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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated
(Pacific School of Engineering)
A
Project Report
On
(DC PORTABLE VACCUM
CLEANER)
Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING – 1A
B. E. 2nd
, Semester- 3rd
(Mechanical Engineering)
Submitted by:
Group:
Name of student
Prince Kumar
Sanjay Neolia
Abhishek Mishra
Panday Niraj
Sr.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Enrollment No.
151120119031
151120119022
151120119001
151120119023
GUIDED BY:
Prof. Dharmesh .P. Babariya
HEAD OF THE DEPARTENT:
Prof. Vipul .H. Moradiya
Academic year
(2016-2017)
PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, SURAT
(Mechanical Engineering Department)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “DC PORTABLE VACUUME
CLEANER” Submitted by:
Sr.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of the student
Prince Kumar
Sanjay Neolia
Abhishek Mishra
Panday Niraj
Enrollment no.
151120119031
151120119022
151120119001
151120119023
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the DESIGN ENGINEEING-
1A(2130005) in PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, SURAT. Is recorded on
her own work carried out under my supervision and guidance. The matter
Embodied here is not being submitted elsewhere forward of any degree or diploma.
Signature and Name of Guide Signature and Name of Head of Department
Prof. Dharmesh .P. Babariya. Prof. Vipul .H. Moradiya
PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, SURAT
(Mechanical Engineering Department)
EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE OFAPPROVAL
This is to certify that the project entitled"DC PORTABLE VACCUME
CLEANER "Submitted by
Sr.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of the student
Prince Kumar
Sanjay Neolia
Abhishek Mishra
Pandey Niraj
Enrollment no.
151120119031
151120119022
151120119001
151120119023
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the DESIGN ENGINEEING -1A
(2130005) in PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, SURAT. Is hereby approved
for submitted his/her project for 3th
semester.
Place:
Date:
EXAMINER SIGN
INDEX
Sr.No Topic Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1-3
1.1 Types of vacuum cleaner…………………………………...1-3
2. AEIOU FRAMEWORK……………………………………………4-6
2.1 Activity…………………………………………………….4
2.2 Environment………………………………………………..4
2.3 Interaction…………………………………………………..4
2.4 Object ………………………………………………………5
2.5 User…………………………………………………………6
3. EMPATHING MAPPING CANVAS…….........................................7-9
3.1 Object………………………………………………………..7
3.2 Component…………………………………………………..7
3.3 Users……………………………………………....................8
3.4 Working………………...........................................................8
3.5 Use…………………………………………………………...8
3.6 Applications of dc portable vacuum cleaner…………………9
4. CANVS……………………………………………………………….10-20
4.1 CANVAS 1: USER………………………………………….10-13
4.1.1 User………………………………………………..10
4.1.2 Stakeholder………………………………………...11
4.1.3 Activities…………………………………………...12
4.1.4 Story boarding……………………………………...13
4.2 CANVAS 2: IDEATION…………………………………….14-16
4.2.1 People…………………………………………........14
4.2.2 Activities……………………………………….......14
4.2.3 Situation……………………………………………15
4.2.4 Props……………………………………………….16
4.3 CANVAS 3: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS……..17-20
4.3.1 Purpose…………… ................................................17
4.3.2 People……………………………………………...17
4.3.3 Product experience…………………………….......17
4.3.4 Product function…………………………………...18
4.3.5 Product features…………………………………....18
4.3.6 Components………………………………………..19
4.3.7 Customer revalidation...............................................20
5 REFERENCE………………………………………………………....21
1. INTRODUCTION
What is vacuum cleaner?
A vacuum cleaner, also known as a sweeper, is a device that uses an air pump
(a centrifugal fan in all but some of the very oldest models), to create a
partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors, and from other surfaces such
as upholstery and draperies.
The dirt is collected by either a dust bag or a cyclone for later disposal. Vacuum cleaners,
which are used in homes as well as in industry, exist in a variety of sizes and models—
small battery-powered hand-held devices, wheeled canister models for home use,
domestic central vacuum cleaners, huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle
several hundred liters of dust before being emptied, and self-propelled vacuum trucks for
recovery of large spills or removal of contaminated soil. Specialized shop vacuums can be
used to suck up both dust and liquids.
1.1 Types of vacuum cleaner
here are five primary shapes of vacuum cleaners, each performing a slightly different
function, although some combine those forms in order to provide more bang for your
buck. Being aware of the expectations you have of your vacuum cleaner can help you
more intelligently and decisively pick one of the following.
1.1.1. Handheld
Handheld vacuums are perfect for getting those painfully hard-to-reach areas that
desperately need a cleaning. The most common example for use is in vacuuming cars,
since, as the name suggests, this model can be held in only one hand.
1.1.2. Canister
Canister vacuum cleaners are a happy medium between the upright model and the stick
model. They are powerful like the upright cleaners, but feature a slender frame, like the
stick cleaners.
1.1.3. Upright
These cleaners are perhaps the most popular and sought-after forms of vacuum cleaners.
When you imagine a vacuum cleaner or see one advertised in media, the image you
picture is probably that of an upright machine. 1
1.1.4. Stick
While perhaps the least powerful of the vacuum models, stick vacuums have a knack for getting
into narrow places and doing a tremendous job on hardwood floors, area rugs and light
carpeting. This type of vacuum features a long stick-like handle and a slender construction.
1.1.5. Autonomous / Robot
Robot vacuum cleaners have gained a lot of popularity in recent years, mainly due to the fact
that they require little effort on your end. These vacuums are able to roam freely around your
home, sucking up any small mess in its way. They not only save you time, but they are also able
to reach places that larger vacuums wouldn’t be able to, such as under the couch. One main
drawback of robot vacuums is that they typically come at a steep price.
Fig no:1 Diagram of vacuum cleaner
2
Fig no:2 Diagram of dc portable vacuum cleaner.
Fig no:3 Diagram of dc portable vacuum cleaner.
3
2. AEIOU FRAMWORK
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
A=> ACTIVITY
E => ENVIRONMENT
I => INTERACTION
O => OBJECTS
U => USERS
2.1 Activity
General impressions / Observations
 Ability to suck dust particle.
 It can go into small places.
 Waste material is used.
2.2 Environment
General impressions / Observations
 Ecofriendly
 Noisy
 Smelly
 Warmly
2.3 Interaction
General impressions / Observation
 Housewife
 Drivers
4
 Gardener
 Students
 Worker
2.4 Objects
General impressions / Observation
 Bottles
 Cane
 Motor
 Switch
 Battery
 Wires
2.5 Users
General impressions / Observation
 Housewife
 Drivers
 Students
 Sweeper
 Shopkeeper
5
6
Fig no 4. Diagram of AEIOU sheet.
3. EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Object
Component
User
Working
Use
Application of dc portable vacuum cleaner
3.1 Objects
 Bottle
 Motor
 Battery
 Switch



Coke
Tape
Pipe
3.2 Components
 Fan
 Pipe
 Air compressor
 Dust Bag
 Battery
 Pipes
 Craft paper
7
3.3 User
 Sweeper
 Housewife
 Drivers
 Gardener
 Students
 Carpenter
3.4 Working
 Suck dust particle.
 It goes into small place.
 Clean the surface.
3.5 Use
 To Suck dust particle.
 To clean the houses.
 To clean cars.
 To clean hospitals.
 To clean banks.
3.6 Application of dc portable vacuum cleaner
 Industrial cleaning.
 For house cleaning.
 For medical cleaning.
 For car cleaning.
 For banks cleaning.
8
Fig no.5. Diagram of empathy mapping canvas
9
4. Canvas
There are three type of canvas are as below.
4.1
4.2
4.3
Canvas 1: User
Canvas 2: Ideation
Canvas 3: Product Development
These are the first step of the project or problem. In this canvas, you have to
find out what is user to your problems? What is a stakeholder? What are activities?
And what are broad stories of theirs activates?
4.1.1 User
In this stage, we find the various
related to our project. For example:
 Medical
 Industries
 Cars
 Houses
 Municipal corporation
 Hospital
 Banks
 Domestic
users which are directly or indirectly
10
4.1.2 Stakeholders
 Stakeholders mean a person or organization with an interest.
 In this stage, we find the user who will directly or indirectly
related to users.
For example:
 Mechanical engineer
 Electrical engineer
 Design engineer
 Mechanic
4.1.3 Activities
 Activities are directly or indirectly related to stakeholders
 Collecting dust from cars.
 Maintain sanitation in hospital.
 Cleanness of road and highways
 Collect dust in dust bag
 Collect micro dust particle from TV, ac, fridge etc.
 Collect waste material from industry.
 Usable at any condition at everywhere.
 Collect dust or waste from minor gap.
4.1.4 Story Boarding
 Happy
Lilith and Mohan has their own cars. At the time of cleaning their
car’s they both use vacuum cleaner which suck’s small dust particles
11
from their cars. They save their car and service money so both lalit
and Mohan are happy.
 Happy
Rani and Urvashi both are housewife they do house hold work like
cleaning which is most common and most tired work. They were
using vacuum cleaner which save’s their time as well as their more
effort in cleaning. So both rani and urvashi fells happy.
 Sad
Sachin is a student of engineering, he always try to save more and
more energy (electricity). He is using vacuum cleaner which consume
more energy beyond his expectation at the time of charging by which
he had to pay more energy bill (more electricity bill). So sachin is sad.
 Sad
Ramesh Kumar is a sweeper who works in hospital; he is unable to
maintain sanitation in hospital. He use vacuum cleaner for cleaning
purpose, but he is unable to clean some places like corner’s and
ceiling in hospital, because the vacuum cleaner can’t reach their or it
doesn’t had that much sucking capacity. So Ramesh is sad.
12
13
Fig no.6. Diagram of empathy mapping canvas
4.2 Canvas 2: Ideation canvas
These are the second step of the project or problem. From the user canvas, you
have an idea what are the people? In ideation canvas, you have to carry out
which type of activities is related to your project and people? What is situation
and location regard ing to activities? There after you find the possible solutions.
It is depend or not depend to your activities.
4.2.1. People:
 Housewife
 Engineers
 Sweeper men
 Students
 Drivers
 Municipal officer
4.2.2. Activities:
 House cleaning
 Clean the office
 For medical cleaning
 For car cleaning
 For hospital use
14
4.2.3. Situation/Context/Location:
 Rain season
 Summer season
 Winter season
 Less time consuming
 Fast cleaning
 Industries cleaning
4.2.4 Props/Possible Solutions:
 Battery
 Electricity
 Dust tank
 Motor
 Mechanical tools
 Oil
 Pipes
15
16
Fig no.7. Diagram of ideation canvas
4.3 Canvas 3: product development canvas
Third step is development of the product. From possible solutions,
idea about what is product? In this canvas, following things is to do.
you have
4.3.1. Purpose:
 To clean surface
 To remove dust from small areas
 Time saving
 Comfortable.
4.3.2. People:
 Worker
 Sweeper man
 Driver
 Shop keeper
 Housewife
 Engineers
4.3.3. Product experience:
 Time saving
 Easy to control
 Comfortable
 Easy working
17
4.3.4. Product functions:
 Safe
 Fast cleaning
 Durable
4.3.5. Product features:
 High efficiency
 Eco-friendly
 Fast production
 Low manufacturing cost
 Low maintenances cost
 More comfortable to use
4.3.6. Components:










Bottle
Battery
Pipes
Motor
Propeller
Switch
Cane
Craft paper
Double sided tape
Aluminum ring
18
4.3.7. Customer revalidation:
 Portable
 Cost is Low
 Easy to Use &Flexible
 It use in all season.
 It goes anywhere.
19
Fig no.8. Diagram of production development canvas
20
5 Reference
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= jkQsBD5WtDo
 http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/vacuum-c leaner-science-project
 http://diply.com/darkness/artic le/plastic-bottle-diy-vacuum-cleaner-
video
21

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Final de report

  • 1. GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Chandkheda, Ahmedabad Affiliated (Pacific School of Engineering) A Project Report On (DC PORTABLE VACCUM CLEANER) Under subject of DESIGN ENGINEERING – 1A B. E. 2nd , Semester- 3rd (Mechanical Engineering) Submitted by: Group: Name of student Prince Kumar Sanjay Neolia Abhishek Mishra Panday Niraj Sr. 1. 2. 3. 4. Enrollment No. 151120119031 151120119022 151120119001 151120119023 GUIDED BY: Prof. Dharmesh .P. Babariya HEAD OF THE DEPARTENT: Prof. Vipul .H. Moradiya Academic year (2016-2017)
  • 2. PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, SURAT (Mechanical Engineering Department) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled “DC PORTABLE VACUUME CLEANER” Submitted by: Sr. 1. 2. 3. 4. Name of the student Prince Kumar Sanjay Neolia Abhishek Mishra Panday Niraj Enrollment no. 151120119031 151120119022 151120119001 151120119023 In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the DESIGN ENGINEEING- 1A(2130005) in PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, SURAT. Is recorded on her own work carried out under my supervision and guidance. The matter Embodied here is not being submitted elsewhere forward of any degree or diploma. Signature and Name of Guide Signature and Name of Head of Department Prof. Dharmesh .P. Babariya. Prof. Vipul .H. Moradiya
  • 3. PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, SURAT (Mechanical Engineering Department) EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE OFAPPROVAL This is to certify that the project entitled"DC PORTABLE VACCUME CLEANER "Submitted by Sr. 1. 2. 3. 4. Name of the student Prince Kumar Sanjay Neolia Abhishek Mishra Pandey Niraj Enrollment no. 151120119031 151120119022 151120119001 151120119023 In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the DESIGN ENGINEEING -1A (2130005) in PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, SURAT. Is hereby approved for submitted his/her project for 3th semester. Place: Date: EXAMINER SIGN
  • 4. INDEX Sr.No Topic Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1-3 1.1 Types of vacuum cleaner…………………………………...1-3 2. AEIOU FRAMEWORK……………………………………………4-6 2.1 Activity…………………………………………………….4 2.2 Environment………………………………………………..4 2.3 Interaction…………………………………………………..4 2.4 Object ………………………………………………………5 2.5 User…………………………………………………………6 3. EMPATHING MAPPING CANVAS…….........................................7-9 3.1 Object………………………………………………………..7 3.2 Component…………………………………………………..7 3.3 Users……………………………………………....................8 3.4 Working………………...........................................................8 3.5 Use…………………………………………………………...8 3.6 Applications of dc portable vacuum cleaner…………………9 4. CANVS……………………………………………………………….10-20 4.1 CANVAS 1: USER………………………………………….10-13 4.1.1 User………………………………………………..10 4.1.2 Stakeholder………………………………………...11 4.1.3 Activities…………………………………………...12 4.1.4 Story boarding……………………………………...13 4.2 CANVAS 2: IDEATION…………………………………….14-16 4.2.1 People…………………………………………........14 4.2.2 Activities……………………………………….......14 4.2.3 Situation……………………………………………15 4.2.4 Props……………………………………………….16 4.3 CANVAS 3: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS……..17-20 4.3.1 Purpose…………… ................................................17 4.3.2 People……………………………………………...17 4.3.3 Product experience…………………………….......17 4.3.4 Product function…………………………………...18 4.3.5 Product features…………………………………....18 4.3.6 Components………………………………………..19 4.3.7 Customer revalidation...............................................20 5 REFERENCE………………………………………………………....21
  • 5. 1. INTRODUCTION What is vacuum cleaner? A vacuum cleaner, also known as a sweeper, is a device that uses an air pump (a centrifugal fan in all but some of the very oldest models), to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors, and from other surfaces such as upholstery and draperies. The dirt is collected by either a dust bag or a cyclone for later disposal. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well as in industry, exist in a variety of sizes and models— small battery-powered hand-held devices, wheeled canister models for home use, domestic central vacuum cleaners, huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred liters of dust before being emptied, and self-propelled vacuum trucks for recovery of large spills or removal of contaminated soil. Specialized shop vacuums can be used to suck up both dust and liquids. 1.1 Types of vacuum cleaner here are five primary shapes of vacuum cleaners, each performing a slightly different function, although some combine those forms in order to provide more bang for your buck. Being aware of the expectations you have of your vacuum cleaner can help you more intelligently and decisively pick one of the following. 1.1.1. Handheld Handheld vacuums are perfect for getting those painfully hard-to-reach areas that desperately need a cleaning. The most common example for use is in vacuuming cars, since, as the name suggests, this model can be held in only one hand. 1.1.2. Canister Canister vacuum cleaners are a happy medium between the upright model and the stick model. They are powerful like the upright cleaners, but feature a slender frame, like the stick cleaners. 1.1.3. Upright These cleaners are perhaps the most popular and sought-after forms of vacuum cleaners. When you imagine a vacuum cleaner or see one advertised in media, the image you picture is probably that of an upright machine. 1
  • 6. 1.1.4. Stick While perhaps the least powerful of the vacuum models, stick vacuums have a knack for getting into narrow places and doing a tremendous job on hardwood floors, area rugs and light carpeting. This type of vacuum features a long stick-like handle and a slender construction. 1.1.5. Autonomous / Robot Robot vacuum cleaners have gained a lot of popularity in recent years, mainly due to the fact that they require little effort on your end. These vacuums are able to roam freely around your home, sucking up any small mess in its way. They not only save you time, but they are also able to reach places that larger vacuums wouldn’t be able to, such as under the couch. One main drawback of robot vacuums is that they typically come at a steep price. Fig no:1 Diagram of vacuum cleaner 2
  • 7. Fig no:2 Diagram of dc portable vacuum cleaner. Fig no:3 Diagram of dc portable vacuum cleaner. 3
  • 8. 2. AEIOU FRAMWORK 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 A=> ACTIVITY E => ENVIRONMENT I => INTERACTION O => OBJECTS U => USERS 2.1 Activity General impressions / Observations  Ability to suck dust particle.  It can go into small places.  Waste material is used. 2.2 Environment General impressions / Observations  Ecofriendly  Noisy  Smelly  Warmly 2.3 Interaction General impressions / Observation  Housewife  Drivers 4
  • 9.  Gardener  Students  Worker 2.4 Objects General impressions / Observation  Bottles  Cane  Motor  Switch  Battery  Wires 2.5 Users General impressions / Observation  Housewife  Drivers  Students  Sweeper  Shopkeeper 5
  • 10. 6 Fig no 4. Diagram of AEIOU sheet.
  • 11. 3. EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Object Component User Working Use Application of dc portable vacuum cleaner 3.1 Objects  Bottle  Motor  Battery  Switch    Coke Tape Pipe 3.2 Components  Fan  Pipe  Air compressor  Dust Bag  Battery  Pipes  Craft paper 7
  • 12. 3.3 User  Sweeper  Housewife  Drivers  Gardener  Students  Carpenter 3.4 Working  Suck dust particle.  It goes into small place.  Clean the surface. 3.5 Use  To Suck dust particle.  To clean the houses.  To clean cars.  To clean hospitals.  To clean banks. 3.6 Application of dc portable vacuum cleaner  Industrial cleaning.  For house cleaning.  For medical cleaning.  For car cleaning.  For banks cleaning. 8
  • 13. Fig no.5. Diagram of empathy mapping canvas 9
  • 14. 4. Canvas There are three type of canvas are as below. 4.1 4.2 4.3 Canvas 1: User Canvas 2: Ideation Canvas 3: Product Development These are the first step of the project or problem. In this canvas, you have to find out what is user to your problems? What is a stakeholder? What are activities? And what are broad stories of theirs activates? 4.1.1 User In this stage, we find the various related to our project. For example:  Medical  Industries  Cars  Houses  Municipal corporation  Hospital  Banks  Domestic users which are directly or indirectly 10
  • 15. 4.1.2 Stakeholders  Stakeholders mean a person or organization with an interest.  In this stage, we find the user who will directly or indirectly related to users. For example:  Mechanical engineer  Electrical engineer  Design engineer  Mechanic 4.1.3 Activities  Activities are directly or indirectly related to stakeholders  Collecting dust from cars.  Maintain sanitation in hospital.  Cleanness of road and highways  Collect dust in dust bag  Collect micro dust particle from TV, ac, fridge etc.  Collect waste material from industry.  Usable at any condition at everywhere.  Collect dust or waste from minor gap. 4.1.4 Story Boarding  Happy Lilith and Mohan has their own cars. At the time of cleaning their car’s they both use vacuum cleaner which suck’s small dust particles 11
  • 16. from their cars. They save their car and service money so both lalit and Mohan are happy.  Happy Rani and Urvashi both are housewife they do house hold work like cleaning which is most common and most tired work. They were using vacuum cleaner which save’s their time as well as their more effort in cleaning. So both rani and urvashi fells happy.  Sad Sachin is a student of engineering, he always try to save more and more energy (electricity). He is using vacuum cleaner which consume more energy beyond his expectation at the time of charging by which he had to pay more energy bill (more electricity bill). So sachin is sad.  Sad Ramesh Kumar is a sweeper who works in hospital; he is unable to maintain sanitation in hospital. He use vacuum cleaner for cleaning purpose, but he is unable to clean some places like corner’s and ceiling in hospital, because the vacuum cleaner can’t reach their or it doesn’t had that much sucking capacity. So Ramesh is sad. 12
  • 17. 13 Fig no.6. Diagram of empathy mapping canvas
  • 18. 4.2 Canvas 2: Ideation canvas These are the second step of the project or problem. From the user canvas, you have an idea what are the people? In ideation canvas, you have to carry out which type of activities is related to your project and people? What is situation and location regard ing to activities? There after you find the possible solutions. It is depend or not depend to your activities. 4.2.1. People:  Housewife  Engineers  Sweeper men  Students  Drivers  Municipal officer 4.2.2. Activities:  House cleaning  Clean the office  For medical cleaning  For car cleaning  For hospital use 14
  • 19. 4.2.3. Situation/Context/Location:  Rain season  Summer season  Winter season  Less time consuming  Fast cleaning  Industries cleaning 4.2.4 Props/Possible Solutions:  Battery  Electricity  Dust tank  Motor  Mechanical tools  Oil  Pipes 15
  • 20. 16 Fig no.7. Diagram of ideation canvas
  • 21. 4.3 Canvas 3: product development canvas Third step is development of the product. From possible solutions, idea about what is product? In this canvas, following things is to do. you have 4.3.1. Purpose:  To clean surface  To remove dust from small areas  Time saving  Comfortable. 4.3.2. People:  Worker  Sweeper man  Driver  Shop keeper  Housewife  Engineers 4.3.3. Product experience:  Time saving  Easy to control  Comfortable  Easy working 17
  • 22. 4.3.4. Product functions:  Safe  Fast cleaning  Durable 4.3.5. Product features:  High efficiency  Eco-friendly  Fast production  Low manufacturing cost  Low maintenances cost  More comfortable to use 4.3.6. Components:           Bottle Battery Pipes Motor Propeller Switch Cane Craft paper Double sided tape Aluminum ring 18
  • 23. 4.3.7. Customer revalidation:  Portable  Cost is Low  Easy to Use &Flexible  It use in all season.  It goes anywhere. 19
  • 24. Fig no.8. Diagram of production development canvas 20
  • 25. 5 Reference  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= jkQsBD5WtDo  http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/vacuum-c leaner-science-project  http://diply.com/darkness/artic le/plastic-bottle-diy-vacuum-cleaner- video 21