The webinar covers: • Ways to Identify Hazard • Risk Assessment • Hierarchy of Control Presenter: This webinar was presented by Mr. David Mutuna, PECB Trainer, who is also the Founder SHEQ and Food Safety Management Systems. Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/9twKT0wc1xc

2. Sv
David M. Mutuna
Technical Consultant, MSS
Lead Auditor and Trainer
David M. Mutuna is a Zambian born and based certified trainer with Professional Evaluation and Certification Board, Canada. He is
certified to deliver Foundation, Lead Auditor and Lead Implementer courses in ISO 9001, ISO 22000, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001,
ISO/IEC 17025 and ISO 21500. He is the Founder SHEQ and Food Safety Management Systems – Training and Consulting, an
authorized Training Partner with Professional Evaluation and Certification Board, an ISO 27001 ANSI accredited organization.
+260 979 743003, +260 966 743003
davidmutuna@gmail.com
mutunadavid@yahoo.com
www.sheq-fsms.com
linkedin.com/Mbelele David Mutuna
fb.com/David Mbelele Mutuna

3. OHS PRESENTATION
• Hazard Identification
• Risk Assessment and
• Risk Control
In a Workplace
All injuries at workplaces are preventable.
All is required is to stop, look and think.
Safety in workplaces is everyone’s responsibility. This responsibility means being aware
of the risks and hazards around you and being familiar with the methods for
controlling them.

4. OHS PRESENTATION
Every day and before every task you must engage the three most important
tools at your disposal:
• Hazard Identification
• Risk Assessment and the
• Hierarchy of Risk Controls.
Your implementation of these three principles will significantly help prevent
injuries happening to you and to your workmates and might even save a life.
This presentation covers
• Common Hazards
• The Hierarchy of Risk Controls
• Hazard Identification

5. What is a Hazard?
Before we talk about analyzing and controlling hazards in a
workplace, it is important to know how OHSAS 18001
defines the term hazard.
OHSAS defines the term hazard as
a “source, situation, or act with a potential for harm in terms
of human” injury or ill health, or a combination of these.

6. Categories of Hazards
1. Materials – Liquids (Solvents, Acids, Alkalis) , Gases (CO2, CO,
Methane etc.) , Solids (PCBS – skin diseases, cancer – Plastics
and Resins, Fiberglass and Asbestos), Solids (Metal, Wood, Plastic)
etc.
2. Equipment – Machinery, Vehicles, Tools and Devices
3. Environment – Noise, Temperature extremes, Atmospheres,
Biologicals, and workstation design (Illumination – bright, dark,
dusty, messy)
4. People – Anyone in the workplace (employees, guests, customers
or contractors)
5. Management System – Flawed policies, programs, plans,
processes, procedures and practices

7. Categories of Hazards
Walk-around inspections usually look for the first three categories of
Hazards namely, Hazardous Materials, Equipment, and Environmental
factors.
People can be a hazard at workplace if they are NOT SOBER and
FOCUSED on the work they are doing.
Hazardous states CAUSED BY STAFF AT WORKPLACES include:
• Working under the influence of legal/illegal drugs, alcohol etc.
• Poorly trained or educated
• Worried about a family illness or other problems
• Mentally or physically incapable of doing the job safely
• Fatigue
• Distraction
• Hurry

8. Categories of Hazards
An Occupational Health and Safety Management System
consists of policies, programs, plans, processes, procedures
and practices.
These policies, programs, plans, processes, procedures and
practices influence or contribute to behaviours in the
workplace.
A flawed OHSMS contributes to 98% of the workplace
hazards.

9. Categories of Hazards
Here are Hazard Categories.
. 1. Fall Hazard 8. Biologicals
2. Chemical reactions 9. Explosives
3. Ergonomics 10. Electrical
4. Flammability and Fires 11. Temperature
5. Mechanical Hazards 12. Pressure
6. Radiation 13. Toxics
7. Vibration and Noise

10. Categories of Hazards
We will talk about some of these Hazard Categories.
Common Hazards
Depending on where you work, there will be a number of
different kinds of hazards. You may not notice some of them
because you see them every day.

11. Categories of Hazards
Work at Height – Fall Hazard
Falls from height are the number 1 cause of death and
disability in the workplace. You must conduct a site specific
Risk Assessment for all Work at Height. Working at Height is
not limited to working from ladders, scaffolds or other
elevated platforms. Work near exposed edges, trenches, pits
and other depressions can be considered working at height
and require the same safety considerations.
Outdoor Work.
Working outdoors can expose you to the elements. UV light
causes skin cancer and eye damage, while the extremes of
cold, hot and wet environments can cause injuries like frost
bite and heat stroke.

12. Categories of Hazards
Work at Height – Fall Hazard
Hazard
• Working at height near an unprotected edge.
Anyone working here is at risk of falling. A fall may result in
injury. Use a removable guardrail as an engineering control
in order to reduce the risk of falling.
When using a forklift, the man on the forks is at risk of falling.
The risk is heightened by the driver moving the forklift

13. Categories of Hazards
Hazardous Substances - Toxics
Hazardous substances can enter the body by way of
inhalation, absorption and ingestion. Their effects can be
immediate or they can accumulate over a long periods of
time. Incorrect storage and labelling is a major factor in many
incidents involving hazardous substances. Failing to read the
product’s Material Safety Data Sheets or MSDS can lead to
incorrect handling methods and inappropriate selection of
PPE.

14. Categories of Hazards
Hazardous Substances - Toxics
Hazardous substances
Hazardous substances are implicitly dangerous, especially in the
absence of inadequate labelling. Any person unlabeled containers may
be at risk. The level of risk would normally be derived from the
substance’s Material Safety Data Sheets, but in the absence of this
information, the risk should be assumed to be high. The risk can be
eliminated, substituted or engineered out.
Material Safety Data Sheet and labelling are Administrative control
measures, which when well read, will alert workers to the correct PPE
requirements

15. Categories of Hazards
Electricity
Electricity is a common hazard both in the workplace
and at home. Electrical current always seeks the path
of least resistance. Fault insulation and incorrect PPE
put you at risk of supplying that path, while water and
other liquids are good conductors of electricity and
can heighten the risk when present. Faulty or poorly
maintained equipment can lead to electrocution and
may even cause a fire.

16. Categories of Hazards
Noise
Noise can be dangerous over long periods, deadening the
cilia in the ear resulting in permanent hearing loss.
Intermittent or one-off peak noise exposure can also have
serious effects on your hearing. Incorrect choice of hearing
protection is a common cause of hearing damage at work.
As a guide, if you are standing 1 metre away from a person
and you have difficulties hearing them, the noise levels are at
or above the safe threshold.

17. Categories of Hazards
Manual Handling
Manual handling injuries can significantly reduce your quality of life. Back injuries
are often permanent and can result from just one incident of distraction or
impatience. Manual handling injuries can also occur over long duration, where
repetitious movements have a cumulative effect. They are often due to poor
workstation setup and incorrect lifting techniques.
Fire
Fires can lead to large scale losses and significant disruptions to your business’
operations. The risk of death and serious injury is extremely high. Flammable
materials and atmospheres, hot work, machinery and electricity will have the
potential to cause a fire. Attempting to extinguish a fire can be hazardous in itself
when the incorrect type of fire extinguisher is used. By simply not knowing your
workplace fire emergency procedure, you may be putting yourself and your
colleagues at risk.

18. Categories of Hazards
Fire
Fires can lead to large scale losses and significant disruptions to your business’
operations. The risk of death and serious injury is extremely high. Flammable materials
and atmospheres, hot work, machinery and electricity will have the potential to cause a
fire. Attempting to extinguish a fire can be hazardous in itself when the incorrect type of
fire extinguisher is used. By simply not knowing your workplace fire emergency
procedure, you may be putting yourself and your colleagues at risk.
Hazards
• Combustible materials stored near a high voltage power source.
The entire business and its employees are at risk should the fire get out of control. The
risk of heavy losses demands immediate action.
Most fire hazards can be eliminated or isolated. But if you encounter a fire, you need to
take action that does not increase your risk of injury or death. Do not use a water filled
fire extinguisher to put out an electrical fire. A dry chemical or carbon dioxide unit
should be used.

19. Categories of Hazards
Workplace Equipment
Workplace equipment, including plant, machinery and tools are inherently
dangerous. Poor maintenance and complacent attitudes can lead to serious
injuries to those using the equipment and to those in the immediate vicinity.
Damaged equipment must be reported immediately and should not be used until
repaired. When servicing and maintaining equipment, incorrect lock out tag out
procedures can result in the machinery or process being restarted by an
unsuspecting colleague. The consequences can be fatal.
Confined Spaces
Entering the designated confined space without following the entry permit
procedure is extremely dangerous. A spark or flame may ignite a combustible
atmosphere. Working in an oxygen deficient atmosphere can lead to you falling
unconscious with a high likelihood of death, while toxic gases can do irreparable
damage to your respiratory system. Never enter a confined space unless you
have a permit to do so and have been properly trained.

20. Identifying Hazards
The first step in controlling workplace hazards is to first identify them.
Here are the basic methods for Hazard Identification:
1. Informal and Formal Observation programs –This is nothing more than being
watchful for hazards and unsafe behaviours at the workplace.
2. Comprehensive company-wide surveys – Use team of outside specialists
with expertise in Safety, Health and Industrial Hygiene (Safety Professional
and Industrial Hygienist). Ask many people/staff the same question.
3. Individual interviews including body mapping (a one-on-one process that
asks unique questions to obtain a wealth of information from employees)
4. Walk-around inspections – General walk-around examination of every part of
the workplace to locate conditions that do not comply with safety standards.
Best understood and most frequently tool used to assess workplace hazards.
Done at specified intervals.
5. Documentation Review – Review existing documents to determine what type
of hazards existed prior to the assessment.

21. Identifying Hazards
Hazard Identification
The process of identifying hazards and assessing the nature of their
associated risks is fundamental to workplace safety.
Formal hazard identification should be performed at regular
prescribed intervals, and whenever new processes or equipment are
introduced to the workplace.
You should also incorporate these general principles into your own
personal day to day safety awareness.
Generally, you should identify hazards and their associated risks
before starting any task. If you identify hazards or any dangerous
work practice, report them immediately to your supervisor.

22. Risk Assessment
For each hazard, work out what harm could occur and the likelihood
of it occurring. Also consider the consequences of an incident: who is
at risk and how often they are exposed to the hazard.
RISK MATRIX
The semi-quantitative risk assessment method defines risk as the
probability or likelihood that an event or incident will occur. The
probability and consequence is estimated to give: (Risk Factor =
SEVERITY X FREQUENCY X SCALE OF EFFECT (IMPACT) X
PROBABILITY (LIKELIHOOD).
For simplicity, we shall use severity and probability.
In this regard,
Risk = Severity x Probability

23. Risk Assessment
For each hazard, work out what harm could occur and the likelihood
of it occurring. Also consider the consequences of an incident: who is
at risk and how often they are exposed to the hazard.
RISK MATRIX
The semi-quantitative risk assessment method defines risk as the
probability or likelihood that an event or incident will occur. The
probability and consequence is estimated to give: (Risk Factor =
SEVERITY X FREQUENCY X SCALE OF EFFECT (IMPACT) X
PROBABILITY (LIKELIHOOD).
For simplicity, we shall use severity and probability.
In this regard,
Risk = Severity x Probability

24. Risk Assessment
RISK MATRIX
Extreme Multiple fatalities or permanent injuries
Ins Min Maj Crit Ext
Critical Single fatalityor permanent injury Likely Will probablyoccur at
least once
Almost
Certain M S H H H
Major Medical treatment or lost time injury Possible Event might occur at
some time
Likely
M M S H H
Minor First aid treatment Possible
L M M S S
Insignificant Incident or near miss – no treatment Unlikely /
Rare L L M M S
Likelihood
Unlikely /
Rare
Event not expected to
occur or onlyin
exceptional
circumstances
Almost
Certain
Is expected to occur in
most circumstances
What are the consequences of this hazard
occurring? Consider what the most probable
consequence (below) is with respect to this work
hazard.
Consequences
Risk Assessment Guide
Step 1 – Consider Consequences Step 2 – Consider Likelihood Step 3 – Calculate Risk
What is the likelihood (below) of the
hazard consequence in Step 1
occurring.
1. Take Step 1 rating and select the correct column.
2. Take Step 2 rating and select the correct line.
3. Use the risk score where the two ratings cross on the matrix below.

25. Risk Assessment
RISK MATRIX – The use of numbers may be preferable
CRITERIA Score
Severity
(A)
Catastrophic i.e. fatality or long term impact to critical media like drinking water source, loss of
property, legal requirement Toxic release off-site with long-term detrimental effects.
Huge financial loss, long plant shut down
5
Major long term injury or health effect or Permanent disability, long term impact to non-critical
media, Off-site release with no long-term effects or impact; near sensitive environment or sensitive
receiving environment, Legislation
Major financial loss, time-bound shut down
4
Moderate Injury Lost time injury/illness
On-site release contained, Medium financial loss: (<3days off) short term impact to environment,
Interruption of normal operation
3
Minor Injury/illness (1day off) or minor on site impact., interruption within plant, can be contained
within plant , Minor spillage contained in immediate vicinity, Low financial loss:
2
Insignificant No injury, no impact a precursor situation 1
Likelihood/
Probability
(B)
Constant/Almost certain – It is expected to occur in all circumstances 5
Likely and probable- It is expected to occur in most circumstances 4
Possible – It will probably occur in most circumstances or Might occur at some time 3
Unlikely and remote - It could occur at some time, but less possible 2
Rare, unlikely and improbable - It may occur only in exceptional circumstances 1
Overall Risk Factor (RF) =A x B

26. Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment Flow Chart
Requirement for Risk
Assessment determined
by:
- new/modified system
- incident
- nil of the previous
Risk Assessment required
Establish a team
Employer/Employee
representation
Identify the hazards
Assess the Risk using Risk
Rating Matrix and/or worksheet
Outcome
(Consequence)
Likelihood
(Probability)
Complete the Risk using Risk
Rating Matrix and/or worksheet
Priorities
Risk Ratings
Develop, Implement, Monitor
Action Plans
Extreme LowMedium/
Moderate
High/
Significant

27. Step 1 Decision to perform a risk assessment. The risk assessment may be the result of:
- new equipment being introduced or existing equipment/workplaces being modified;
- significant changes being introduced to the tasks performed in the workplace;
- safety, environmental or business interruption control systems being modified;
- Regulatory requirements;
- equipment that is being used for another purpose;
- new information about the identified hazards being available;
- an incident investigations revealing new information regarding workplace hazards and/or the level of risk;
- an accident.
Step 2 Establish a risk assessment team. A team of trained and appropriate people covering all domains of the projected assessment shall conduct the risk assessment. Team to
be no more than 6.
Complete RA Team sheet of the Risk Assessment Worksheet.
Step 3 Identify the hazards. There are approximately 13 sources of hazard (energy) that may cause injury, illness or environmental damage. These being.
Pressure Chemical Kinetic Vibration
Mechanical Thermal Potential Biological
Gravitational Radiation Electrical Nature
Muscular-skeletal
These 13 potential sources have been used to develop the checklist of specific hazards in Appendix C and site checklists are also used
here. These hazards are to be reviewed by the team in order to find those that may be encountered in the assessment under review.
Step 4 Assess the Risk for all the Hazards identified in
Step 3 above.
The Team has to
1. Evaluate what is the likely outcome (consequence) of such a hazard.
2. Evaluate what is the likelihood of the hazard causing injury or loss.
For this, you use the Risk Matrix as outlined Section 9.
Step 5 Prioritise the Risk Using the Risk Assessment Worksheet prioritise the risks as follows:
Priority 1
Priority 2
Priority 3
Complete RA Form Ms-excel sheet of the Risk Assessment Worksheet.
Step 6 Develop action plans Identified risks shall be prioritised for action and control measures. The following hierarchy will apply to reduce the risk as far as
practicable:
- elimination of the hazard
- reduction of the risk through substitution with lower hazard arrangements
- use of engineering controls
- isolation of people from the hazard
- use of administrative controls
- use of personal protective equipment
Complete Risk Control columns of the RA Form Ms-excel sheet of the Risk Assessment Worksheet.
Step 7 Communicate results. The outcomes of risk assessments shall be communicated to all relevant stakeholders.
Step 8 Retain records Records of risk assessments shall be retained for as long as the plant, equipment or system of work is current.
This is RA Team and RA Form Ms-excel sheets of the Risk Assessment Worksheet.
Consistency in conducting risk
assessments is important
therefore all risk assessments
must follow the eight-step
procedure below

28. Hierarchy of Controls
Risk Control
Implement the hierarchy of risk control to eliminate or reduce the risk to the lowest level
practicable.
Hierarchy of Risk Controls
The hierarchy of Risk control prioritizes the steps you should take to control the risks in your
workplace. The hierarchy prioritizes following the measures in this order:
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Isolation
• Engineering Controls
• Administrative Controls and lastly
• Personal Protective Equipment
These measures can be used in combination with each other.

29. Example of Risk Assessment and ControlsRISK
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
LEGISLATION
Department
Process
Activity
Service
Hazard
People/Environ
mentExposed
Descriptionof
thePotential
harm/environm
entalimpact
including
impacton
public
Safety,Health
or
Environment
Operating
Condition
SeverityFactor
Probability
Factor
RiskRating
Exsisting
Controls
TargetDate
Completetion
Date
CAR/IONo.
Legislation
Clause
Chiller
Compressor
Testing effectiveness
of safety /limit
switches
Moving parts
( Discharge
cams,Cardier
shaft) 1 person
Entrapment,
entanglement, severing of
body parts and possible
death Safety Yes 3 1 3
Machine guarding,
LOTO procedure, Use
of gloves NA NA
Chiller
Compressor
Monthly service on
the Chiller(
Megalling of motors
ie winding continuity
test,insulation
resistance
tests,winding
resistance tests.)
Live
components
and wires 2 people
Electric shock can lead to
serious injury or death Safety Yes 3 1 3
Power isolation circuit
breakers,emergency
switches and Lock
out/Tag out procedure
in place and work
precautions taken NA NA
Chiller
Compressor
Monthly service on
the Chiller(
Megalling of motors
ie winding continuity
test,insulation
resistance
tests,winding
resistance tests.)
Fan blades 2 people Physical injury through
cuts
Safety Yes 2 2 4 LOTO procedure, Use
of gloves
NA NA
Chiller
Compressor
Cleaning of the
motors
Live
components
2 people Electric shock can lead to
serious injury or death
Safety Yes 3 1 3 Power isolation circuit
breakers,emergency
switches and Lock
out/Tag out procedure
in place and work
NA NA
RISK IDENTIFICATION
RISK
EVALUATION
GAP ANALYSIS AND RISK
MANAGEMENT

30. ?
QUESTIONS
THANK YOU
+260 979 743003, +260 966 743003
www.sheq-fsms.com?
linkedin.com/Mbelele David Mutuna
fb.com/David Mbelele Mutuna
davidmutuna@gmail.com
mutunadavid@yahoo.com