Systematics of tomato

2
Historical records
Though concrete of historical records , tomato was fist introduce in
the 1600 in Europe. It is believed that tomato was introduced in India
during British period in the year 1828 by Royal Agri-Horticultural
society , Culcutta. The story of tomato transformation from an exotic fruit
to a popular dietary item and a major item of commerce all over the
world. As recently as 1900,tomato was avoided in the belief that it was
poisonous because of its known relation to Nightshade and other toxic
members of the nightshade family. The tamotine is a predominant
alkoloid mainly present in foliage and green fruits. However, at the stage
of ripening, tomatine is degraded into an inert compound which is not
toxic.

3
Taxonomic review
 Tournefort (1694) concidered the multilocular character of the tomato as a criterion
to differentiate it form the genus solanum and put in other genus Lycopersicon.
 Linnaeus(1753): again classified tomato in the genus solanum ander solanum
lycopersicon.
 Miller (1754) reconsidered Tournefort’s classification and formally described the
genus Lycipesicon.
 In recent time, the phylogenetic relationship within solanaceae have been examined
with molecular data and these molecular studies unequivocally supported tomato to be
firmly intrested in the genus solanum. Based on these results a new phylogenetic
classification has assigned tomato to be the genus solanum(Spooner,2005). Although
most taxonomist today place tomato in solanum, most agronomists and horticulturist are
reluctant to use the solanum name on tradition or practical goal to maintaining familier
names.

4
Taxonomic position of Tomato
Kingdom : Plante
Division : Spermatophyta
Order : Solanales
Family : Solanaceae
Genus : Lycopersicon
Species : esculentum (12)

5
Lycopersicon esculentum . MILL
Lycos = means wolf persicon = means peach. Later in 1978
cultivated tomato is renamed as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. And wild
form as L. pimpinellifolium.
Genus Lycopersicon is divided in to two sub genera
a. Eulycopersicon ( red fruited and self compatible )
b. Eriopersicon ( green fruited and self compatible )

6
Lycopersicon hirsutum
Lycopersicon peruvianum
Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium
Solanum cheesemanii
L. glandulosum
• Eulycopersicon includes two species,
L. esculentum with large fruits and L.
pimpinellifolium with small fruits
born in clusters.
• Eriopersicon mainly consists of
wild sp. like L. hirsutum,
L. peruvianum, L. pissisi,
L. glandulosum, s. cheesemanii etc
L. pissisi
L. esculentum

Botanical Name Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Other names Wolf apple, Vilayati Baingan
Order Polemoniales
Family Solanaceae
Origin Peru and Mexico
Ch. No. (2n) 24
Type of fruit Berry
Cluster of flower Truss
Seed contains 24% oil
7
Taxonomic information

Mode of Reproduction Self Pollinated
Acid Citric and Malic
Red Colour Lycopene
Alkaloid Tomatine
Toxic compound Saponine
1st hy. cv. (India) Karnataka Hybrid (by IAHS from Bangalore)
Transgenic Varieties Flavr Savr, Endless Summer, Rosato
Photoperiodism Day Neutral
Photosynthetically C3
Processed Items Paste, Puree, Syrup, Sauce, Ketchup, Juice etc.
8
More about tomato

• Common tomato- Lycopersicon
esculentum var. commune
• Cherry tomato -Lycopersicon esculentum
var. cerasiformae
• Pear shaped tomato -Lycopersicon esculentum
var. pyriformae
10

11
• Potato leaved tomato - Lycopersicon esculentum
var. grandifolium
• Erect and upright tomato - Lycopersicon
esculentum var. validum

Habit : Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines,
spreading with pubescent hair.
12
Botany of tomato
Leaves: alternate, simple, pinnate,
exstipulate, serrate or irregularly toothed.
The tomato plant has compound leaves.
A compound leaf is made up of leaflets
which are distributed along the leaf rachis.
While the entire leaf is connected to the
stem by the petiole, the leaflets are
connected to the rachis of the leaf by the
petiolate.

13
 GROWTH HABIT
Tomato varieties vary in growth
habit from vines which spread
horizontally (decumbent), to bush-like
(erect).
 PHYLLOTAXY
The arrangement of leaves on a stem is
called phyllotaxy. Tomato phyllotaxy is
termed spiral because only one leaf is
present at each node and each
successive leaf is displaced
approximately 137.5 degrees from the
last. Thus a line connecting successively
older leaves (leaves 1 to 5 in the figure)
would make a spiral.

14
3. Branching in Tomato:branching diagrams made from pruned and unpruned greenhouse-
grown plants.
a. In the tomato, the main axis of the young
plant is monopodial. However, once the
shoot apex is induced to flower and forms
an inflorescence, further growth is
sympodial. This later growth is
characterized by 3-4 nodes of vegetative
growth before a terminal inflorescence is
formed.
b. This branching diagram, drawn from
observations of a pruned tomato plant, shows
how pruning dramatically affects the shape of the
shoot system. By pruning the main axis early,
several lateral buds were released from apical
dominance and allowed to grow out. This plant
therefore has several main axes. Ultimately these
axes began to flower and further growth was
sympodial.

15
:Inflorescence:
Determinate, Indeterminate sometimes reduced to a single flower, terminal, but
usually appearing lateral, Solitary, axillary cyme .

16
: Types of Tomato :
: Acording to Growth Habit :

17
Determinate Indeterminate
 Main axis ends in a floral bud.  Main axis ends in a Vegetative bud
 Main axis ends in a flower cluster.
 (Nitrogen req. is high)
 Main axis does not ends in a flower
cluster. (Nitrogen req. is low)
 Self topping habit  No self topping habit and growth is
continue.
 Does not require staking, training &
pruning
 Require stacking, training & pruning
 At each and every internode
inflorescence is there.
 At each and every third internode
inflorescence is there.
 Suitable for open field &
mechanized harvesting
 Polyhouses
 Distance : 75 x 45 cm  90 x 45 cm
 Trusses are separated by <3 leaves  Trusses are separated by 3 leaves
 Life span short  Life span long
 E.g. HS- 101, GT-2, GT-3, AT -3, JT
– 3 etc.
 E.g. Pusa Ruby, Pusa Divya, Sioux,
GT-1, Best Of All, Tip Top, Pant
Bahar, Pant T-1, Pant T-3
 Semi determinate: Appearance of flower don’t follow a regular fashion. Eg-
Pusa Hy-2, Avinash-2, Arka Ahuti, Arka Abha, Hissar Lalit

19
Petals : usually (5) gamopetalous , united, and
forming a wheel-shaped, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped,
or tubular corolla, distinctly plicate (with fold lines),
valvate or twisted.
Androecium : Stamens 5, epipetalous, alternating
with the corolla lobes, anthers apparently connate.
Gynoecium : Carpels (2) syncarpous ;ovary superior
,oriented obliquely to the median plane of the flower,,
usually with axile placentation and 2 locules, ovules
usually numerous in each locule.
Aestivation : valvate
Flowers : Bisexual, regular, and hypogynous.
Sepals: usually (5) gamosepalous, united, persistent,
sometimes enlarging as fruit develops.

Floral Formula : , K (5) C (5) A (5) G (2)
20
Floral Diagram:
K:- Petal
C:- Sepal
A:- Androecium
G:- Gynoecium
:-regular
:-Bisexual

22
Fruit : usually a berry or capsule,
Placentation : Axile
Edible part : Berry

• PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF
TOMATO

CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
26
Night temperature is critical for fruit set.
Optimum range being 15-20º C. Fruit generally
do not set when night temperature is either below
15º C or above 20º C.
The optimum daily mean temperature is 20º - 25º
C.
Daily mean temperature below 20º C and above
25º C is harmful for the crop.
 Lycopene (pigment responsible for red colour)
development in fruits is highest at 20-25º C.

SOIL REQUIREMENT
27
Well drained, fertile, organic matter rich soils are
ideal, however, sandy loam soil is best for early
crop and clay loam soil for higher yield.
The ideal soil pH is between 6.0-7.0 (upto 8.5)
although it can tolerate a little soil acidity upto
pH 5.5 but not below it.

OPEN POLLINATED IMPROVED
VARIETIES
28
Determinate varieties
Pusa Early Dwarf, HS-101, HS-102, Pusa
Gaurav, CO-1, Punjab Kesari, La Bonita, Pusa
Red Plum, Hisar Lalima, Narendra Tomato- 108,
Hisar Lalit, Arka Vikas (Drought condition),
Arka Saurabh, Pusa-120, Arka Ahuti, Arka
Abha, Arka Meghali (Rainfed cv.), Punjb
Chhuhara, Hisar Arun (Extreme early), GT-2, JT-
3, AT-3, Junagadh Ruby, Pusa Sheetal, Pusa
Hybrid 1,2,4, Avinash-2 (Syngenta).

29
 For long distance market : Pusa Gaurav, Roma, Punjab
Chhuhara, Pusa Upkar, Arka saurabh, Pant T3, NDT-
120, Panthakuchi (Local cultivar of West Bengal).
 Rootknot nematode resistant : SL-120, Hisar Lalit,
Punjab NR-7, Nemadoro.
 Bacterial wilt resistant : BT-1, BT-10, BT-12, Arka
Alok, Ark Abha.
 Leaf curl virus resistant : Hisar Anmol, TLB-111.
 Spotted wilt and leaf curl resistant : Dhanashree,
Pearl Harbour.

CULTIVARS
30
 Both for high and low temperature : Pusa Sadabahar
 For low temperature : Pusa Sheetal (8º C night temp.) Cold
set
 High temperature : Pusa Hybrid -1 (28º C night temp.) Hot
sret, Pusa Hybrid- 2,4,8.
 Close planting : Maruthan, CO-3, CO-1,2.
 Mutant : PKM-1, S-12, Maruthan, Pusa Lal Meearuti.
 For processing : Arka Saurabh, Arka Ahuti, Arka Ashish,
Punjab Chhuhara, Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Uphar, Vaishali,
Roma, Pant T3.
 Introduction : Roma, Sioux, Marvel, Best Of All,
Money Maker, Tip Top (From USA).

Nursery management
 Seed beds are prepared finely, well drained, 15 cm high,
1.2 m wide and of convenient length. (10 x 10 m)
 Fine and fully decomposed FYM or compost @ 3-4 kg/m²
should be well mixed to the beds.
 Drench the beds with 40 % formalin (1/2 l/m² area).
 Fumigation with 10 % formaldehyde or Captan @ 2-3
g/litre and cover the beds with polythene sheet for 7-10
days to avoid damping off disease.
 200-300 g seeds of open pollinated and 125-175 g
seeds of hybrids are required for sowing a hectare crop.

32
 Treat the seeds with Captan or Thiram @ 2-3 g/kg of seeds
before sowing.
 Seeds are sown in rows at shallow depth (2.5 cm) at 5 or 7 or
10 cm apart and covered with finely leaf mould/compost.
 After sowing, cover the beds with straw or long dry grass till
the seed germination and sprinkle water regularly.
 Seedlings may be raised under low cost polyhouses.
 Water the seedlings daily or in alternate day with rose can.
 Plug tray method is also employed.
 In sunny days, Transplanting is done in evening hours.
 In cloudy weather whole day transplanting can be done.

TRANSPLANTING SEASON
33
 In Gujarat :
Rainy : July-August
Winter : September
Summer : January-February

TRANSPLANTING
34
30 days old, stocky, healthy seedlings of 15 cm
height having 4-6 leaves are ready for
transplanting.
After hardening the seedlings for 4-6 days, irrigate
the seed bed before lifting to facilitate easy pulling
young seedlings.
Plant the seedlings in the field preferably during
afternoon hours which give better field
establishment.
Irrigate the field just after transplanting.

SPACING
35
 Indeterminate hybrids : 90 x 90 cm, 90 x 75 cm.
 Determinate hybrids : 75 x 75 cm
 Indeterminate varieties : 90 x 90 cm, 75 x 75 cm
 Determinate varieties : 60 x 60 cm, 60 x 45 cm.

IRRIGATION
36
 The plants require adequate moisture throughout their
growth period.
 During summer, apply irrigation at 4-5 days interval and
during winter at 10-15 days interval.
 About 95 cm total water is needed for successful tomato
crop and apply 2.5 cm irrigation water at every fortnight.
 Critical stages of irrigation are flower development and fruit
set.
 Nutrients can be applied through drip irrigation.
 Sprinkler irrigation, being popularized now a days, is
more economical.
 Stop giving irrigation at fruit stage during winter.

INTERCULTURE AND WEED CONTROL
37
 The plants are staked to avoid damage to fruit, the common practice
being to stake individual plant provide support to plants in a row.
 Practice shallow inter cultivation during first 4 weeks to remove the
weeds and conserve soil moisture.
 Give two hand hoeing at 1st and 3rd fortnight after transplanting and do
earthing up at 2nd fortnight after transplanting.
 Stop intercultural operations when the plants have started flowering.
 Foliar application of 50 ppm PCPA increase fruit set at both low and
high temperature.
 Regarding chemical weed control, a pre-plant treatment
of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha along with one hand
hoeing 45 days after transplanting is effective.

38
USE OF PLANTGROWTH
REGULATORS
Chemicals Common
name
Dose (mg/L) Effective
2. Chloroethyl
phospoenic
acid
Ethephon 200-500 whole
plant spray
Flowering
induction, better
rooting and
setting of plants
2, chloroethyl Cycocel 500-1000 Flower bud
stimulate,
increase fruit set.
2,4
dichlorophenox
y acetic acid
2,4 D 2-5 seed
treatment, whole
plant spray
Increase fruit set
earliness,
parthenocarpy

39
Chemicals Common
name
Dose (mg/L) Effective
3 Indole butyric
acid
IBA 50-100 Increase fruit set
3 Indole Acetic
acid
IAA Foliage spray Fruit size and yield
Parachloro
phenoxy acetic
acid
PCPA 50, foliar
spray
Fruit set under adverse
condition

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
40
1. Blossom End Rot : The most serious among
all.
Brown, water soaked discolouration
appears at the blossom end of the fruit
senescence petals are attached while the fruit is
still green. The spots enlarge and darken rapidly
and the affected portion becomes sunken
leathery and dark coloured. This disorder is
caused due to sudden due to,

42
a. Sudden change in rate transpiration specially in
moisture stress condition,
b. Continuous high evapo-transpiration regime and a
large leaf area
c. Increasing level of nitrogen content in the fruits
d. Depletion in the level of calcium content in the
blossom end portion.
e. High temperature and irregular moisture supply.

43
• Control measures :
1. Increase in the frequency of irrigation.
2. Increase the level of phosphate which decreases the
incidence of this disorder.
3. Single foliar spray of 0.5 % calcium chloride solution at
the time of fruit development.

PUFFINESS
44
Known as hollowness, tomato puffs, tomato pops,
puffy tomato, puffs and pocket.
Partially filled fruit become light in weight and lack in
firmness. Cross section of affected fruit shows
emptiness or pockets. This disorder is caused due to
a. Non fertilization of ovules
b. Embryo abortion after normal fertilization
c. Necrosis of vascular and placental tissue after normal
development of the fruits
d. High or low temperature
e. Low soil moisture.

46
Control measures :
1. Avoid over irrigation.
2. Three spray of 0.3-0.4 % borax solution at initial
plant growth, fruiting and fruit developmental
stages.

FRUIT CRACKING
47
Four types of cracking :
1.Radial
2.Concentric
3.Burst
4.Cuticular
 Caused due to
a.Irrigation or rainfall after a long dry spell
b.Exposure of the fruits to sun
c.Boron deficiency in soil/fruit.

49
Control measures
1. Irrigation at regular interval.
2. Avoid pruning during summer season.
3. Three sprays of 0.3-0.4 % borax solution at initial
stage plant growth, fruiting and fruit development
stage.

SUNSCALD
50
 It is generally caused due to exposure of the fruits to
extreme heat of scorching sunshine. Exposed portion of
either green or nearly ripe fruits get blistered and water
soaked. Rapid desiccation leads to sunken area, grey in
green fruits and yellow in pink or fruits. The varieties
having sparse foliage, it is more severe.

52
 Control measures :
1. Avoid training pruning in the summer months.
2. Protect the plants from defoliation caused by disease and
insect pests.
3. Use of varieties having ample foliage.
4. Follow GAP (Good Agronomical Practices).
5. Excessive exposure of fruits to sun rays (40º C).

GOLDEN FLECK
53
 Tiny yellow spots appear as gold flecks around the calyx
and fruit shoulder due to deposition of calcium oxalate.
With high incidence fruit become unattractive. This
disorder is caused due to
1. Higher supply of phosphatic fertilizers,
2. Higher supply of calcium fertilizers,
3. Increased magnesium concentration.
 Control measures :
Summer shading lowers the incidence of this
disoreder.

STAGES OF MATURITY
55
Immature : Before seed development
Mature Green : Light green to yellow green : For
distant market
Breaker stage : (Turning) ¼ th of the surface at
blossom end shows pink (for immediate marketing),
30 % lycopene.
Pink stage : ¾ th of the surface at blossom end shows
pink (Maximum acidity is found), 30-60 % lycopene.
Hard ripe : Nearly all red or pink but flesh is firm,
60-90 % lycopene.
Over ripe : Fully red coloured and soft.

Harvesting
56
 Tomato fruits are harvested at different stages of maturity
depending on the distance of the market and purpose.
Yield :
 20-25 tonnes/ha (open pollinated determinate)
 25-35 tonnes/ha (open pollinated indeterminate)
 40-50 tonnes/ha (determinate hybrids)
 70-80 tonnes/ha (indeterminate hybrids).

POST HARVEST HANDLING AND
STORAGE
57
 Pre cooling (To remove field heat from fruits) of tomato at
12-13º C on the farm prolongs their storage life.
 Application of 0.3 % Benomyl is effective in preventing
growth of most of the damaging fungi.
 Keeping pedicel intact with fruits increase shelf life by 3-4
days.
 Pick tomato fruits at an interval of 4-5 days in summer and
6-7 days in winter.
 Do not pull tomato fruits from the vines rather
pick with a twisting motion of hand to separate
fruits from the stem.

58
 Evaporative cool storage (Pusa Zero Energy Cool Chamber)
extends shelf life of tomato at breaker stage by 4-5 days.
(Developed by S. K. Roy, Principle: Evaporative cooling
system).
 Tomato fruits treated with GA₃, at 10 ppm or BA at 25 ppm
show minimum physiological weight loss and incidence of
decay.
 Fruit dip in 0.5 % calcium nitrate or calcium chloride extends the
shelf life by checking CO₂ and ethylene production.
 Usually bamboo baskets and wooden boxes of various size and
shapes are used for packaging of tomatoes.
 Wooden boxes are generally used for packaging for long
distance markets.

SEED PRODUCTION
59
For seed production, it is essential to produce a
healthy crop and plant should be true-to-type. It is
necessary to maintain isolation distance for
maintaining genetic purity.
Isolation distance :
Foundation : 50 m
Certified : 25 m
220 kg fruits : 1 kg seed.
100-200 kg seed yield/ha.

METHOD OF SEED EXTRACTION
60
Fermentation (Non metallic box)
Acid treatment (HCl, 5-6 ml/kg pulp)
Alkali treatment (10 % washing soda, 400 g/4 lit.
water). Safest and quickest method.
Mechanical : PAU, Ludhiana.

PLANT PROTECTION
61
Major pests :
1. Fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera)
2. Leaf eating caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)
3. Serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii B.)
4. White fly (Bemisia tabaci)

TOMATO FRUIT BORER
62
 Scientific name : Helicothis armigera
 They roll the leaves and find their way to the fruits where they cut
the holes.
 Control : Pest is controlled by picking the fruits and sprying of
contact insecticides like Carbaryl 0.2 % and Inchlorophos 0.25 %.

WHITE FLY
64
 Scientific name : Bemisia tabaci
 They are minute white pigmented insects suck the sap of
plants.
 The white fly also acts as vector for viral disease, i.e.
Tomato leaf curl.
 Control : It can be controlled by sprays of insecticides
like Rogor and Dimacron 8-10 days interval.

NEMATODES
65
Three species Meloidogyne incognita, M.
arenaria and M. javanica are common in tomato.
Symptoms consist of foliage discolouration to
pale than normal unthrifty development,
dwarfness and wilting. The nematodes can be
controlled by resistant varieties like P 120,
Nematax, Atkisen.
Several methods like use of Dichloropropan di
chloropropane mixture (DD) and Dimethoate are

Tuta absoluta : A New Invasive pest
66
Invasive species, alien species, exotic species, or
invasive alien species, are common names that
categorize non native species. These pests are
not native in areas in which they cause problems
are considered as “invasive” .
South American tomato pin worm, Tuta absoluta
(Lepidoptera) also known as the tomato leaf
miner is one of the destructive invasive pest
observed for the first time infesting tomato in

68
 Plants are damaged by direct feeing on leaves,
stems, buds, calyces, young fruits, or ripe fruits.
The pest was initially observed in Pune on
tomato plants grown in polyhouse and fields
during October, 2014.
The current report of T. absoluta from India is
alarming because this pest is oligophagous and
can attack several solanaceous host plants.

69
• MANAGEMENT :
 Allow a minimum of 6 weeks from crop destruction to
planting the next crop to prevent carry over of the pest from
previous crop.
 Control weeds to prevent multiplication in alternative weed
host (especially Solanum, Datura, Nicotiana).
 Prior to transplanting, install sticky trap.
 Remove and destroy attacked plant parts.
 Use only insecticides registered for control of lepidopteran
leaf miner.

DISEASE
70
BACTERIAL DISESE :
Bacterial wilt :
Causal organism : Pseudomonas solanacearum
Most serious disease in tropical as well as
temperate region. Lower leaves may drop
before wilting, plants are stunted with yellow
leaves. Pith of root is dark brown to black in
colour and water soaked. The disease is soil
inhabitant.

72
Control : Use of resistant varieties, crop rotation
and application of oil cakes, neem cakes coconut
pith are the control measures for controlling the
disease.

73
FUNGAL DISEASE
1. Damping off and root rot : Causal organism-
Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani,
Phytophthora parasitica . It leads to pre-
emergence damping off which consists of killing of
seedlings from initial stage of seed germination to
the emergence above the soil. Post emergence
consists of rapid shrinking and darkening of
cortical tissue of the hypocotyl.

75
Control : Seed treatment with Cerasan of Copper
oxychloride @ 2 g/kg and spraying of seedling
with Captan or Phytolon are effective in
controlling post emergence damping off. The
disease is more serious when excess of water is
supplied nd temperature is high.

76
2. Late Blight : Causal organism- Phytophthora
infestans
Disease occurs on foliage at any stage of growth.
Brown to purple black lesions occur in the leaflet,
petiole, fruit and stem.
At larger stage, plants die. The disease appears at
low temperature and high humidity. For controlling
the disease, Crop is not planted near potato.
Control : Application of Zineb and Dithane Z 78

77
3. Fusarium wilt : Fusarium oxysporum lycopersci.
This disease is common in warm humid climate and is temperature
dependent. Optimum temperature of 28º C is suitable for fungi
growth. Fungus is soil inhabitant. Symptoms of clearing of vein let,
dropping of petiole, in field yellowing of lower leaves lead to death of
plant at later stage. Browning of vascular bundles is also common at
later stage.
Crop rotation and use of resistant varieties is sure and effective
control.

78
4. Early blight : Alternaria solani
Fungus is soil borne. Circular angular dark brown spots appear on
leaves stem and fruit. Concentric circles of 2-5 mm in diameter are
formed at advance stage. Fruits are also affected showing sunken large
dark brown leathery spots on green and round fruits. Seed treatment in
hot water at 52-55º C and spray of Dithane Z 78 or M 45 and Zineb
are helpful in controlling the disease.

5. BUCK EYE ROT
80
• Phytophthora parasitica
• A serious disease in tomato growing tracts.
• The pathogen attack only fruits and does not
affect the foliage thus differing from late blight.
• Disease starts as greyish green or brown water
soaked spot on lower fruits that touches the soil,
which later enlarges forming concentric rings of
alternately dark brown and light brown bands.
• Affected young green fruits become mummified.

82
• Control :
Spray Chlorothalonil 0.2 %, 2 sprays at 15 days
interval or Captafol 0.3 %, 3 sprays at 15 days
interval.

6. FRUIT ANTHRACNOSE AND RIPE
FRUIT ROT
83
• Water soaked circular sunken spots of anthracnose
(Colletotrichum coccodes) usually appear on the
shoulders of mature fruit.
• The darkened central portions of the depressed
areas contain many small, dark fungal structures
of the anthracnose fungus.

84
FRUIT ANTHRACNOSE AND RIPE
FRUIT ROT

85
• Viral Disease :
1. Tobacco mosaic virus : The disease cause mild mottling of
foliage. Sometimes, leaf blade is also reduced to fern like
appearance. Yellow Chlorosis is more prominent fruits are also
distorted. This disease spreads through debris of infected plants
through soil mechanical means. This disease can be controlled by
use of resistant varieties, proper sanitation and avoiding contact by
smokers.

87
2. Leaf curl virus : The disease is more serious during autumn
crop. The disease is characterized by curling of leaves, reduction in
leaf size, excessive branching and stunted plant growth. The virus
spreads through a vector white fly (Bemisia tabaci). The disease can
be checked by control of white fly by sprays of insecticide like Rogor
and Dimacron 8-10 days interval.

TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS
89
One of the most devastating disease of tomato
Transmitted by thrips.
The disease is charcterized by severe stunting of
the plants with downward rolling and crinkling of
leaves.
The newly emerging leaves exhibit slight yellow
colouration and later show curling symptom.
Older leaves become leathery and brittle.
The nodes and internodes are significantly reduced
in size and the plant remain stunted.

90
• Management :
• Apply Carbofuran 1.25 kg a.i./ha to the soil.
• Two sprays at flowering with fenvalerate or
cypermethrin @ 30 g a.i./ha or delamethrin 10 g
a.i./ha followed by one spray of quinalphos or
monocrotophos or trizophos @ 500 g a.i./ha.

Recent problem in greenhouse
tomato
91
On RHRS farm, under greenhouse tomato
cultivation poor fruit setting is observed
because of high humidity (>75%) which
cause anther to become sticky.
How to manage?
• Application of 4-CPA (Pera chloro
Phynoxi acetic acid)at 30 ppm at open
flower stage.
• The single or flower truss is deep into the
solution for 5 second.

Systematics of tomato

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Systematics of tomato