for error-checking of the header and data In IPv6 only source port field is optional. Source port number identifies the sender's port, and assumed to be the reply port - ZERO If not used Destination port number identifies the receiver's port and is required. Length specifies number of bytes in UDP header and UDP data - max = 8 bytes The field size sets a theoretical limit of 65,535 bytes (8 byte header + 65,527 bytes of data) IPv6 makes possible UDP datagrams > 65,535 bytes Elementary Packet Corruption Detection

100. video compression V i s i b l e d e g r a d a t i o n w i t h m o v e m e n t

101. SEGue 1: net Degradation L a t e n c y , P a c k e t L o s s , C o d i n g S e n s i t i v i t y video Packet loss M a n i f e s t i n g ro s s / g ro w i n g p i xe l a t i o n

102. SEGue 1: net Degradation L a t e n c y , P a c k e t L o s s , C o d i n g S e n s i t i v i t y video Packet loss M a n i f e s t i n g ro s s / g ro w i n g p i xe l a t i o n

103. c l o s i n g f a c t o i d s We got here in < 50years…and right now… YouTube is the most watched media site with ~70% of internet population The total number of social media users > 3Bn and ~1Bn are in SE Most used mobile apps: Music, Maps, Instant Messaging, Social Zoom is the most poular video conferencing application Over 60% of Web Trafﬁc is generated by mobile devices eCommerce is now > $3Tn/yearand continues to grow The UK is the biggest eCommerce market/capita FaceBook dominates with >2Bn users globally TheVPN market is now >$30Bn

104. F U T U R E R A D A R Watch out for The Sociology of Things AI Robotics IoT Industry 4.0 Cyborgs Materials Industry 5.0 Quantum Computing Ind 6.0 Quantum AI Tele - Robotic/Medicine - AR-VR Machine to Machine to Man B i o - I I m p l a n t s

105. “Things that Think want to Link and Things that Link want to Think” F I N - Q & A ? www.petercochrane.com

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