SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 74
Baixar para ler offline
New Developments in the Atmospheric and Pressure Leaching of Copper Ores and Concentrates 
David Dreisinger 
University of British Columbia 
Vancouver, Canada
Copper Solvent Extraction – Hydroxyoxime 
The Enabling Technology
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?
Copper Leach–Solvent Extraction-Electrowinning 
•Limited to oxidized ores of copper or leachable sulfides 
•Approximate 20% of world copper supply is recovered by this method 
•80% is still recovered by smelting and refining of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) concentrates 
•May be desirable to extend hydrometallurgical treatment to chalcopyrite ores and concentrates 
•May also be desirable to treat high arsenic concentration ores directly (limit of 0.5% As) 
•Where does the technology stand? 
•Focus on Sulfate Based Processes
Copper Ore/Concentrate Treatment 
•Focus on Sulfate Processes 
•Variety of Process Options Available 
•Key Factors 
–Copper Extraction 
–Iron Precipitation 
–Precious Metal Recovery 
–Sulfur Deportment 
–Cost!
Process Options 
•Copper Leaching Issues; 
–Chalcocite leaches easily in ferric sulfate solution 
–Copper leaching controlled by copper mineral leach kinetics 
–Chalcopyrite passivates under mild conditions 
–Liquid sulfur wets unreacted minerals and stops leaching
Chalcopyrite Passivation 
•Eh – pH Diagram Shows Many Phases between CuFeS2 (solid) and CuSO4(aqueous) 
•Chalcopyrite is Believed to Passivate by Formation of an Iron-Deficient Copper Sulfide (CuSn)
Cu-Fe-S-H2O Diagram
Strategies for Avoiding Passivation 
•Leach at potential/pH that avoids passivation (Galvanic Processing). 
•Add silver to avoid copper polysulfide (too expensive) 
•Fine grind to P80 of less than 10 μm (mineral leaches before passivation) 
•Use high temperature (+200 C) or aggressive conditions (transpassive) 
•Use chloride or chloride addition 
•Use bacteria (thermophiles) that avoid passivation 
•Add oxidation catalyst like nitrate or nitrite (NSC)
Sulfur Chemistry 
•Sulfur is formed from sulfide minerals during leaching 
•Three temperature regimes 
•Low T: < 119.3 C – SOLID (S8) 
•Medium T: 119.3 C to 159 C – LIQUID (S8) 
•High T: +159 C – LIQUID/POLYMER (Sn) – S Oxidized
Low Temperature Leaching (< 119 C) 
•Elemental sulfur forms porous product layer 
•Kinetics can be slow due to diffusion through sulfur product 
Medium Temperature Leaching (119-159 C) 
•Molten sulfur is dispersed by addition of a sulfur dispersant/surface active agent 
•Lignin sulfonate and Quebracho are two common agents. 
•Sulfide mineral becomes sulfophobic and hydrophilic and sulfur liquid droplets are dispersed 
High Temperature Leaching (+200 C) 
•Transpassive leaching – sulfur fully oxidized to sulfate
Iron Precipitation 
•Dissolved iron will be oxidized and precipitated as ferric hydroxide (undesirable), jarosite, goethite or hematite 
•Goethite forms at less than °140 C with hematite forming above 140 °C 
•Jarosite can form over wide temperature range 
•Basic ferric sulfate processes (Sepon) precipitate iron at high free acid and high T (220 °C). Iron forms basic ferric sulfates which then re-dissolve at atmospheric T+P.
Precious Metal Recovery 
•Au may be recovered by cyanidation of copper leach residues. 
•However if S present then form SCN and increase the cost of Au recovery. 
•Ag often forms Ag-jarosite under copper leaching conditions. May have to use lime boil to decompose Ag-jarosite prior to cyanidation. 
•Alternative strategy to use other reagents (eg. S2O32-, SCN- or Cl-/Br-) 
•PGM Recoveries difficult from residues but possible directly (PLATSOL™)
Historical Processes 
Anaconda Arbiter Process 
Cuprex 
CLEAR 
Minemet Recherche 
Sherritt Gordon 
Sherritt Cominco 
UBC Cominco 
Dextec 
Coloso 
Noranda Antlerite Process 
Etc! 
Hazen Research 1999 – 43 Copper Processes Tested – None achieved sustained commercial practice 
None of these are working anywhere today!
Sulfate Processes 
Process 
Status 
Temp. 
Press. 
Ultrafine 
Chloride 
Surfactant 
Special 
(°C) 
(atm) 
Grind 
Activox Process 
D 
110 
12 
Yes 
No 
No 
Albion Process 
P 
85 
1 
Yes 
No 
No 
AAC- UBC 
P/C 
150 
12 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
Bactech/Mintek Low T Bioleach 
P 
35 
1 
Yes 
No 
No 
BIOCOP™ 
C 
80 
1 
No 
No 
No 
Thermo- philes 
CESL Process 
C 
150 
12 
No 
Yes 
Yes 
Cobre Las Cruces 
C 
90 
1 
No 
No 
No 
Chalcocite 
Dynatec 
P 
150 
12 
No 
No 
Yes 
Coal+ 
Recycle 
Galvanox 
P 
80 
1 
No 
No 
No 
Galvanic 
Mt. Gordon 
C 
90 
8 
No 
No 
No 
Chalcocite 
PLATSOL 
P 
225 
32 
No 
Yes 
No 
Sepon Copper 
C 
80 – Cu 
1 
No 
No 
No 
Chalcocite 
220 – FeS2 
32 
No 
No 
No 
Total Press. Ox. 
C 
225 
32 
No 
No 
No 
20
Recent Developments 
•Mt. Gordon, Australia – 50,000 tpa Cu X (closed in 2003) 
•PD/Freeport Bagdad USA – 16,000 tpa Cu √ (now MoS2) 
•Alliance Copper, Chile – 20,000 tpa Cu X (2 year demo plant) 
•Sepon Copper, Laos – 90,000 tpa Cu √ 
•Kansanshi, Zambia - +50,000 tpa Cu √ 
•PD/Freeport Morenci USA – 75,000 tpa Cu X (long story) 
•Cobre Las Cruces, Spain – 72,000 tpa Cu √ 
•CESL Process, Vale Brazil - 10,000 tpa Cu X (short term demo plant)
The SEPON Copper Project 
•Project located in a remote area of eastern Laos, South East Asia, little infrastructure support locally. 
•The copper mineralogy is predominantly chalcocite contained within weathered sediments (clay). Some pyrite in ore. 
•At feasibility, resource contained 700,000t of copper metal at an average grade of 5.1% copper. 
•Plant designed to produce 60,000t/a LME Grade A copper cathode at an overall copper recovery of 90%. Now +90,000t/a 
•The plant started in March 2005. 
•Cash costs were estimated at 40c/lb copper 
•Full capital cost was $227 M USD (for initial 60,000 tpa Cu plant) 
•Ramp up to nameplate production within 9 months
SEPON 
LOCALITY 
MAP
Sepon Process Chemistry 
 Process Chemistry Summary: 
 Acid leach of carbonate copper (Malachite, Azurite) 
 Ferric Leach of sulfide copper (Chalcocite) 
 Ferric provided by pressure oxidation of Pyrite concentrate 
 Ore is milled in raffinate to close water balance and provide preleaching of copper 
 Remaining copper leaching done atmospherically at 80 C, 5hr 
 Ferric regeneration via air addition during Atm. Leach 
Copper Leaching Reaction via Ferric Cu2S + 2Fe2(SO4)3  2CuSO4 + S + 4FeSO4 (Chalcocite)
Sepon Autoclave Process Chemistry 
 Process Chemistry 
 Pyrite Oxidation to form ferric sulfate 
 Precipitation of ferric sulfate 
 2 possible products at 220oC 
 Hematite or Basic Ferric Sulfate (BFS) 
 What Controls product formation – Free Acid Level 
 Greater than 65-70g/L free acid makes BFS 
Pyrite Oxidation to Ferric Sulfate 2FeS2 + 15/2O2 + H2O = Fe2(SO4)3 + H2SO4 Equilibrium between Hematite and BFS Fe2O3 + 2H2SO4 = 2FeOHSO4 + H2O
Sepon Autoclave Process Chemistry 
 Process Chemistry Summary: 
 BFS Re-dissolves during pressure let down in Flash Vessel 
 Further dissolution occurs in designated BFS re-leach tanks; acid added via CCD wash solution with temperature maintained around 95-97oC 
 Hot ferric rich solution added to fresh leach ore feed prior to atmospheric leaching 
BFS Dissolution to Ferric Sulfate 2FeOHSO4 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
PROCESS BLOCK FLOWSHEET 
CRUSHING 
MILLING 
SURGE 
NEUTRALISATION 
WASH CCD 
WASH CCD 
WASH WATER 
TAILINGS 
Fe Acid Cu LOSS 
CLARIFICATION 
SURGE 
ATM LEACH 
HEX 
DIRECT HEX 
SX 
EW 
COOLING TWR 
RAF CCD 
CATHODE 
FLOTATION 
SURGE 
AUTOCLAVE 
FILTER 
EXCESS PYRITE 
POX LEACH 
STEAM 
Fe Acid ADDN 
WASH WATER
MINERALOGY 
Autoclave Feed 
Autoclave Discharge 
Class 
Mineral 
Wt % 
Class 
Mineral 
Wt % 
Silicates 
Quartz 
5.3 
Silicates 
Quartz 
10 
Mica 
5.0 
K-Feldspar 
<0.1 
Kaolinite 
6.0 
Oxide 
Goethite 
0 
Oxides 
Goethite 
1.5 
Hematite 
5.0 
Rutile 
Tr 
Sulphates 
Jarosite 
3.7 
Sulphur 
Sulphur 
10 
Basic Ferric Sulfate 
81 
Sulphides 
Pyrite 
64.2 
Sulphur 
Sulphur 
<0.1 
Covellite 
4.4 
Sulphides 
Pyrite 
0.3 
Enargite 
3.0 
Covellite 
<0.1 
Tetrahedrite 
0.2 
Enargite 
<0.1 
Chalcopyrite 
0.1 
Tetrahedrite 
<0.1 
Sphalerite 
0.2 
Chalcopyrite 
<0.1 
Galena 
0.1
SEPON Copper Plant
WHOLE ORE LEACH 
•Whole ore leach was effective at leaching copper from copper sulfides using a ferric/ferrous chemical couple in an acid solution 
•Challenge of nature: the ore consumes acid and the cost of acid is prohibitive in Laos 
•Solution: Make ferric sulfate/sulfuric acid solutions by recovering sulfur and pyrites from leach residue (by flotation) and oxidizing under water in a pressure leach autoclave
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?
Resource 
Total 
Measured 
Indicated 
KTons 
Cu % 
KTonsCu 
KTons 
Cu % 
KTons 
Cu % 
HCH/HCL 
16,887 
6.19 
1,045 
9,790 
6.42 
7,097 
5.87 
HC4/X 
738 
7,02 
52 
738 
7.02 
Total 
17,625 
6.22 
1,097 
9,790 
6.42 
7,835 
5.97 
Geological 
Resource
PLANTA
HYDROMETALLURGICAL PLANT
Mineral Processing t/y 1,300,000 
Ore Grade % Cu 6.2 
Copper Production t t/y 72,000 
Total Ore Processing t 17,600,000 
Total Copper t 1,000,000 
Project Life years 15 
DESING CRITERIA
Capacity t/d 3,562 
Availability % 90 
Raffinate m3/h 313 
(FeT)Ref g/L 50 
Fe3+/Fe2+ 1 
Temperature ºC 90 
Leach time h 8 
Copper extraction % 91.8 
(Cu2+)PLS g/L 43 
Oxygen Consumption t/h 6.6 
Acid Consumption kg/t 20 
LEACH CIRCUIT 
O2 
H2SO4 
ORE 
PL 
S 
ILS 
SECUNDARY PLS 
RAFFINATE 
TAIL 
LEACH 
FEED 
TANK 
LEACH 
REACTORS 
H2O 
WASHING 
LEACH THIICKENER 
GYPSUN THICKENER 
COOLING 
TOWERS 
SLURRY FILTERS 
VACUUM PUMP 
PLS POND
Cobre Las Cruces Commissioning and Rampup 
•Slower rampup due to a number of issues 
•Grinding thickener UF density < 80% Solids – Fe washout 
•Filtration difficulties – Fe washout 
•Maintenance (chloride + acid + 90 C) 
•Gas-liquid mass transfer in OKTOP’s improved by; 
–Increase in leach surge capacity ahead of OKTOP’s to destroy carbonates 
–Improvement in sparger system 
•Plant is now close to or at design of 72,000 tpa of Cu 
37
Total Pressure Oxidation 
•Copper sulfide minerals are rapidly decomposed by high temperature oxidation conditions 
•Rapid and complete copper leaching, high degree of iron hydrolysis and impurity fixation 
•Complete sulfur oxidation with high oxygen consumption 
•Copper recover from the oxidation solution can be accomplished by SX-EW 
•Acid is available as a by-product 
•Au and Ag can be recovered by cyanidation of washed residue
Autoclaving of Copper Concentrates 
2CuFeS2(s) + 17/2O2(g) + 2H2O → 
2CuSO4(aq) + Fe2O3(s) + 2H2SO4(a)
Reference from Hydro 2003 
•COPPER CONCENTRATE LEACHING DEVELOPMENTS BY PHELPS DODGE CORPORATION 
•John O. Marsden, Robert E. Brewer and Nick Hazen 
•Information in next slides is from this presentation 
•Also followup presentation to Copper 2007 Short Course
Freeport Total Pressure Oxidation at Bagdad Arizona 
•Total Pressure Oxidation at 220 – 230 C 
•US $40 Million for 16,000 tpa Cu Leach SX/EW plant (brownfields) 
•Copper is leached and then merged into existing heap leach copper recovery system 
•Acid from TPOX is used beneficially in heap leach portion of Bagdad plant 
•Economic credit for acid is applied to TPOX plant
Pressure Leach Pilot Plant - 30 L Titanium Autoclave - Hazen Research 
Marsden et al
Marsden et al 
Copper Extraction and Sulfide Oxidation from Pilot Plant Compartment Samples
Process Design Criteria 
Parameter Value 
Copper extraction in pressure leaching 99.0% 
Overall copper recovery 98.0% 
Operating temperature 225 C (235 C max.) 
Operating pressure 3,300 kPa (475 psi) 
Maximum pressure 4,000 kPa (600 psi) 
Oxygen over-pressure 700 kPa (100 psi) 
Pressure leach vessel first compartment density 10% solids (by weight) 
Pressure leach vessel discharge density 5% solids (by weight) 
Leach solution composition: 
Cu 36 g/L 
Fe 1.5 g/L 
H2SO4 55 g/L 
Marsden et al
Marsden et al
Plant Description 
•The concentrate leaching plant consists of: 
–concentrate repulping system 
–pressure leaching 
–flash let-down and gas scrubbing 
–four stages of countercurrent decantation 
–a four-stage solid residue neutralization system 
–a copper-bearing solution storage pond 
•Modifications to SX and expansion of EW 
•Ancillary facilities include an oxygen plant 
•Sulfuric Acid Production - 140 tons of sulfuric acid per day into the copper-bearing leach solution. 
•The concentration is ~ 40 g/L H2SO4. 
•Provides acid self sufficiency for Bagdad stockpile heap leach 
•Economic credit for acid is applied to concentrate leaching process – this is essential for economic viability 
Marsden et al
Bagdad Concentrate Leach Plant 
August, 2003
PLV Building View
Feed and Products 
Concentrate Strong PLS Residue
50
Enargite Leaching using the Galvanox Process 
•Process developed by David Dixon and his student at UBC 
•Initial Galvanox process uses pyrite/chalcopyrite mixtures to catalyze the leaching of chalcopyrite 
•The study of enargite (Cu3AsS4) leaching has shown that the process can be extended to high arsenic concentrates 
•In this case the catalyst is activated carbon (same as used for gold leaching) 
•Using activated carbon, the enargite can be oxidized and importantly, the arsenic can be leached and precipitated. 
51
GALVANOX FEATURES 
Atmospheric Leach (~80°C) 
No microbes 
Pure sulphate medium (no chloride) 
No fine grinding 
Generates elemental sulfur (> 95%), low oxygen demand 
No surfactants 
Selective for chalcopyrite over pyrite (can cost-effectively treat low grade concentrates down to 9% copper or less) 
Complete copper recovery, typically in less than 12 hours, and sometimes in as little as 4 hours 
Fully compatible with conventional SX-EW 
Conventional materials of construction
GALVANOX CHEMISTRY 
GALVANOX takes advantage of the galvanic effect between chalcopyrite and pyrite. 
Chalcopyrite is a semiconductor, and therefore corrodes electrochemically in oxidizing solutions. 
In ferric sulphate media, the overall leaching reaction is as follows: 
CuFeS2 + 2 Fe2(SO4)3 → CuSO4 + 5 FeSO4 + 2 S0 
This reaction may be represented as a combination of anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions: 
Anodic: CuFeS2 → Cu2+ + Fe2+ + 2 S0 + 4 e– 
Cathodic: 4 Fe3+ + 4 e– → 4 Fe2+
Cu2+ 
Fe2+ 
4 Fe3+ 
4 Fe2+ 
So 
4 e- 
CuFeS2 
Anodic Site Cathodic Site 
UNASSISTED CHALCOPYRITE LEACHING
UNASSISTED CHALCOPYRITE LEACHING
GALVANOX RATE CONTROL 
•Chalcopyrite appears passivated 
•Anode passivation due to iron depleted sulphide 
•Anode or cathode? 
•Dixon and Tshilombo – passivation appears to be at cathode (ferric reduction) 
•Pyrite catalyzes the cathodic process in galvanic leaching 
•Pyrite is inert and can be recycled
Cu2+ 
Fe2+ 
So 
Py 
Py 
Cp 
4 e- 
4 e- 
4 Fe3+ 
4 Fe2+ 
Anodic Site 
Cathodic Site 
GALVANICALLY ASSISTED CHALCOPYRITE 
LEACHING
Partially leached particle 
Completely leached particles 
GALVANICALLY ASSISTED CHALCOPYRITE LEACHING
0% 
10% 
20% 
30% 
40% 
50% 
60% 
70% 
80% 
90% 
100% 
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 
Time (h) 
Cu Recovery 
Py = 150 g (K5) 
Py = 100 g (K9) 
Py = 50 g (K6) 
Py = 25 g (K10) 
Py = 0 g (K1) 
CHALCOPYRITE CONCENTRATE #1 – 35% Cu 
Effect of pyrite addition (50 g con, 65 g acid, 470 mV, 80 C)
0% 
10% 
20% 
30% 
40% 
50% 
60% 
70% 
80% 
90% 
100% 
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 
Time (h) 
Cu Recovery 
Galvanox Leaching 
No Pyrite 
CHALCOPYRITE CONCENTRATE #2 – 23.6 % Cu 
Effect of pyrite addn (30 g con, 120 g Py, 30 g acid, 480 mV, 80 C)
0% 
10% 
20% 
30% 
40% 
50% 
60% 
70% 
80% 
90% 
100% 
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 
Time (h) 
Cu Recovery 
CHALCOPYRITE BULK CONCENTRATE – 10.2% Cu 
(150 g bulk con @ ~1.21 Py/Cp ratio, 75 g acid, 440 mV, 80 C)
Enargite Leaching 
62
63 
Effect of catalyst addition 
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 
Time (hours) 
Cu extraction (%) 
1:1 carbon 
No carbon 
23% En, 4% Cp, 62% Py
64 
Effect of catalyst addition 
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 
Time (hours) 
Cu extraction (%) 
1:1 carbon added after 69 hours 
Carbon 
added 
62% En, 7% Tn, 16% Py
65 
Effect of catalyst addition
66 
Effect of activated carbon 
SEM cross-section micrographs of enargite particles leached for 19 h 
a) without a carbon catalyst, b) with a carbon catalyst.
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 
Time (hours) 
Cu extraction (%) 
1:1 carbon (fresh) 
1:1 carbon (recycle 1) 
1:1 carbon (recycle 2) 
1:1 carbon (recycle 3) 
Effect of carbon recycle 
46% En, 7% Cp, 5% Tn, 
35% Py
68 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
1 2 3 4 
Number of times catalyst used 
Initial rate of copper extraction 
(%/h) 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 
100 
Final copper extraction (%) 
Effect of carbon recycle
69 
Effect of solution potential 
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 
Time (hours) 
Cu extraction (%) 
530 mV 
515 mV 
490 mV 
450 mV 
23% En, 4% Cp, 62% Py
70 
Effect of stirring speed 
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 
Time (hours) 
Cu extraction (%) 
1200 rpm 
1000 rpm 
800 rpm 
46% En, 7% Cp, 5% Tn, 
35% Py
Pilot Plant Operation 
•Two pilot plants have been performed on the enargite version of the process 
•The first pilot plant was just for leaching and showed that enargite could be leached to high extraction in a continuous mode 
•The second pilot plant was an integrated pilot plant (right to Cu SX-EW) and showed that the process could be integrated – once again with high projected copper extractions 
•David Dixon and his industrial partners are continuing to advance the understanding and the application of the technology. 
71
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?
Conclusions 
•Copper Hydromet has advanced by; 
•Necessity 
–Mount Gordon 
–Sepon 
–Cobre Las Cruces 
•Opportunity 
–Bagdad 
–Kansanshi 
•Many possible processes available for treatment of chalcopyrite concentrates (opportunity) 
•The Galvanox process is promising for treatment of high arsenic concentrates (necessity) 
•Future is bright for copper hydromet  
73
Thank You! 
Any Questions?

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture Notes
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture NotesNon - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture Notes
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
 
Production, Manufacturing and Extraction of Silver, Gold, Copper, Magnesium,...
Production, Manufacturing and Extraction of  Silver, Gold, Copper, Magnesium,...Production, Manufacturing and Extraction of  Silver, Gold, Copper, Magnesium,...
Production, Manufacturing and Extraction of Silver, Gold, Copper, Magnesium,...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
 
Novel electrowinning technologies.ppt copy
Novel electrowinning technologies.ppt   copyNovel electrowinning technologies.ppt   copy
Novel electrowinning technologies.ppt copykhileshkrbhandari
 
Variables cianuracion
Variables cianuracionVariables cianuracion
Variables cianuracionElyLucia
 
Metallurgy of copper
Metallurgy of copperMetallurgy of copper
Metallurgy of copperSidra Javed
 
Steel making
Steel makingSteel making
Steel makingSaniyak3
 
overview of metallurgy
overview of metallurgyoverview of metallurgy
overview of metallurgyYogesh Bhavsar
 
Proceso de cianuración de oro y los factores mas importantes que intervienen ...
Proceso de cianuración de oro y los factores mas importantes que intervienen ...Proceso de cianuración de oro y los factores mas importantes que intervienen ...
Proceso de cianuración de oro y los factores mas importantes que intervienen ...Raúl Gutiérrez
 
Concentrac minerals
Concentrac mineralsConcentrac minerals
Concentrac mineralsGarci Crespo
 
Pyrometallurgy Extraction of zinc presentation
Pyrometallurgy Extraction of zinc presentationPyrometallurgy Extraction of zinc presentation
Pyrometallurgy Extraction of zinc presentationmcdonaldhazard
 

Mais procurados (20)

Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture Notes
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture NotesNon - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture Notes
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture Notes
 
Metallurgy
MetallurgyMetallurgy
Metallurgy
 
Extraction of Lead
Extraction of LeadExtraction of Lead
Extraction of Lead
 
Nickel(metal)
Nickel(metal)Nickel(metal)
Nickel(metal)
 
Production, Manufacturing and Extraction of Silver, Gold, Copper, Magnesium,...
Production, Manufacturing and Extraction of  Silver, Gold, Copper, Magnesium,...Production, Manufacturing and Extraction of  Silver, Gold, Copper, Magnesium,...
Production, Manufacturing and Extraction of Silver, Gold, Copper, Magnesium,...
 
Novel electrowinning technologies.ppt copy
Novel electrowinning technologies.ppt   copyNovel electrowinning technologies.ppt   copy
Novel electrowinning technologies.ppt copy
 
Nickel new ppt
Nickel new pptNickel new ppt
Nickel new ppt
 
Lead Extraction
Lead ExtractionLead Extraction
Lead Extraction
 
pdf-unidad-3-electroobtencion.pptx
pdf-unidad-3-electroobtencion.pptxpdf-unidad-3-electroobtencion.pptx
pdf-unidad-3-electroobtencion.pptx
 
Variables cianuracion
Variables cianuracionVariables cianuracion
Variables cianuracion
 
Metallurgy of copper
Metallurgy of copperMetallurgy of copper
Metallurgy of copper
 
Calcinación en pirometalurgia
Calcinación en pirometalurgiaCalcinación en pirometalurgia
Calcinación en pirometalurgia
 
2.1 minerales oxidados
2.1 minerales oxidados2.1 minerales oxidados
2.1 minerales oxidados
 
Nickel and its extraction
Nickel and its extractionNickel and its extraction
Nickel and its extraction
 
Steel making
Steel makingSteel making
Steel making
 
Sulfur ore deposits
Sulfur ore  depositsSulfur ore  deposits
Sulfur ore deposits
 
overview of metallurgy
overview of metallurgyoverview of metallurgy
overview of metallurgy
 
Proceso de cianuración de oro y los factores mas importantes que intervienen ...
Proceso de cianuración de oro y los factores mas importantes que intervienen ...Proceso de cianuración de oro y los factores mas importantes que intervienen ...
Proceso de cianuración de oro y los factores mas importantes que intervienen ...
 
Concentrac minerals
Concentrac mineralsConcentrac minerals
Concentrac minerals
 
Pyrometallurgy Extraction of zinc presentation
Pyrometallurgy Extraction of zinc presentationPyrometallurgy Extraction of zinc presentation
Pyrometallurgy Extraction of zinc presentation
 

Destaque

Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,- Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant For Low Grade...
Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,- Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant For Low Grade...Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,- Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant For Low Grade...
Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,- Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant For Low Grade...Archie Casey
 
Copper Metallurgy At The Crossroads
Copper Metallurgy At The CrossroadsCopper Metallurgy At The Crossroads
Copper Metallurgy At The CrossroadsStevan Radovic
 
Corporate Presentation August 2013
Corporate Presentation August 2013Corporate Presentation August 2013
Corporate Presentation August 2013owhbarnes
 
Leaching kinetics of powdered pcb of mobile phones in hno3 medium
Leaching kinetics of powdered pcb of mobile phones in hno3 mediumLeaching kinetics of powdered pcb of mobile phones in hno3 medium
Leaching kinetics of powdered pcb of mobile phones in hno3 mediumeSAT Journals
 
Low Grade Ores - Smelt, Leach or Concentrate?
Low Grade Ores - Smelt, Leach or Concentrate?Low Grade Ores - Smelt, Leach or Concentrate?
Low Grade Ores - Smelt, Leach or Concentrate?Sharif Jahanshahi
 
Taganito Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant Project - Environmental Impact S...
Taganito Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant Project - Environmental Impact S...Taganito Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant Project - Environmental Impact S...
Taganito Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant Project - Environmental Impact S...No to mining in Palawan
 
Minemakers AGM Presentation - November 2013
Minemakers AGM Presentation - November 2013Minemakers AGM Presentation - November 2013
Minemakers AGM Presentation - November 2013owhbarnes
 
Ppt bioteknologi penambangan logam
Ppt bioteknologi penambangan logamPpt bioteknologi penambangan logam
Ppt bioteknologi penambangan logamSilvieani Nur Azizah
 
Nickel Processing and The Rise of Laterites
Nickel Processing and The Rise of LateritesNickel Processing and The Rise of Laterites
Nickel Processing and The Rise of LateritesMidas Engineering Group
 
Coral Bay Update on the Palawan HPAL Project
Coral Bay Update on the Palawan HPAL ProjectCoral Bay Update on the Palawan HPAL Project
Coral Bay Update on the Palawan HPAL ProjectNo to mining in Palawan
 
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)Asim Farooq
 

Destaque (14)

Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,- Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant For Low Grade...
Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,- Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant For Low Grade...Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,- Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant For Low Grade...
Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,- Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant For Low Grade...
 
Copper Metallurgy At The Crossroads
Copper Metallurgy At The CrossroadsCopper Metallurgy At The Crossroads
Copper Metallurgy At The Crossroads
 
Corporate Presentation August 2013
Corporate Presentation August 2013Corporate Presentation August 2013
Corporate Presentation August 2013
 
Leaching kinetics of powdered pcb of mobile phones in hno3 medium
Leaching kinetics of powdered pcb of mobile phones in hno3 mediumLeaching kinetics of powdered pcb of mobile phones in hno3 medium
Leaching kinetics of powdered pcb of mobile phones in hno3 medium
 
Low Grade Ores - Smelt, Leach or Concentrate?
Low Grade Ores - Smelt, Leach or Concentrate?Low Grade Ores - Smelt, Leach or Concentrate?
Low Grade Ores - Smelt, Leach or Concentrate?
 
Taganito Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant Project - Environmental Impact S...
Taganito Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant Project - Environmental Impact S...Taganito Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant Project - Environmental Impact S...
Taganito Hydrometallurgical Processing Plant Project - Environmental Impact S...
 
Minemakers AGM Presentation - November 2013
Minemakers AGM Presentation - November 2013Minemakers AGM Presentation - November 2013
Minemakers AGM Presentation - November 2013
 
Ppt bioteknologi penambangan logam
Ppt bioteknologi penambangan logamPpt bioteknologi penambangan logam
Ppt bioteknologi penambangan logam
 
Nickel Processing and The Rise of Laterites
Nickel Processing and The Rise of LateritesNickel Processing and The Rise of Laterites
Nickel Processing and The Rise of Laterites
 
Coral Bay Update on the Palawan HPAL Project
Coral Bay Update on the Palawan HPAL ProjectCoral Bay Update on the Palawan HPAL Project
Coral Bay Update on the Palawan HPAL Project
 
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)
 
Leaching
LeachingLeaching
Leaching
 
Leaching
LeachingLeaching
Leaching
 
Bioleaching
Bioleaching Bioleaching
Bioleaching
 

Semelhante a PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?

ONSHORE PROCESSING OF NODULES. A REVIEW OF METALLURGICAL FLOWSHEETS AND ACTI...
 ONSHORE PROCESSING OF NODULES. A REVIEW OF METALLURGICAL FLOWSHEETS AND ACTI... ONSHORE PROCESSING OF NODULES. A REVIEW OF METALLURGICAL FLOWSHEETS AND ACTI...
ONSHORE PROCESSING OF NODULES. A REVIEW OF METALLURGICAL FLOWSHEETS AND ACTI...iQHub
 
Cooling water treatment
Cooling water treatmentCooling water treatment
Cooling water treatmentPrem Baboo
 
Extractive Metallurgy Presentation (Zinc)
Extractive Metallurgy Presentation (Zinc)Extractive Metallurgy Presentation (Zinc)
Extractive Metallurgy Presentation (Zinc)Abhijeet Singh
 
Extractive Metallurgy Project
Extractive  Metallurgy  ProjectExtractive  Metallurgy  Project
Extractive Metallurgy ProjectAbhijeet Singh
 
6A_Al_Extraction of metals.pptx
6A_Al_Extraction of metals.pptx6A_Al_Extraction of metals.pptx
6A_Al_Extraction of metals.pptx080Priyanshumishra
 
Final presentation_mtt14
Final presentation_mtt14Final presentation_mtt14
Final presentation_mtt14Abhishek Kumar
 
Flowsheet development in the context of copper extraction
Flowsheet development in the context of copper extractionFlowsheet development in the context of copper extraction
Flowsheet development in the context of copper extractionSargon Lovkis
 
POWER PLANT CHEMISTRY
POWER PLANT CHEMISTRYPOWER PLANT CHEMISTRY
POWER PLANT CHEMISTRYDilip Kumar
 
Power Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENT
Power Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENTPower Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENT
Power Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENTDilip Kumar
 
Coal mine water management
Coal mine water managementCoal mine water management
Coal mine water managementSafdar Ali
 
Met Extraction iron, copper, cobalt etc.
Met Extraction iron, copper, cobalt etc.Met Extraction iron, copper, cobalt etc.
Met Extraction iron, copper, cobalt etc.AshwiniBarache
 
Gilligan and Nikoloski 2016 The extraction of uranium from brannerite - ALTA ...
Gilligan and Nikoloski 2016 The extraction of uranium from brannerite - ALTA ...Gilligan and Nikoloski 2016 The extraction of uranium from brannerite - ALTA ...
Gilligan and Nikoloski 2016 The extraction of uranium from brannerite - ALTA ...Rorie Gilligan
 
Extractive Metallurgy
Extractive MetallurgyExtractive Metallurgy
Extractive MetallurgyAliAbbasAslam
 
Fertilizerproductionprocess.docx
Fertilizerproductionprocess.docxFertilizerproductionprocess.docx
Fertilizerproductionprocess.docxDURAIRAJP4
 

Semelhante a PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting? (20)

ONSHORE PROCESSING OF NODULES. A REVIEW OF METALLURGICAL FLOWSHEETS AND ACTI...
 ONSHORE PROCESSING OF NODULES. A REVIEW OF METALLURGICAL FLOWSHEETS AND ACTI... ONSHORE PROCESSING OF NODULES. A REVIEW OF METALLURGICAL FLOWSHEETS AND ACTI...
ONSHORE PROCESSING OF NODULES. A REVIEW OF METALLURGICAL FLOWSHEETS AND ACTI...
 
Cooling water treatment
Cooling water treatmentCooling water treatment
Cooling water treatment
 
Extractive Metallurgy Presentation (Zinc)
Extractive Metallurgy Presentation (Zinc)Extractive Metallurgy Presentation (Zinc)
Extractive Metallurgy Presentation (Zinc)
 
Extractive Metallurgy Project
Extractive  Metallurgy  ProjectExtractive  Metallurgy  Project
Extractive Metallurgy Project
 
Cobalt
CobaltCobalt
Cobalt
 
Extraction.pptx
Extraction.pptxExtraction.pptx
Extraction.pptx
 
Nickel_Processes.ppt
Nickel_Processes.pptNickel_Processes.ppt
Nickel_Processes.ppt
 
6A_Al_Extraction of metals.pptx
6A_Al_Extraction of metals.pptx6A_Al_Extraction of metals.pptx
6A_Al_Extraction of metals.pptx
 
Zinc Metallurgy
Zinc MetallurgyZinc Metallurgy
Zinc Metallurgy
 
Final presentation_mtt14
Final presentation_mtt14Final presentation_mtt14
Final presentation_mtt14
 
Flowsheet development in the context of copper extraction
Flowsheet development in the context of copper extractionFlowsheet development in the context of copper extraction
Flowsheet development in the context of copper extraction
 
14.10.2010 Bayan airag gold project, John Wyche
14.10.2010 Bayan airag gold project, John Wyche14.10.2010 Bayan airag gold project, John Wyche
14.10.2010 Bayan airag gold project, John Wyche
 
POWER PLANT CHEMISTRY
POWER PLANT CHEMISTRYPOWER PLANT CHEMISTRY
POWER PLANT CHEMISTRY
 
Power Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENT
Power Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENTPower Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENT
Power Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENT
 
Coal mine water management
Coal mine water managementCoal mine water management
Coal mine water management
 
Met Extraction iron, copper, cobalt etc.
Met Extraction iron, copper, cobalt etc.Met Extraction iron, copper, cobalt etc.
Met Extraction iron, copper, cobalt etc.
 
Gilligan and Nikoloski 2016 The extraction of uranium from brannerite - ALTA ...
Gilligan and Nikoloski 2016 The extraction of uranium from brannerite - ALTA ...Gilligan and Nikoloski 2016 The extraction of uranium from brannerite - ALTA ...
Gilligan and Nikoloski 2016 The extraction of uranium from brannerite - ALTA ...
 
Extractive Metallurgy
Extractive MetallurgyExtractive Metallurgy
Extractive Metallurgy
 
Naphtha Sulfur Guards
Naphtha Sulfur GuardsNaphtha Sulfur Guards
Naphtha Sulfur Guards
 
Fertilizerproductionprocess.docx
Fertilizerproductionprocess.docxFertilizerproductionprocess.docx
Fertilizerproductionprocess.docx
 

Mais de PERUMIN - Convención Minera

IIMP entregó modernas instalaciones del vivero de la UNSA
IIMP entregó modernas instalaciones del vivero de la UNSAIIMP entregó modernas instalaciones del vivero de la UNSA
IIMP entregó modernas instalaciones del vivero de la UNSAPERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
Especialistas debatieron sobre la Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación con la m...
Especialistas debatieron sobre la Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación con la m...Especialistas debatieron sobre la Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación con la m...
Especialistas debatieron sobre la Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación con la m...PERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
Programa de la conferencia magistral: La Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación c...
Programa de la conferencia magistral: La Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación c...Programa de la conferencia magistral: La Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación c...
Programa de la conferencia magistral: La Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación c...PERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
Debatirán Encíclica Laudato Si del Papa Francisco y su relación con la minería
Debatirán Encíclica Laudato Si del Papa Francisco y su relación con la mineríaDebatirán Encíclica Laudato Si del Papa Francisco y su relación con la minería
Debatirán Encíclica Laudato Si del Papa Francisco y su relación con la mineríaPERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
Kieren Moffat: "La aceptación social va de la mano con la solidez del gobierno"
Kieren Moffat: "La aceptación social va de la mano con la solidez del gobierno"Kieren Moffat: "La aceptación social va de la mano con la solidez del gobierno"
Kieren Moffat: "La aceptación social va de la mano con la solidez del gobierno"PERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
IIMP Y CSIRO analizarán los procedimientos para mantener la licencia social
IIMP Y CSIRO analizarán los procedimientos para mantener la licencia socialIIMP Y CSIRO analizarán los procedimientos para mantener la licencia social
IIMP Y CSIRO analizarán los procedimientos para mantener la licencia socialPERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
Invitación a la Ceremonia de Inauguración de la FIL Arequipa 2015
Invitación a la Ceremonia de Inauguración de la FIL Arequipa 2015Invitación a la Ceremonia de Inauguración de la FIL Arequipa 2015
Invitación a la Ceremonia de Inauguración de la FIL Arequipa 2015PERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
Festival de la Juventud se posterga hasta próximo aviso
Festival de la Juventud se posterga hasta próximo avisoFestival de la Juventud se posterga hasta próximo aviso
Festival de la Juventud se posterga hasta próximo avisoPERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
Inscripciones vía online para PERUMIN 32 culminan el 20 de setiembre
Inscripciones vía online para PERUMIN 32 culminan el 20 de setiembreInscripciones vía online para PERUMIN 32 culminan el 20 de setiembre
Inscripciones vía online para PERUMIN 32 culminan el 20 de setiembrePERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
Comunicado: ¡Inscripciones vía online culminan el 20 de setiembre!
Comunicado: ¡Inscripciones vía online culminan el 20 de setiembre!Comunicado: ¡Inscripciones vía online culminan el 20 de setiembre!
Comunicado: ¡Inscripciones vía online culminan el 20 de setiembre!PERUMIN - Convención Minera
 
Estados Unidos iniciará el Encuentro Internacional
Estados Unidos iniciará el Encuentro InternacionalEstados Unidos iniciará el Encuentro Internacional
Estados Unidos iniciará el Encuentro InternacionalPERUMIN - Convención Minera
 

Mais de PERUMIN - Convención Minera (20)

Cóctel de Agradecimiento - Lima
Cóctel de Agradecimiento - LimaCóctel de Agradecimiento - Lima
Cóctel de Agradecimiento - Lima
 
IIMP entregó modernas instalaciones del vivero de la UNSA
IIMP entregó modernas instalaciones del vivero de la UNSAIIMP entregó modernas instalaciones del vivero de la UNSA
IIMP entregó modernas instalaciones del vivero de la UNSA
 
Especialistas debatieron sobre la Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación con la m...
Especialistas debatieron sobre la Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación con la m...Especialistas debatieron sobre la Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación con la m...
Especialistas debatieron sobre la Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación con la m...
 
Programa de la conferencia magistral: La Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación c...
Programa de la conferencia magistral: La Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación c...Programa de la conferencia magistral: La Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación c...
Programa de la conferencia magistral: La Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación c...
 
Debatirán Encíclica Laudato Si del Papa Francisco y su relación con la minería
Debatirán Encíclica Laudato Si del Papa Francisco y su relación con la mineríaDebatirán Encíclica Laudato Si del Papa Francisco y su relación con la minería
Debatirán Encíclica Laudato Si del Papa Francisco y su relación con la minería
 
Kieren Moffat: "La aceptación social va de la mano con la solidez del gobierno"
Kieren Moffat: "La aceptación social va de la mano con la solidez del gobierno"Kieren Moffat: "La aceptación social va de la mano con la solidez del gobierno"
Kieren Moffat: "La aceptación social va de la mano con la solidez del gobierno"
 
IIMP Y CSIRO analizarán los procedimientos para mantener la licencia social
IIMP Y CSIRO analizarán los procedimientos para mantener la licencia socialIIMP Y CSIRO analizarán los procedimientos para mantener la licencia social
IIMP Y CSIRO analizarán los procedimientos para mantener la licencia social
 
Invitación a la Ceremonia de Inauguración de la FIL Arequipa 2015
Invitación a la Ceremonia de Inauguración de la FIL Arequipa 2015Invitación a la Ceremonia de Inauguración de la FIL Arequipa 2015
Invitación a la Ceremonia de Inauguración de la FIL Arequipa 2015
 
Suplemento PERUMIN (25 de setiembre, 2015)
Suplemento PERUMIN (25 de setiembre, 2015)Suplemento PERUMIN (25 de setiembre, 2015)
Suplemento PERUMIN (25 de setiembre, 2015)
 
Festival de la Juventud se posterga hasta próximo aviso
Festival de la Juventud se posterga hasta próximo avisoFestival de la Juventud se posterga hasta próximo aviso
Festival de la Juventud se posterga hasta próximo aviso
 
Cartilla Informativa de Seguridad
Cartilla Informativa de SeguridadCartilla Informativa de Seguridad
Cartilla Informativa de Seguridad
 
Suplemento PERUMIN (24 de setiembre, 2015)
Suplemento PERUMIN (24 de setiembre, 2015)Suplemento PERUMIN (24 de setiembre, 2015)
Suplemento PERUMIN (24 de setiembre, 2015)
 
Suplemento perumin (23 de setiembre)
Suplemento perumin (23 de setiembre)Suplemento perumin (23 de setiembre)
Suplemento perumin (23 de setiembre)
 
Suplemento PERUMIN (22 de setiembre)
Suplemento PERUMIN (22 de setiembre)Suplemento PERUMIN (22 de setiembre)
Suplemento PERUMIN (22 de setiembre)
 
Cronograma de Conferencias de Prensa
Cronograma de Conferencias de PrensaCronograma de Conferencias de Prensa
Cronograma de Conferencias de Prensa
 
Plano Sede - Guía del Visitante
Plano Sede - Guía del VisitantePlano Sede - Guía del Visitante
Plano Sede - Guía del Visitante
 
PERUMIN 32 - Programa Resumido
PERUMIN 32 - Programa ResumidoPERUMIN 32 - Programa Resumido
PERUMIN 32 - Programa Resumido
 
Inscripciones vía online para PERUMIN 32 culminan el 20 de setiembre
Inscripciones vía online para PERUMIN 32 culminan el 20 de setiembreInscripciones vía online para PERUMIN 32 culminan el 20 de setiembre
Inscripciones vía online para PERUMIN 32 culminan el 20 de setiembre
 
Comunicado: ¡Inscripciones vía online culminan el 20 de setiembre!
Comunicado: ¡Inscripciones vía online culminan el 20 de setiembre!Comunicado: ¡Inscripciones vía online culminan el 20 de setiembre!
Comunicado: ¡Inscripciones vía online culminan el 20 de setiembre!
 
Estados Unidos iniciará el Encuentro Internacional
Estados Unidos iniciará el Encuentro InternacionalEstados Unidos iniciará el Encuentro Internacional
Estados Unidos iniciará el Encuentro Internacional
 

Último

The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!Loay Mohamed Ibrahim Aly
 
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024Gokulks007
 
Dynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
Dynamics of Professional PresentationpdfDynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
Dynamics of Professional Presentationpdfravleel42
 
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxCommunication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxkb31670
 
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxCommunication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxkb31670
 
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024eCommerce Institute
 
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54ZhazgulNurdinova
 
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8Access Innovations, Inc.
 

Último (8)

The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
 
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
 
Dynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
Dynamics of Professional PresentationpdfDynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
Dynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
 
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxCommunication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
 
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxCommunication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
 
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
 
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
 
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
 

PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alternative to Smelting?

  • 1. New Developments in the Atmospheric and Pressure Leaching of Copper Ores and Concentrates David Dreisinger University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
  • 2. Copper Solvent Extraction – Hydroxyoxime The Enabling Technology
  • 9. Copper Leach–Solvent Extraction-Electrowinning •Limited to oxidized ores of copper or leachable sulfides •Approximate 20% of world copper supply is recovered by this method •80% is still recovered by smelting and refining of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) concentrates •May be desirable to extend hydrometallurgical treatment to chalcopyrite ores and concentrates •May also be desirable to treat high arsenic concentration ores directly (limit of 0.5% As) •Where does the technology stand? •Focus on Sulfate Based Processes
  • 10. Copper Ore/Concentrate Treatment •Focus on Sulfate Processes •Variety of Process Options Available •Key Factors –Copper Extraction –Iron Precipitation –Precious Metal Recovery –Sulfur Deportment –Cost!
  • 11. Process Options •Copper Leaching Issues; –Chalcocite leaches easily in ferric sulfate solution –Copper leaching controlled by copper mineral leach kinetics –Chalcopyrite passivates under mild conditions –Liquid sulfur wets unreacted minerals and stops leaching
  • 12. Chalcopyrite Passivation •Eh – pH Diagram Shows Many Phases between CuFeS2 (solid) and CuSO4(aqueous) •Chalcopyrite is Believed to Passivate by Formation of an Iron-Deficient Copper Sulfide (CuSn)
  • 14. Strategies for Avoiding Passivation •Leach at potential/pH that avoids passivation (Galvanic Processing). •Add silver to avoid copper polysulfide (too expensive) •Fine grind to P80 of less than 10 μm (mineral leaches before passivation) •Use high temperature (+200 C) or aggressive conditions (transpassive) •Use chloride or chloride addition •Use bacteria (thermophiles) that avoid passivation •Add oxidation catalyst like nitrate or nitrite (NSC)
  • 15. Sulfur Chemistry •Sulfur is formed from sulfide minerals during leaching •Three temperature regimes •Low T: < 119.3 C – SOLID (S8) •Medium T: 119.3 C to 159 C – LIQUID (S8) •High T: +159 C – LIQUID/POLYMER (Sn) – S Oxidized
  • 16. Low Temperature Leaching (< 119 C) •Elemental sulfur forms porous product layer •Kinetics can be slow due to diffusion through sulfur product Medium Temperature Leaching (119-159 C) •Molten sulfur is dispersed by addition of a sulfur dispersant/surface active agent •Lignin sulfonate and Quebracho are two common agents. •Sulfide mineral becomes sulfophobic and hydrophilic and sulfur liquid droplets are dispersed High Temperature Leaching (+200 C) •Transpassive leaching – sulfur fully oxidized to sulfate
  • 17. Iron Precipitation •Dissolved iron will be oxidized and precipitated as ferric hydroxide (undesirable), jarosite, goethite or hematite •Goethite forms at less than °140 C with hematite forming above 140 °C •Jarosite can form over wide temperature range •Basic ferric sulfate processes (Sepon) precipitate iron at high free acid and high T (220 °C). Iron forms basic ferric sulfates which then re-dissolve at atmospheric T+P.
  • 18. Precious Metal Recovery •Au may be recovered by cyanidation of copper leach residues. •However if S present then form SCN and increase the cost of Au recovery. •Ag often forms Ag-jarosite under copper leaching conditions. May have to use lime boil to decompose Ag-jarosite prior to cyanidation. •Alternative strategy to use other reagents (eg. S2O32-, SCN- or Cl-/Br-) •PGM Recoveries difficult from residues but possible directly (PLATSOL™)
  • 19. Historical Processes Anaconda Arbiter Process Cuprex CLEAR Minemet Recherche Sherritt Gordon Sherritt Cominco UBC Cominco Dextec Coloso Noranda Antlerite Process Etc! Hazen Research 1999 – 43 Copper Processes Tested – None achieved sustained commercial practice None of these are working anywhere today!
  • 20. Sulfate Processes Process Status Temp. Press. Ultrafine Chloride Surfactant Special (°C) (atm) Grind Activox Process D 110 12 Yes No No Albion Process P 85 1 Yes No No AAC- UBC P/C 150 12 Yes No Yes Bactech/Mintek Low T Bioleach P 35 1 Yes No No BIOCOP™ C 80 1 No No No Thermo- philes CESL Process C 150 12 No Yes Yes Cobre Las Cruces C 90 1 No No No Chalcocite Dynatec P 150 12 No No Yes Coal+ Recycle Galvanox P 80 1 No No No Galvanic Mt. Gordon C 90 8 No No No Chalcocite PLATSOL P 225 32 No Yes No Sepon Copper C 80 – Cu 1 No No No Chalcocite 220 – FeS2 32 No No No Total Press. Ox. C 225 32 No No No 20
  • 21. Recent Developments •Mt. Gordon, Australia – 50,000 tpa Cu X (closed in 2003) •PD/Freeport Bagdad USA – 16,000 tpa Cu √ (now MoS2) •Alliance Copper, Chile – 20,000 tpa Cu X (2 year demo plant) •Sepon Copper, Laos – 90,000 tpa Cu √ •Kansanshi, Zambia - +50,000 tpa Cu √ •PD/Freeport Morenci USA – 75,000 tpa Cu X (long story) •Cobre Las Cruces, Spain – 72,000 tpa Cu √ •CESL Process, Vale Brazil - 10,000 tpa Cu X (short term demo plant)
  • 22. The SEPON Copper Project •Project located in a remote area of eastern Laos, South East Asia, little infrastructure support locally. •The copper mineralogy is predominantly chalcocite contained within weathered sediments (clay). Some pyrite in ore. •At feasibility, resource contained 700,000t of copper metal at an average grade of 5.1% copper. •Plant designed to produce 60,000t/a LME Grade A copper cathode at an overall copper recovery of 90%. Now +90,000t/a •The plant started in March 2005. •Cash costs were estimated at 40c/lb copper •Full capital cost was $227 M USD (for initial 60,000 tpa Cu plant) •Ramp up to nameplate production within 9 months
  • 24. Sepon Process Chemistry  Process Chemistry Summary:  Acid leach of carbonate copper (Malachite, Azurite)  Ferric Leach of sulfide copper (Chalcocite)  Ferric provided by pressure oxidation of Pyrite concentrate  Ore is milled in raffinate to close water balance and provide preleaching of copper  Remaining copper leaching done atmospherically at 80 C, 5hr  Ferric regeneration via air addition during Atm. Leach Copper Leaching Reaction via Ferric Cu2S + 2Fe2(SO4)3  2CuSO4 + S + 4FeSO4 (Chalcocite)
  • 25. Sepon Autoclave Process Chemistry  Process Chemistry  Pyrite Oxidation to form ferric sulfate  Precipitation of ferric sulfate  2 possible products at 220oC  Hematite or Basic Ferric Sulfate (BFS)  What Controls product formation – Free Acid Level  Greater than 65-70g/L free acid makes BFS Pyrite Oxidation to Ferric Sulfate 2FeS2 + 15/2O2 + H2O = Fe2(SO4)3 + H2SO4 Equilibrium between Hematite and BFS Fe2O3 + 2H2SO4 = 2FeOHSO4 + H2O
  • 26. Sepon Autoclave Process Chemistry  Process Chemistry Summary:  BFS Re-dissolves during pressure let down in Flash Vessel  Further dissolution occurs in designated BFS re-leach tanks; acid added via CCD wash solution with temperature maintained around 95-97oC  Hot ferric rich solution added to fresh leach ore feed prior to atmospheric leaching BFS Dissolution to Ferric Sulfate 2FeOHSO4 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
  • 27. PROCESS BLOCK FLOWSHEET CRUSHING MILLING SURGE NEUTRALISATION WASH CCD WASH CCD WASH WATER TAILINGS Fe Acid Cu LOSS CLARIFICATION SURGE ATM LEACH HEX DIRECT HEX SX EW COOLING TWR RAF CCD CATHODE FLOTATION SURGE AUTOCLAVE FILTER EXCESS PYRITE POX LEACH STEAM Fe Acid ADDN WASH WATER
  • 28. MINERALOGY Autoclave Feed Autoclave Discharge Class Mineral Wt % Class Mineral Wt % Silicates Quartz 5.3 Silicates Quartz 10 Mica 5.0 K-Feldspar <0.1 Kaolinite 6.0 Oxide Goethite 0 Oxides Goethite 1.5 Hematite 5.0 Rutile Tr Sulphates Jarosite 3.7 Sulphur Sulphur 10 Basic Ferric Sulfate 81 Sulphides Pyrite 64.2 Sulphur Sulphur <0.1 Covellite 4.4 Sulphides Pyrite 0.3 Enargite 3.0 Covellite <0.1 Tetrahedrite 0.2 Enargite <0.1 Chalcopyrite 0.1 Tetrahedrite <0.1 Sphalerite 0.2 Chalcopyrite <0.1 Galena 0.1
  • 30. WHOLE ORE LEACH •Whole ore leach was effective at leaching copper from copper sulfides using a ferric/ferrous chemical couple in an acid solution •Challenge of nature: the ore consumes acid and the cost of acid is prohibitive in Laos •Solution: Make ferric sulfate/sulfuric acid solutions by recovering sulfur and pyrites from leach residue (by flotation) and oxidizing under water in a pressure leach autoclave
  • 32. Resource Total Measured Indicated KTons Cu % KTonsCu KTons Cu % KTons Cu % HCH/HCL 16,887 6.19 1,045 9,790 6.42 7,097 5.87 HC4/X 738 7,02 52 738 7.02 Total 17,625 6.22 1,097 9,790 6.42 7,835 5.97 Geological Resource
  • 35. Mineral Processing t/y 1,300,000 Ore Grade % Cu 6.2 Copper Production t t/y 72,000 Total Ore Processing t 17,600,000 Total Copper t 1,000,000 Project Life years 15 DESING CRITERIA
  • 36. Capacity t/d 3,562 Availability % 90 Raffinate m3/h 313 (FeT)Ref g/L 50 Fe3+/Fe2+ 1 Temperature ºC 90 Leach time h 8 Copper extraction % 91.8 (Cu2+)PLS g/L 43 Oxygen Consumption t/h 6.6 Acid Consumption kg/t 20 LEACH CIRCUIT O2 H2SO4 ORE PL S ILS SECUNDARY PLS RAFFINATE TAIL LEACH FEED TANK LEACH REACTORS H2O WASHING LEACH THIICKENER GYPSUN THICKENER COOLING TOWERS SLURRY FILTERS VACUUM PUMP PLS POND
  • 37. Cobre Las Cruces Commissioning and Rampup •Slower rampup due to a number of issues •Grinding thickener UF density < 80% Solids – Fe washout •Filtration difficulties – Fe washout •Maintenance (chloride + acid + 90 C) •Gas-liquid mass transfer in OKTOP’s improved by; –Increase in leach surge capacity ahead of OKTOP’s to destroy carbonates –Improvement in sparger system •Plant is now close to or at design of 72,000 tpa of Cu 37
  • 38. Total Pressure Oxidation •Copper sulfide minerals are rapidly decomposed by high temperature oxidation conditions •Rapid and complete copper leaching, high degree of iron hydrolysis and impurity fixation •Complete sulfur oxidation with high oxygen consumption •Copper recover from the oxidation solution can be accomplished by SX-EW •Acid is available as a by-product •Au and Ag can be recovered by cyanidation of washed residue
  • 39. Autoclaving of Copper Concentrates 2CuFeS2(s) + 17/2O2(g) + 2H2O → 2CuSO4(aq) + Fe2O3(s) + 2H2SO4(a)
  • 40. Reference from Hydro 2003 •COPPER CONCENTRATE LEACHING DEVELOPMENTS BY PHELPS DODGE CORPORATION •John O. Marsden, Robert E. Brewer and Nick Hazen •Information in next slides is from this presentation •Also followup presentation to Copper 2007 Short Course
  • 41. Freeport Total Pressure Oxidation at Bagdad Arizona •Total Pressure Oxidation at 220 – 230 C •US $40 Million for 16,000 tpa Cu Leach SX/EW plant (brownfields) •Copper is leached and then merged into existing heap leach copper recovery system •Acid from TPOX is used beneficially in heap leach portion of Bagdad plant •Economic credit for acid is applied to TPOX plant
  • 42. Pressure Leach Pilot Plant - 30 L Titanium Autoclave - Hazen Research Marsden et al
  • 43. Marsden et al Copper Extraction and Sulfide Oxidation from Pilot Plant Compartment Samples
  • 44. Process Design Criteria Parameter Value Copper extraction in pressure leaching 99.0% Overall copper recovery 98.0% Operating temperature 225 C (235 C max.) Operating pressure 3,300 kPa (475 psi) Maximum pressure 4,000 kPa (600 psi) Oxygen over-pressure 700 kPa (100 psi) Pressure leach vessel first compartment density 10% solids (by weight) Pressure leach vessel discharge density 5% solids (by weight) Leach solution composition: Cu 36 g/L Fe 1.5 g/L H2SO4 55 g/L Marsden et al
  • 46. Plant Description •The concentrate leaching plant consists of: –concentrate repulping system –pressure leaching –flash let-down and gas scrubbing –four stages of countercurrent decantation –a four-stage solid residue neutralization system –a copper-bearing solution storage pond •Modifications to SX and expansion of EW •Ancillary facilities include an oxygen plant •Sulfuric Acid Production - 140 tons of sulfuric acid per day into the copper-bearing leach solution. •The concentration is ~ 40 g/L H2SO4. •Provides acid self sufficiency for Bagdad stockpile heap leach •Economic credit for acid is applied to concentrate leaching process – this is essential for economic viability Marsden et al
  • 47. Bagdad Concentrate Leach Plant August, 2003
  • 49. Feed and Products Concentrate Strong PLS Residue
  • 50. 50
  • 51. Enargite Leaching using the Galvanox Process •Process developed by David Dixon and his student at UBC •Initial Galvanox process uses pyrite/chalcopyrite mixtures to catalyze the leaching of chalcopyrite •The study of enargite (Cu3AsS4) leaching has shown that the process can be extended to high arsenic concentrates •In this case the catalyst is activated carbon (same as used for gold leaching) •Using activated carbon, the enargite can be oxidized and importantly, the arsenic can be leached and precipitated. 51
  • 52. GALVANOX FEATURES Atmospheric Leach (~80°C) No microbes Pure sulphate medium (no chloride) No fine grinding Generates elemental sulfur (> 95%), low oxygen demand No surfactants Selective for chalcopyrite over pyrite (can cost-effectively treat low grade concentrates down to 9% copper or less) Complete copper recovery, typically in less than 12 hours, and sometimes in as little as 4 hours Fully compatible with conventional SX-EW Conventional materials of construction
  • 53. GALVANOX CHEMISTRY GALVANOX takes advantage of the galvanic effect between chalcopyrite and pyrite. Chalcopyrite is a semiconductor, and therefore corrodes electrochemically in oxidizing solutions. In ferric sulphate media, the overall leaching reaction is as follows: CuFeS2 + 2 Fe2(SO4)3 → CuSO4 + 5 FeSO4 + 2 S0 This reaction may be represented as a combination of anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions: Anodic: CuFeS2 → Cu2+ + Fe2+ + 2 S0 + 4 e– Cathodic: 4 Fe3+ + 4 e– → 4 Fe2+
  • 54. Cu2+ Fe2+ 4 Fe3+ 4 Fe2+ So 4 e- CuFeS2 Anodic Site Cathodic Site UNASSISTED CHALCOPYRITE LEACHING
  • 56. GALVANOX RATE CONTROL •Chalcopyrite appears passivated •Anode passivation due to iron depleted sulphide •Anode or cathode? •Dixon and Tshilombo – passivation appears to be at cathode (ferric reduction) •Pyrite catalyzes the cathodic process in galvanic leaching •Pyrite is inert and can be recycled
  • 57. Cu2+ Fe2+ So Py Py Cp 4 e- 4 e- 4 Fe3+ 4 Fe2+ Anodic Site Cathodic Site GALVANICALLY ASSISTED CHALCOPYRITE LEACHING
  • 58. Partially leached particle Completely leached particles GALVANICALLY ASSISTED CHALCOPYRITE LEACHING
  • 59. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Time (h) Cu Recovery Py = 150 g (K5) Py = 100 g (K9) Py = 50 g (K6) Py = 25 g (K10) Py = 0 g (K1) CHALCOPYRITE CONCENTRATE #1 – 35% Cu Effect of pyrite addition (50 g con, 65 g acid, 470 mV, 80 C)
  • 60. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Time (h) Cu Recovery Galvanox Leaching No Pyrite CHALCOPYRITE CONCENTRATE #2 – 23.6 % Cu Effect of pyrite addn (30 g con, 120 g Py, 30 g acid, 480 mV, 80 C)
  • 61. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Time (h) Cu Recovery CHALCOPYRITE BULK CONCENTRATE – 10.2% Cu (150 g bulk con @ ~1.21 Py/Cp ratio, 75 g acid, 440 mV, 80 C)
  • 63. 63 Effect of catalyst addition 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time (hours) Cu extraction (%) 1:1 carbon No carbon 23% En, 4% Cp, 62% Py
  • 64. 64 Effect of catalyst addition 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time (hours) Cu extraction (%) 1:1 carbon added after 69 hours Carbon added 62% En, 7% Tn, 16% Py
  • 65. 65 Effect of catalyst addition
  • 66. 66 Effect of activated carbon SEM cross-section micrographs of enargite particles leached for 19 h a) without a carbon catalyst, b) with a carbon catalyst.
  • 67. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (hours) Cu extraction (%) 1:1 carbon (fresh) 1:1 carbon (recycle 1) 1:1 carbon (recycle 2) 1:1 carbon (recycle 3) Effect of carbon recycle 46% En, 7% Cp, 5% Tn, 35% Py
  • 68. 68 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 Number of times catalyst used Initial rate of copper extraction (%/h) 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Final copper extraction (%) Effect of carbon recycle
  • 69. 69 Effect of solution potential 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (hours) Cu extraction (%) 530 mV 515 mV 490 mV 450 mV 23% En, 4% Cp, 62% Py
  • 70. 70 Effect of stirring speed 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (hours) Cu extraction (%) 1200 rpm 1000 rpm 800 rpm 46% En, 7% Cp, 5% Tn, 35% Py
  • 71. Pilot Plant Operation •Two pilot plants have been performed on the enargite version of the process •The first pilot plant was just for leaching and showed that enargite could be leached to high extraction in a continuous mode •The second pilot plant was an integrated pilot plant (right to Cu SX-EW) and showed that the process could be integrated – once again with high projected copper extractions •David Dixon and his industrial partners are continuing to advance the understanding and the application of the technology. 71
  • 73. Conclusions •Copper Hydromet has advanced by; •Necessity –Mount Gordon –Sepon –Cobre Las Cruces •Opportunity –Bagdad –Kansanshi •Many possible processes available for treatment of chalcopyrite concentrates (opportunity) •The Galvanox process is promising for treatment of high arsenic concentrates (necessity) •Future is bright for copper hydromet  73
  • 74. Thank You! Any Questions?