2. Definition
The Industrial Revolution consisted in
changes in economy , society and culture,
perhaps the most important changes in
Human History.
These changes first took place in England
after 1750 and then spread to Europe.
3. FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Agricultural
Revolution
Changes of Demographic
mentality revolution.
4. Agricultural Revolution
It consisted in :
Improvement of agricultural methods: Crop rotation
instead of a fallow year. This method was called Norfolk
four-course system.
Invention of new machines which helped improve labor
like the horse-pulled hoe or the Seed Drill.
New plants for feeding the cattle.
Enclosures- the bigger landowners “enclose” their land
instead of the open field system in order to improve the
yield.
5. Norfolk four-course
system
Method of agricultural organization
established in Norfolk county,
England, and in several countries
before the end of 17th century; it
was characterized by an emphasis
on fodder crops by absence of a
farllow year.
6. Consequences of the Agricultural
Revolution
Increased food production
People are healthier
and more resistant to Better fed population
diseases
Landowners earn more money and they invest in
industry and in the stock market
The stock of labor moves workers from lands to industry
7. Demographic Revolution
It consisted in : Consequences:
- decrease of death Increase of hand-
rates workers
- high birth rates
Increase of
Thanks to: consumers.
d
- Disappearance of
epidemics
Increase of
- Invention of vaccines
demand for
- Improved Hygiene products and food
9. New mentality, new ideas
Economic Liberalism- started in Scottish
Universities with Adam Smith. According to
Economic Liberalism “work” was
considered a positive value. Protestantism
encouraged hard work.
Universities start scientific studies, very
important for the new inventions in
agriculture and Industry.
10. Economic Liberalism
Its an economic philosophy that promotes
The “Laissez faire, laissez passer”
Economic Supply and No government
Freedom Demand intervention
• Social and • Economic • In economy,
Political model of price government
freedom to determination interventionjust
guarantee Free in a market in justice and
market security
11. Phases in Industrial Revolution
First Industrial Revolution: From 1750
onwards.
Second Industrial Revolution: From 1870
onwards.
12. First Industrial Revolution
Great Britain- 2nd half 18th Century
West Europe- first half 19th Century
Before Industrial Revolution After Industrial Revolution.
Workshops Factories
Craftsmen that make Workers who use machines to
handiwork make a product
No fixed working hours Long, fixed working hours
Human or animal workforce Machines
The craftsman makes the Assembly-line work
whole product, from beginning
to end
New source of energy: coal
Sources of energy:
wind, water, men, animals
13. Great Britain, craddle of Industrial
Revolution
Great Britain had better conditions than other countries:
Growing population.
Agricultural advances
A big market and capital for investment thanks to the Colonial
Empire. Possibility to obtain cheap cotton.
Universities which promoted scientific studies
Abundant raw materials like coal, copper, and iron
Invention of the Steam Engine
14. The leading industries in the First
Industrial Revolution
The most important industries were:
Textile Industry
Iron and Steel industry
15. Steam Engine, by James Watt, 1763
The most important invention of the Industrial Revolution because it
caused many other developments to happen. The steam engine
was used for extraction of coal, cotton mills, steam ships, trains,
steam tractors…
16. Textile Industry
Spinning Jenny
It was located in Lancashire.Cotton was brought from
India and Egypt and then it was converted into clothes
in the mills (factories)
The first invention was The Flying Shuttle,1733, (on the
right) by John Kay, but many other inventions, like the
Spinnig Jenny, accelerated cotton production
17. The Steel Industry
It uses coal as an energy source
It produces iron and steel , used to produce
machines, trains, ships, railways …
The Steel industry used the Steam Engine.
18. Transportation Revolution
The Steam Engine was applied to transportation
and it sparked a revolution in this area:
The Steamboat was invented in 1807 by Fulton.
In 1847 it was possible to cross the Atlantic
Ocean in 15 days
19. Transportation Revolution
Because of the Suez Canal the trip from London to
India became 40% shorter
On the right , one of the first steamboats
20. Transportation Revolution: The Train
The Steam Engine was applied to the train
locomotive, invented by Stephenson in 1814
1830- First railway from Manchester to Liverpool.
Consequences: trips were shorter,safer and cheaper
and it was possible to transport more products and
people could travel greater distances. It meant more
labour for industry and bigger cities.
A lot of products from far places were brought by
train.
The train stimulated the Steel Industry.
The train spread through all Europe in the following
years.
22. Consequences of Transportation
Revolution
Bigger Markets
Specialization of world economy: countries which
have Industry and countries which sell raw
materials
Diet became better and as a result, death rates
decreased
Migrations
Growth in active population.
23.
24. The 2nd Industrial Revolution
From 1870 onwards there was a new
phase in Industrialization lead by Great
Britain but shared with new industrial
powers as the USA, Japan or Germany.
New power sources and industries
appeared as a result.
25. Energy sources: electricity
ELECTRICITY
applied to:
All kind of machines
Transports : train,tram
Communications: telephone, telegraph
Urban Lighting.1879 Thomas Edison invented a light
bulb.
After 1900, electric domestic inventions(oven, vacuum
cleaner…)
27. Energy sources : oil or petrol
Internal combustion engine, used for cars
Ships and planes( first flight : Wright
brothers in 1903)
28.
29. New industries
Steel Industry- Bessemer
converter: the Bessemer
process was the first
inexpensive industrial
process for mass-production
of steel.
New metals such as
aluminium
Chemical Industry- originally
based on synthetic dyes and
aspirin, then fertilizers,
concrete, plastics,
dynamite…
31. New industrial organization
Mass production.
To achieve this goal Henry
Ford invented the
assembly line which
eliminated unnecessery
human motions in the
process.
The savings from mass
production methods
allowed the price of model
T (on the photo) to decline
from $786 in 1910 to $360
in 1916.
32. How to understand what an assembly-line is
,watching “Modern Times” by Charles Chaplin
33. New industrial organization
This is the era of High Capitalism. Companies needed
more capital and they could obtain it by:
the growth of banking and share-holding
34. New society: a class-based society
The estate-based society
dissapeared after the
French Revolution
With industrialisation new
social groups appeared:
Industrial bourgeoisie
Industrial proletariat
Characteristics of a
class-based society:
dynamic, open, legal
equality, based on wealth
35. New social groups: the bourgeoisie
With industrialization the
power of bourgeoisie
increased because they were
the main protagonists.There
were three groups:
- High bourgeoisie- they
owned the Banks and main
Industries
Middle bourgeoisie- liberal
professions as lawyers,
doctors, journalists, engineers
Low bourgeoisie- small
commerce, employments…
36. New social groups: proletariat or
working class.
The proletariats sell their
workforce for a wage.
They work under unhealthy
conditions , with no vacations,
miserable wages.
Long working hours
Child/women labor was
usually used in factories and
mining.
37. Liberty leading the people- Eugene Delacroix
Delacroix illustrated the 1830 Revolution in Paris, the last time that
bourgeoisie and workers fought together. From 1830 onwards they
will fight against each other.
38. WORKERS´MOVEMENT
Due to the bad conditions in their jobs,
workers began to organise themselves in
order to obtain improvements and a more
fair system than Capitalism.
39. The beginnings of
workers´movement
Luddism- workers destroyed the
machines,because they consider them the
cause of their problems. The English
government had to implement strict laws,
including the death penalty, in order to stop this
movement.
Trade Unions- group of workers from the same
industry that demanded better conditions.
Chartism- workers that participate in political
society to obtain better conditions from the
parliament.
40. Marxism, Communism and
Socialism
In 1848 Marx and Engels
wrote “The Communist
Manifesto”.
They wanted a clasess
society.
Marx believed that
Liberalism was a
dictatorship of
bourgeoisie because this
class exploited the
proletariat.
41. Marx: what did he propose?
Marx thought that History is always a class struggle
between the dominant class and the dominated class; at
his time this meant between the bourgeoisise and
proletariat. The only way to change this society would
be a revolution.
The revolution would lead to a socialist society through
the dictatorship of the proletariat.
The final step would be a classless society or a
communist society with equal opportunities for
everybody.
42. Anarchism
The main thinkers were Kropotkin,
Bakunin and Proudhon.
Individual freedom, rejection of all
types of authority, free association
in which society would organise
from bottom up.
They don´t participate in political
life.
The most radical anarchists used
terrorism and violent methods.
Other groups created unions in
order to improve working
conditions.
44. Communist and Socialists parties
1864, London. Meeting of European and US
representatives. They formed “The first International”,
the main leader was Marx but he didn´t agree with
Bakunin and the anarchists who were expeled.
1889, Paris, Second International. The marxists were
divided between Communist(they just wanted the
revolution and no political participation in parliaments),
and Socialists :while they were waiting for the revolution
they participated in Parliaments and they acheived
many improvements in working conditions.
