The document discusses disaster management, including search and rescue operations, technologies used, tools and equipment, and the emergency operations center. It describes the incident command system framework and its functions. Key aspects covered are relief and rehabilitation efforts, hazard mapping, reconstruction approaches, and what is needed for success of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.

1. Disaster Management
PREPARED BY : Kundan Parmar 9 October 2019
Topic :- DM Cycle & Frame work

2. Introduction
 The first thing before taking part in a “Search and Rescue” operation is to
make sure that you don’t put yourself also at risk – by unnecessarily exposing
yourself to a hazard.
 The goal of search and rescue is,
• To locate and access injured or trapped victims
• Stabilize the emergency situation
• Transport the patients to safety

3.  The search and rescue operations in the aftermath of disasters commonly
employ many traditional methods and techniques which have been
evolved over a long period of time.
 The modern technology are widely used by disaster workers.
 Newer and advanced technologies and equipments have recently made an
impact in search and rescue operations, making them easier and quicker,
while improving a missing or injured person’s chance of survival.

4. Technology Options
 Improved real time data access.
 The ability to communicate through/around obstacles.
 Improved monitoring systems.
 Lighter, more Efficient power sources.
 Improved personal protective equipment against multiple hazards.
 Portable, lightweight, longer life, Stronger materials and equipment.

5. Tools and Equipment
 Cutting Equipment
 Diving Equipment
 Forcible entry Tools
 Jacks
 Life rafts
 Location beacons
 Night version Equipment
 Rescue Tools
 Rope Rescue System
 Rescue Belts
 Search Equipment
 Safety Equipment
 Winches
 Robotics System

6.  A company’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
serves as the coordination hub for an incident response.
 A safe location equipped with effective e technology allows for
communication with staff and response teams.
 The EOC, whether a simple conference room or an
extravagant mission control facility, should be capable
of serving as the central coordination point for :
1. All emergency operations
2. Information gathering and dissemination
3. Coordination with local governments, outside
contractors, mutual aid and volunteer organizations

8.  According to Incident Command System (ICS), the main functions
operating from the EOC are:
 Command : Responsible for overall response management.
 Operations : Responsible for coordinating all operations to support the
Incident Action Plans.
 Planning : Responsible for collecting, evaluating, and disseminating
information and for coordinating development of Incident Action Plans.
 Logistics : Responsible for procuring facilities, services, personnel,
equipment and materials.
 Finance/Administration : Responsible for tracking incident costs,
forecasts, and payment of responders, contractors, and claims.

9.  When a reportable incident has a probability for a significant negative impact,
the EOC may be activated. Initially the EOC may:
 Act as the communications link between corporate
headquarters and the affected facility.
 Monitor TV, radio, and wire services to determine
accuracy of public information
 Update executive management as the incident
transpires and changes.
 Ensure employees and the impacted community is
adequately informed of the incident and response
actions.

10. Definition :
“ The Incident Command System (ICS) is a model
for command, control, and coordination of
emergency response at the site level. ”
“ An occurrence that requires action by emergency service
personnel ”
“ A standardized, on scene, all hazard incident management
concept ”
Incident :
Incident Command System (ICS) :

11. Lessons without Formal ICS :
“ The Police and Fire
Departments did not work
together that day, and they
rarely did before.”
(Command and Control issue)
“ Other firefighters appear to
have been using one radio
channel while evacuation
orders went out over another.”
(Communications issue)
World trade Centre :

12. Why use the ICS ? :
The same ICS structure can also be used to coordinate site support at an
Emergency Operations Centre or regional/provincial support activity, or
national support activity.
Who use the ICS ? :
 Municipal Police
 Ambulance Services
 Fire Services
 Airport Authorities
 Transport Authorities
 Food Inspectors
 Border Services
 Health Providers
 Industry
 Military
 Hospital
 Schools
 Shopping Centers

13. ICS Response Goal :
1. Provide for safety and health of all responders
2. Save lives
3. Reduce suffering
4. Protect public health
5. Protect government infrastructure
6. Protect property
7. Protect the environment
8. Reduce economic and social losses

14. Basics Five management Function :

15. ICS Organizational Components :
Sections
(Chief)
Branches
(Director)
Divisions/Group
(Supervisor)
Task Force
(Task Force
Leader)
Strike Teams
(Strike Team
Leader)
Unit Single Resources

16. During a Disaster
 Communication plays an integral role in disaster management.
 Response and Recovery phase needs more information and
communicative means.
 All conventional methods of communication including
telephone, Radio, and Television could be down during a
Disaster

17. Audio public address system
 A system which can provide audio messaging
capability, usually consisting of microphone
devices, wiring, and speakers installed in public
areas of buildings.
 These systems may be vulnerable to electrical
disruption or any other event which results in the
wires being severed or disconnected.

18. Giant Voice system
A system focused on providing auditory messaging capability for
large outdoor areas,
project voice and sounds over large distances, without the need
for a large number of speakers.
These systems are commonly used on military bases and chemical
manufacturing plants.

19. Rescue : To free or deliver victims from confinement
Three Component of Rescue
1. Rescuers :- Include trained personal and volunteers
2. Tools :- Depend on their availability and the needs of the situation. For
example, storm or earthquake damage may require tools for lifting debris
whereas flood damage may require boats, ropes and life preservers.
3. Time :- may be very limited for some victims. The first 24 hour after a
disaster has been called the “Golden Day” that period during which injured
or trapped victims have an 80 percent of survival if rescued.

20. Gather Information
 Has anyone been reported missing.
 Is the building structure damaged
 Identify the more difficult tasks
 Identify the Exit & Entry routes and Point
 Locate the main Switches of Utilities
 Does the building have a special importance/Status.
 No. of people resident in the Building.

21. Personal Safety Equipments
 Helmet
 Fire resistance Cloth
 Glove
 Eye shield
 Ear protection
 Hard shoes
 Jacket
 Pocket Knife
 Pen & Pad
 First aid Kit

22. “Railway Disaster is a serious train accident or an untoward event of grave
nature, either on railway premises or arising out of railway activity due to natural
or man-made causes, that may lead to loss of many lives and/or grievous injuries
to a large number of people, and/or severe disruption of traffic etc, necessitating
large scale help from other Government/Non-government and Private
Organizations.”
Definition

23. Number of Rail Accidents

24. 1) Mathura Collision, 21st October 2009
In Uttar Pradesh.
25 persons were killed and many were injured.
Top 3 Worst Train Accidents in India

25. 2) Sainthia Collision, 19th July 2010
in Sainthia in West Bengal.
70 killed,200 injured.

26. 3) Kalka Mail Derailment, 10th July 2011
sudden use of emergency brakes led to derailment of 15 coaches of
Kalka Mail , 75 killed,300 injured.

27. Safety tips for Indian railway passengers
Being prepared:
Make mental note of the door closest to you and the emergency window and
the chain
Carry a small towel and a small bottle of water.
If you’re carrying too much luggage
Learn about basics of firefighting- lots of materials are available on internet.

28.  1. A no. of Safety drives at regular intervals
 2. A no. of Safety seminars
 3. In House Safety bulletins are published
 4. Special drives are conducted
 5. Printed handbills are distributed
Steps taken to prevent train accidents

29. Explain the relief and rehabilitation in DM.
Relief
 Prime responsibility of public health authorities.
 They must ensure Safe water Supply And clean food availability.
 Maintenance of hygiene and sanitation by proper bio waste disposal.
 Water tasting and food inspection must be carried out.
 Decontamination of the area, equipment , vehicles, and disposal of left over
contaminants.
 Removal of dead bodies From the site has to be carried out In the post
disaster scenario and their disposal.

30. Rehabilitation
 It involves providing temporary shelters With minimal hygiene Sanitation
to the affected, restoring “normalcy” through ensuring resumption of
family’s daily living patterns
 Psychological impact of chemical disaster Manifested as post traumatic
stress disorders (PTSD) in displaced people due to disaster needs care by
Psychologist
 In post disaster scenario Some of the casualties will develop sequel due to
chemical/radiation injuries.
 These cases may need regular follow-up, medical care, reconstructive
surgery and rehabilitation.

31. Relief and Rehabilitation work activities
during DM.
 Rclief is no lorger perceived only as gratuitous assistance or provision
of energency relief supplies onI time. It is on the contrary, viewed as an
ovcrarching systemn of facitation of assistance to the victims of.
disaster for their rehabilitation in States and ensuring social safety and
security of the affected persons.
 The relicf needs to be prompt, adequate and of approved standards.
Guidelincs defining minimum standards of relicf will be prepared by the
NDMA. Setting up of Temporary Relief Camps: DDMAs, especially in
recuring disaster prone areas, may identify locations for scatting up
temporary camps, Agencies to supply the necessary stores will be
identificed in the pre-disaster phase. The use of premises of educational
institutions for setting up rclicf camps need to be discouraged.

33. Hazard mapping or risk mapping.
 Risk mapping is the process of establishing the spatial and temporal extent of
risk (Probability and consequences. The results of risk mapping are usually
presented in the form of maps that show the magnitude and nature of the risk.
Risk mapping requires combining maps of hazards, exposure, and
vulnerability.
 The average frequency of occurrence and location of most extreme events can
be determined with some degree of accuracy. While global maps of hazards,
such as potential desertification, severe storms, and earthquake and volcanic
activity, do exist, a more detailed approach is of more use to environmental
health and disaster planners. Historical records, physical data, Satellite images
and computer simulations allow the production of detailed city, sub national or
national maps overlaid with zones of probable physical damage from such
extreme events as landslides, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storm
surges and tsunamis. The same approach can be taken with industrial
accidents.

34.  Maps of the zones surrounding hazardous factories and the routes used to
transport hazardous materials, plus data on seasonal wind velocity and
direction, can be used to predict the scale of possible hazards and determine
the method of evacuationnr other emergency response if leaks or explosions
occur. Public and private records of past industrial activity can be a valuable
resource for identifying the presence of physical hazards. For instance, Foster
(1980) reported that officials in Warsaw, Poland used records to find :2 tons
of cyanide in rotting barrels in an abandoned basement workshop. If it had
leaked into the water supply, it could have killed most of the city’s
population.

36. Reconstruction and Recovery Approach.
 The approach to the reconstruction process has to be comprehensive
so as to convert adversity into opportunity. Incorporating disaster
resilient features to ‘build back better’ will be the guiding principle.
This phase requires the most patient and painstaking effort by all
concerned.
 The administration, the stakeholders and the communities need to
stay focused on the needs of this phase as, with the passage of time,
the sense of urgency gets diluted.
 The appropriate choice of technology and project impact assessment needs
to be carried out to establish that the projects contemplated do not create
any side effects on the physical, socio-cultural or economic environment of
the communities in the affected areas or in their neighborhood.
 Systems for providing psycho-social support and trauma counselling need
to be developed for implementation during reconstruction and recovery
phase.

37. Owner Driven Reconstruction
Speedy Reconstruction
 Reconstruction plans and designing of houses need to be a participatory
process involving the government, affected community, NGOS and the
corporate sector. After the planning process is over while owner driven
construction is a preferred option, contribution of the NGOs and corporate
sector will be encouraged Reconstruction programme will be mthin the
confines and the qualitative specifications laid down by the Government
 Essential Services, social infrastructure and intermediate shelters/camps
will be established in the shortest possible time. For permanent
1econst1uction, ideally the work including the construction of houses must
be completed within two to three years. concerned Central Page 40 of 53
ministries/Departments and the State Governments should create dedicated
project teams to speed up the reconstruction process.

38. Recovery & Reconstruction Work

39. What is needed for success of IDNDR?

40.  A large degree on the positive responses of outside agencies, engineers
and scientists of all professions.
 Groups of people who are really devoted-"devoted to take actions" are
needed.
 Team spirit: team spirit among all nations; team spirit among engineers
and scientists of different professions; and team spirit among all kinds of
people working for disaster mitigation.
 Technological up gradation.

41.  To share good practices and lessons learned to further disaster reduction
within the context of attaining sustainable development, and to identify gaps
and challenges.
 To increase awareness of the importance of disaster reduction policies,
 Public awareness and education. Community participation.
 To increase the reliability and availability of appropriate disaster-related
information to the public and disaster management agencies in all regions.